La méthode IIM (Immersed Interface Method) permet d'étendre certaines méthodes numériques à des problèmes présentant des discontinuités. Elle est utilisée ici pour étudier un fluide incompressible régi par les équations de Navier-Stokes, dans lequel est immergée une membrane exerçant une force singulière. Nous utilisons une méthode de projection dans une grille de différences finies de type MAC. Une dérivation très complète des conditions de saut dans le cas où la viscosité est continue est présentée en annexe. Deux exemples numériques sont présentés : l'un sans membrane, et l'un où la membrane est immobile. Le cas général d'une membrane mobile est aussi étudié en profondeur. / The Immersed Interface Method allows us to extend the scope of some numerical methods to discontinuous problems. Here we use it in the case of an incompressible fluid governed by the Navier-Stokes equations, in which a membrane is immersed, inducing a singular force. We use a projection method and staggered (MAC-type) finite difference approximations. A very complete derivation for the jump conditions is presented in the Appendix, for the case where the viscosity is continuous. Two numerical examples are shown : one without a membrane, and the other where the membrane is motionless. The general case of a moving membrane is also thoroughly studied.

Un nouveau logiciel CFD, LaBS, basé sur la méthode de lattice Boltzmann sur Réseau a été développé dans le cadre d'un projet entre universités et industries. LaBS est utilisé pour la simulation numérique des écoulements thermiques avec un nouveau modèle de frontière immergée pour les conditions limites thermiques. Ce modèle est basé sur la méthode de reconstruction de la fonction de distribution et est évalué pour des conditions limites coincidentes et non-coincidentes avec le maillage, sur le phénomène de diffusion thermique et de convection naturelle.Renault s'intéresse aux situations d'arrêt péage ou de contact coupé, pour lesquelles sont considérés un véhicule roulant à une vitesse soutenue, sur une autoroute par exemple, et qui subit un arrêt ou un ralentissement brutal (avec ou sans contact coupé).Dans ce genre de situation le refroidissement du compartiment moteur qui était assuré par le phénomène de convection forcé durant le roulage laisse place au phénomène de convection naturelle durant les phases de base vitesse ou de vitesse nulle.Le phénomène de convection naturelle est un phénomène lent, qui peut prendre plusieurs minutes à évacuer la chaleur accumulée dans le compartiment moteur. La présence de température élevée pendant une durée trop importante dans le compartiment moteur peut endommager certains composants qui possèdent des seuils de température critique.Pour anticiper ce problème de surchauffe du compartiment moteur, dans lequel un grand nombre de pièces à géométries complexes sont présentes, le phénomène de convection naturelle est étudié avec le nouveau modèle de frontière immergée thermique.%Ce modèle est d'abord testé sur des cas test académique pour validation et est ensuite appliqué au cas d'une voiture réelle.La modélisation des écoulements thermiques avec la méthodes de lattice Boltzmann sur Réseau (LBM) peut-être classée en trois catégories: l'approche multi-vitesse, l'approche hybride et l'approche à deux fonctions de distribution (DDF: Double-Distribution-Function).L'approche multi-vitesse, utilise une équation pour résoudre le champ de vitesse, de densité et de température qui sont résolus avec la LBM. Tandis que l'approche hybride et l'approche DDF utilise un jeux de deux équations, un pour résoudre le champ de vitesse et de densité et l'autre pour résoudre le champ de température.L'approche hybride résout le champ de vitesse et de densité avec la LBM et utilise une méthode de différence finie ou de volume fini pour résoudre le champ de température. L'approche DDF résout quand à elle les deux équations avec la LBM.Le modèle thermique utilisé dans LaBS est basé sur l'approche DDF où les deux équations sont couplées par l'hypothèse de Boussinesq. Le champ de vitesse et de densité est résolu avec un réseau de dix-neuf