Um acúmulo de evidências sugere que animais vertebrados são capazes de detectar informações geomagnéticas, dentre eles, podemos citar os mais estudados, o caso clássico do pombo-correio (Columba livia). A descoberta de material biomagnético no epitélio do bico superior de pombos sugere a possibilidade de um mecanismo transdutor de campo magnético situado nessa região. Pelos resultados obtidos em outros contextos, a utilização de genes de resposta imediata (IEGs) combinada com tratamentos disruptivos e tarefas clássicas de orientação é tida como metodologia promissora para se conseguir uma descrição mais compreensiva dos canais sensoriais e dos mecanismos de processamento nervoso envolvidos no comportamento de orientação, entre os quais a putativa magnetocepção. Pela atividade de IEGs, especificamente a expressão da proteína ZENK, avaliamos diferencialmente áreas cerebrais ativadas em pombos expostos ou não a uma estimulação magnética, 1h e 3h após a estimulação. A análise quantitativa (teste T) mostrou um aumento no número de neurônios ZENK positivos na região do córtex pré-piriforme de pombos estimulados (p=0,051) em relação aos controles, não havendo diferença entre os grupos de 1h e 3h (ANOVA, uma via). Esses neurônios estão relacionados ao sistema olfativo, o que reforça a idéia de que esse sistema seja importante no comportamento de orientação mas ao mesmo tempo apresenta a primeira evidência experimental de um possível envolvimento da via olfatória na magnetocepção. Esse resultado indica que é necessário tomar o maior cuidado na interpretação de experimentos comportamentais inibindo a via olfativa, pois, além de causar anosmia, essas manipulações poderiam também lesar mecanismos magnetoceptivos. / Much evidence suggests that vertebrate animals are capable of detecting geomagnetic information, among them, we can cite the best studied classic example of homing pigeon (Columba livia). The discovery of biomagnetic material in the pigeon upper beak suggest the possibility of a magnetoceptor transduction mechanism situated in this area. Because of the results obtained in other contexts, the use of immediate early genes (IEGs), combined with disruptive treatments and classic orientation tasks is a promising tool towards a more accurate description of sensory channels and of neural processing mechanisms involved in orientation behaviour, particularly the putative magnetoception mechanism. Using IEG activity, specifically, the ZENK-immunoreactivity protein, we studied different pigeon brain areas activated after magnetic stimulation, compared to no stimulation, at two periods of latency after the end of the experimental session (1h and 3h). Quantitative analysis (T test) showed an increase in labeling in the prepiriform cortex (CPP) of stimulated pigeons in relatioin to controls (p=0,051), but no difference between 1h and 3h groups (one-way ANOVA). These neurons are related to the olfactory system, reforcing the idea that this system is important for orientation, but at the same time presents the first experimental evidence of a possible participation of olfactory pathways in magnetoception. This result indicates that it is important to take utmost care in interpreting results of behavioural experiments in which olfaction is inhibited, since such manipulations may not only cause anosmia, but also loss of magnetic sensitivity.

Personnage de l'entre-deux mettant à mal les frontières communément admises entre l'enfance et l'âge adulte, entre la puissance et la vulnérabilité, entre la victime et le bourreau, l'enfant-soldat est une figure marquante de notre contemporanéité. Il n'est donc guère étonnant de le voir devenir un personnage littéraire. Cette étude a cherché à déterminer, dans une approche comparatiste, quel traitement les oeuvres littéraires réservaient à ce personnage et la manière dont elles en faisaient une figure singulière. Loin de simplement reprendre un répertoire exogène de significations et prolonger la figure médiatique de l'enfant-soldat, loin de miser uniquement sur la violence de son hybridité, les romans africains anglophones et francophones construisent une figure de témoin. Ce que l'étude a souhaité rendre visible, ce sont alors les visions tant historiographiques, éthiques que politiques que porte l'enfant-soldat témoin des guerres civiles africaines / As an in-between character questioning the usually admitted borders between childhood and adulthood, power and vulnerability, victim and executioner, the child soldier is a gripping figure of our contemporaneity. It is thus not surprising he became a literary character. In a comparative approach, this study has sought to determine the literary works treatment of this character and how they turn it into a singular figure. Far from simply resorting to an exogenous list of significations and extending the media figure of the child soldier, far from only focusing on the violence of its hybridity, English and French African novels build a figure of a witness. This study has therefore been interested in revealing the historiographicalas well as the ethical and political visions of the child soldier who experiences African civil wars

Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection may be associated with the development of asthma and atopy. The aim of the present study was to investigate this association and the related immunological mechanisms. Seventy-six children admitted to Oulu University Hospital in 1991–1994 for an RSV infection at an age of less than 12 months and healthy controls were called for a visit at the age of 6–10 years. Twenty subjects (26%) had asthma compared with 12 controls (16%) (difference 11%, 95% confidence interval (CI) –3% to 24%). Asthma had been diagnosed significantly earlier in the subjects. Eight per cent of the subjects had at least one positive skin prick test as compared with 43% of the controls (difference –35%, 95% CI –50% to –19%). Serum concentrations of interferon-γ and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule -1 were significantly higher among the subjects than among the controls and among the subjects with asthma or current wheezing than among the corresponding controls. All children born in Finland in 1986–1995 were arranged in birth cohorts by month and year of birth and grouped by exposure to an RSV epidemic at age 0–6 months, resulting in 97 exposed and 23 unexposed cohorts. The proportions of children taking asthma medication or receiving special reimbursement for asthma medication in 1995–2002 were similar in the unexposed and exposed cohorts. Altogether 47 children born between August and November 2001 with a cord blood sample taken were admitted to hospital (n = 26) or seen in an outpatient department (n = 21) for RSV infection before the age of six months. Twenty-eight children had some other respiratory viral infection and 84 children formed a group of healthy controls. High scores on a factor combining the cord blood interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 responses (as derived by factor analysis) were shown in logistic regression analysis to predict hospitalization for RSV infection by comparison with the healthy controls (odds ratio 2.29, 95% CI 1.21 to 4.33). We suggest that RSV does not induce asthma but inborn features of immunity affect the severity of RSV infection and the postinfectious development of asthma.

76 ABSTRACT Modes of termination of employment Termination of employment is a legal concept, which leads to the termination of basic employment relationship between employer and employee - for termination of employment. Employment could be terminated in several ways, which are listed in the Labour Code. Therefore I decided to describe general the various ways, and then I will deal with just one of them - the immediate termination of employment. The immediate termination of employment is exceptional way how to terminate the employment. It regards to one-sided legal act by which the employment can be terminated quite exceptionally. This instrument can be used by employer and by employee as well. But because it regards to significant interference with working contract, the employment can be ended only by realizable strict conditions which are determined by law. My paper work is divided into nine chapters, in every of these chapters I am dedicating to different aspects. In first chapter I have tried to define the conception, function and position of working law, as well as to describe the relationship between the labour code and new code of civil law. The second chapter describes what is working contract and especially how it is possible to end it and the third chapter is devoted to various ways of termination...

This study investigated the immediate implant placement in the maxillary aesthetic zone without flap elevation or enhancement of the hard tissue component with filler or membrane material. The aim of this paper is to study treatment outcome for immediate implant placement in fresh extraction socket in the maxillary anterior region regarding marginal bone level. This retrospective cross-sectional study includes data on 41 patients, total of 54 implants (n = 54), treated for immediate placed implants without flap elevation. 30 patients, a total of 33 single immediate implants were placed in the anterior maxilla and immediately restored with a temporary crown. In another 11 patients, 21 implants were placed in fresh extraction sockets and temporalized with a provisional bridge engaging immediate implants and in some cases in combination with delayed implants. No implants were lost during the follow-up period, mean radiographic follow up was 32 months. Analysis of the radiographs presented mean bone level of all sites 1.47 mm (SD 1.63) immediately after the installation and 0.85 mm (SD 0.75) at the follow up evaluation, resulting in a mean bone gain of 0.62 mm. With careful patient selection immediate placement of implant in fresh extraction socket can be an attractive treatment modality in maxilla anterior region.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether and to what extent free association following exposure to written material would affect the memory of that material, and whether the effect upon memory would vary with age of the subject. A test of learning (immediate retention) resulted in a significant difference in performance between young and old women--the older learning less. Free association was not found to be significant as a mnemonic aid to either age group, and was compared with characteristics of other more common mnemonics. Suggestions for additional research are discussed.

abstract: Schizophrenia, a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder, affects 1% of the population. This multifaceted disorder is comprised of positive (hallucinations/psychosis), negative (social withdrawal/anhedonia) and cognitive symptoms. While treatments for schizophrenia have advanced over the past few years, high economic burdens are still conferred to society, totaling more than $34 billion in direct annual costs to the United States of America. Thus, a critical need exists to identify the factors that contribute towards the etiology of schizophrenia. This research aimed to determine the interactions between environmental factors and genetics in the etiology of schizophrenia. Specifically, this research shows that the immediate early gene, early growth response 3 (EGR3), which is upregulated in response to neuronal activity, resides at the center of a biological pathway to confer risk for schizophrenia. While schizophrenia-risk proteins including neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR’s) have been identified upstream of EGR3, the downstream targets of EGR3 remain relatively unknown. This research demonstrates that early growth response 3 regulates the expression of the serotonin 2A-receptor (5HT2AR) in the frontal cortex following the physiologic stimulus, sleep deprivation. This effect is translated to the level of protein as 8 hours of sleep-deprivation results in the upregulation of 5HT2ARs, a target of antipsychotic medications. Additional downstream targets were identified following maximal upregulation of EGR3 through electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS). Both brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its epigenetic regulator, growth arrest DNA-damage-inducible 45 beta (GADD45B) are upregulated one-hour following ECS in the hippocampus and require the presence of EGR3. These proteins play important roles in both cellular proliferation and dendritic structural changes. Next, the effects of ECS on downstream neurobiological processes, hippocampal cellular proliferation and dendritic structural changes were examined. Following ECS, hippocampal cellular proliferationwas increased, and dendritic structural changes were observed in both wild-type and early growth response 3 knock-out (Egr3-/-) mice. Effects in the number of dendritic spines and dendritic complexity following ECS were not found to require EGR3. Collectively, these results demonstrate that neuronal activity leads to the regulation of schizophrenia risk proteins by EGR3 and point to a possible molecular mechanism contributing risk for schizophrenia. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Neuroscience 2020