vitesses discrètes (D3Q19) et champs de température est résolut soit par un réseau à dix-neuf vitesses discrètes (D3Q19) soit par un réseau à sept vitesses discrètes (D3Q7).Le nouveau modèle de frontière immergée décompose la fonction de distribution aux noeuds frontière en sa partie à l'équilibre et hors équilibre. La partie hors équilibre est calculée à partir d'une formulation théorique issus du développement de Chapman-Enskog.La validation du modèle DDF implémenté dans LaBS est faite sur un ensemble de cas test de complexité croissante. Les résultats obtenus avec LaBS sont comparés aux solutions analytiques ou encore à des articles de référence et sont en accord avec les résultats attendus. Ils montrent que qualitativement les résultats sont aussi bons pour le modèle D3Q19/D3Q19 que pour le modèle D3Q19/D3Q7 mais que quantitativement le modèle D3Q19/D3Q19 reste meilleur. / A new three-dimensional CFD solver, LaBS, based on the lattice Boltzmann alogorithms has been developed in a framework of university and industry consortium. In this thesis, this solver is used to simulate thermal flows, with a new thermal boundary condition for immersed solid boundary. The new proposed thermal boundary condition is based on the reconstruction method of the distribution function and is evaluated for immersed solid with coincident and non-coincident wall on the case of diffusion and natural convection phenomena.Renault case study, deals with a vehicle moving at constant speed (highway) that suddently slows down and stops (with or without a cut off contact). In such situation the cooling of the engine compartment first driven by forced convection during taxiing stage, abruptly switches to natural convection in low velocity stages. As natural convection is a slow process, it can take several minutes to remove the accumulated heat in the engine compartment. Such duration could be damaging for some components of the engine compartement which do not tolerate high temperature.In order to anticipate overheating of the engine compartment, where a lot of automotive parts with complex geometry are present and to avoid the above mentioned damages, the phenomenon of natural convection is here studied with the new thermal boundary condition.%The new proposed thermal boundary condition is first tested on academic case studies for validation, and then applied to the case of a real car.The modelling of thermal flows with the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) can be classified into three categories: the multispeed approach, the hybrid approach and the double-distribution-function (DDF) approach. The multispeed approach, uses only one equation to resolve velocity, density and temperature field, which is solved by the LBM. Whereas the hybrid approach and the DDF approach utilize two sets of equations, one to resolve velocity field and density field and another to resolve temperature field. The hybrid approach solves velocity field and density field by the LBM method and the temperature field by finite-different or finite-volume methods. On the other hand the DDF approach solves the two equations with LBM.The thermal model used in the solver LaBS is based on the coupled DDF approach. In this model, the flow field is solved by a D3Q19 velocity model while the temperature field is solved by a D3Q19 or a D3Q7 velocity model. The coupling between the momentum and the energy transport is made by the boussinesq approximation. The new proposed thermal boundary condition decomposes the distribution function at the boundary node into its equilibrium and non-equilibrium part. The non-equilibrium part is calculated from the theoretical solution based on Chapman-Enskog developement.LaBS thermal model based on the coupled DDF approach is evaluated on a set of cases with increasing complexity. The results obtained with LaBS are compared with analytical solutions or with reference articles and are in a good agreement with the results expected. Results show that the model D3Q19/D3Q7 is qualitatively as good as the model D3Q19/D3Q19 but quantitatively the model D3Q19/D3Q19 remains the best.