Bakgrund: Tiden mellan en skadehändelse och innan professionell hjälp anländer är kritisk för den skadade. Under den tiden är det upp till människor på plats, immediate responder, att agera för att rädda liv. Om immediate responder ingriper ökar chansen att de skadade överlever. Desto mer kunskap om livräddande åtgärder och om prehospital akutsjukvård en människa har, desto villigare är de att ingripa vid en skadehändelse. De som besitter mest kunskap om prehospital akutsjukvård är de människor som arbetar inom ambulanssjukvård. Motiv: I dagens forskningsläge utgår forskningen från att immediate responder har liten eller ingen kunskap om livräddande åtgärder. Det saknas beskrivningar om hur professionell personal upplever det att vara först på skadeplats när de inte är tjänst. Syfte: Att beskriva ambulanspersonals upplevelser och erfarenheter av att ingripa på skadeplats utan att vara i tjänst.  Metod: Studien hade en kvalitativ design med semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Nio deltagare intervjuades. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två kategorier, självklart att agera och ambivalens att agera, vilka hade sju subkategorier, att känna instinkt, att känna ansvar, att känna trygghet, att samspela och att känna rädsla, att känna obekvämhet, att fundera kring sin egen roll. Slutsats: Genom en ökad kunskap hos befolkningen i enkla livräddande åtgärder, skulle känslan av obekvämhet minska och känslan av trygghet öka vid agerandet. Att specifikt utbilda sjukvårdspersonal, som saknar erfarenhet av prehospital sjukvård, ökar chansen till att fler människor känner sig bekväm med att agera som immediate responder. Personlig kännedom mellan blåljuspersonal och immediate responder är av vikt. Genom samövning kan kännedomen stärkas och blåljuspersonal kan få en djupare kunskap om fenomenet immediate responder. Ytterligare forskning inom området behövs, framför allt hur blåljusorganisationer skall implementera nyttjandet av immediate responder i sin verksamhet.

The imagistic language of Tang poetry can be defined as the language of Tang poetry that presents directly the immediate sensory/emotive experience, which is the early, unprocessed inner response of an external experience that involves what is previously unknown. The primary purpose of my thesis is to explore a theoretical definition of two characteristics: “now-ness” and “continuity” in the immediate sensory/emotive experience as well as to explore how the two characteristics are generally demonstrated in the imagistic language of Tang poems. Through the demonstration of seven individual analyses of Tang poems and their translations from the perspective of now-ness and continuity, this thesis also intends to foster now-ness and continuity as a particular perspective that assists us with the reading, understanding and translation of the imagistic language of Tang poetry.

The aim of this study was to establish a classification system for use in immediate implant placement by examining fresh extraction sockets in maxillary premolars and evaluation of the varying morphologies using CBCT imaging. Selection criteria included dentulous patients ages 15-85 that had CBCT imaging taken for varying treatment. A total of 400 maxillary premolars were classified by their root morphology as Type I (two-rooted premolar with interradicular bone), II (fused roots with mesiodistal alveolar constriction) or III (single blunted root with no interradicular bone). The internal root angle was measured for all Type 1 maxillary first premolars (n=40), as well as the interradicular septal bone height. A Type 1 premolar socket is present in 32% of the sampled maxillary first and second premolars. Type 2 socket was present in 22% of premolars, and type 3 socket was present in 46% of premolars. The average internal angle formed between the long axis of the crown versus the long axis of the palatal root was 11.46 ± 4.35° (range 4° to 20.7°). The average interradicular septal bone height was of 6.9 ± 1.6 mm (range 3.28 to 9.61). Type I root form had the highest incidence at maxillary first premolars sites and has the most alveolar bone available, thus having a higher probability for primary stability. The type III root form is most common in the maxillary second premolar site and has the least amount of alveolar support for immediate implant placement. The angulation and alveolar bone support provided by the palatal root in Type I root form maxillary first premolar sites may provide stability for an immediate implant at an appropriate prosthetic position.