Dans cette thèse, une nouvelle méthode de frontières immergées a été développée pour la simulation d'interaction fluide-structure, appelée la méthode de frontières immergées mobiles (en langage anglo-saxon: MIBM). L'objectif principal de cette nouvelle méthode est de déplacer arbitrairement les solides à géométrie complexe dans un fluide visqueux incompressible, sans remailler le domaine fluide. Cette nouvelle méthode a l'avantage d'imposer la condition de non-glissement à l'interface d'une manière exacte via une force sans introduire des constantes artificielles modélisant la structure rigide. Cet avantage conduit également à la satisfaction de la condition CFL avec un pas de temps plus grand. Pour un calcul précis de la force induite par les frontières mobiles, un système linéaire a été introduit et résolu par la méthode de gradient conjugué. La méthode proposée peut être intégrée facilement dans des solveurs résolvant les équations de Navier-Stokes. Dans ce travail la MIBM a été mise en œuvre en couplage avec un solveur fluide utilisant une méthode de projection adaptée pour obtenir des solutions d'ordre deux en temps et en espace. Le champ de pression a été obtenu par l'équation de Poisson qui a été résolue à l'aide de la méthode du gradient conjugué préconditionné par la méthode multi-grille. La combinaison de ces deux méthodes a permis un gain de temps considérable par rapport aux méthodes classiques de la résolution des systèmes linéaires. De plus le code de calcul développé a été parallélisé sur l'unité graphique GPU équipée de la bibliothèque CUDA pour aboutir à des hautes performances de calcul. Enfin, comme application de nos travaux sur la MIBM, nous avons étudié le couplage "fort" d'interaction fluide-structure (IFS). Pour ce type de couplage, un schéma implicite partitionné a été adopté dans lequel les conditions à l'interface sont satisfaites via un schéma de type "point fixe". Pour réduire le temps de calcul inhérent à cette application, un nouveau schéma de couplage a été proposé pour éviter la résolution de l'équation de Poisson durant les itérations du "point fixe". Cette nouvelle façon de résoudre les problèmes IFS a montré des performances prometteuses pour des systèmes en IFS complexe. / In this thesis a novel non-body conforming mesh formulation is developed, called the moving immersed boundary method (MIBM), for the numerical simulation of fluid-structure interaction (FSI). The primary goal is to enable solids of complex shape to move arbitrarily in an incompressible viscous fluid, without fitting the solid boundary motion with dynamic meshes. This novel method enforces the no-slip boundary condition exactly at the fluid-solid interface with a boundary force, without introducing any artificial constants to the rigid body formulation. As a result, large time step can be used in current method. To determine the boundary force more efficiently in case of moving boundaries, an additional moving force equation is derived and the resulting system is solved by the conjugate gradient method. The proposed method is highly portable and can be integrated into any fluid solver as a plug-in. In the present thesis, the MIBM is implemented in the fluid solver based on the projection method. In order to obtain results of high accuracy, the rotational incremental pressure correction projection method is adopted, which is free of numerical boundary layer and is second order accurate. To accelerate the calculation of the pressure Poisson equation, the multi-grid method is employed as a preconditioner together with the conjugate gradient method as a solver. The code is further parallelized on the graphics processing unit (GPU) with the CUDA library to enjoy high performance computing. At last, the proposed MIBM is applied to the study of two-way FSI problem. For stability and modularity reasons, a partitioned implicit scheme is selected for this strongly coupled problem. The interface matching of fluid and solid variables is realized through a fixed point iteration. To reduce the computational cost, a novel efficient coupling scheme is proposed by removing the time-consuming pressure Poisson equation from this fixed point interaction. The proposed method has shown a promising performance in modeling complex FSI system.

Immersion of the body into the fluid creates additional effects which must be considered when designing the machines. Additional effects from the fluid influence the dynamic properties of the body. In this work the decrease of the natural frequency and the increase of the damping ratio during the gradual immersion of the body into the fluid are investigated. Diploma thesis is based on an experiment, which is performed on a series of flat strip steel components of various widths. The first three bending and first three torsion shapes of the free-hanging body are examined. Emphasis is placed on the influence of part width. In the next phase of the experiment, the influence of the proximity of the solid wall to the dynamic properties of the cantilever beam is examined. Further, the determination of the added density from the fluid is performed by modal analysis using the ANSYS software.

Les capsules, formées d’une goutte protégée par une membrane élastique, sont très présentes naturellement et dans diverses applications industrielles, mais peu d’études ont exploré les phénomènes transitoires de leur relaxation. L’objectif est d’étudier l’influence de l’inertie et du confinement sur la relaxation d’une capsule sphérique (1) pré-déformée en ellipsoïde et relâchée dans un canal carré où le fluide est au repos, (2) sous écoulement dans un canal carré à expansion soudaine (‘marche’). La capsule est modélisée comme un fluide Newtonien dans une membrane hyper-élastique sans épaisseur ni viscosité, et simulée en couplant les méthodes Volumes Finis - Eléments Finis - frontières immergées. Sa relaxation dans un fluide au repos comporte 3 phases : amorçage du mouvement du fluide, phases rapide puis lente de rétraction de la membrane. Trois régimes existent selon le rapport de confinement et le rapport des nombres de Reynolds et capillaire : amortissements pur, critique ou oscillant. Un modèle de Kelvin-Voigt inertiel est proposé pour prédire les temps de réponse et aussi appliqué à une capsule en écoulement dans le canal microfluidique avec marche. La comparaison aux simulations 3D montre sa pertinence aux temps courts de la relaxation. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à l’étude d’écoulements transitoires de capsules confinées dans des systèmes microfluidiques complexes. / Capsules, made of a drop protected by an elastic membrane, are widly present in nature and in diverse industrial applications, but few studies have explored the transient phenomena governing their relaxation. The objective of the PhD is to study the influence of inertia and confinement on the relaxation of a spherical capsule (1) pre-deformed into an ellipsoid and released in a square channel where the fluid is quiescent, (2) flowing in a square channel with a sudden expansion (‘step’). The capsule is modeled as a Newtonian fluid in a hyperelastic membrane without thickness or viscosity and is simulated coupling the Finite Volume - Finite Element - Immersed Boundary Methods. Its relaxation in a quiescent fluid exhibits three phases: the initiation of the fluid motion, the rapid and then slow retraction phases of the membrane. Three regimes exist depending on the confinement ratio and the Reynolds to capillary number ratio: pure, critical or oscillating damping. A Kelvin-Voigt inertial model is proposed to predict the response time constants and also applied to a capsule flowing in the microfluidic channel with a step. The comparison to 3D simulations shows its relevance at short relaxation times. This work paves the way to the study of transient flows of capsules confined in microfluidic devices.

This degree project presents a study case in Eskilstuna-Sweden, regarding the effect of the photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery energy storage system (BESS) on a power distribution transformer, and how they could change the transformer lifespan. For that, an extensive literature review has been conducted, and two MATLAB models were used to simulate the system. One model simulates the PV generation profile, with the option of including battery in the system, and the other one simulates the transformer loss of life (LOL) based on the thermal characteristics. Simulations were using hourly time steps over a year with provided load profile based on utility data and typical meteorological year weather data from SMHI and STRÅNG. In this study, three different scenarios have been put into consideration to study the change of LOL. The first scenario applies various levels of PV penetrations without energy storage, while, the other scenarios include energy storage under different operating strategies, self-consumption, and peak shaving. Similarly, different battery capacities have been applied for the purpose of studying the LOL change. Thus, under different PV penetrations and battery capacities, results included the variation of LOL, grid power, battery energy status, and battery power. Moreover, results concluded that the PV system has the maximum impact on LOL variation, as it could decrease it by 33.4 %, and this percentage could increase by applying different battery capacities to the system. Finally, LOL corresponding to the battery under peak shaving strategy varies according to the battery discharge target. As different peak shaving targets were used to control the battery discharge, and hence, study the impact on the transformer and estimate its LOL.

Les tubes des générateurs de vapeur des centrales nucléaires vibrent sous l'effet d'écoulement eau/vapeur. Pour appréhender ce phénomène et le comprendre, des expériences à échelles réduites sont réalisées. La simulation numérique a montré son habilité à reproduire l'interaction fluide-structure sur ce type de géométrie pour des écoulements monophasiques. L'objectif est désormais de faire de même en écoulement diphasique et de caractériser les propriétés physiques du mélange liquide/gaz influant sur la vibration.Pour se faire, un code CFD avec une approche bi-fluide est utilisé. Une méthode dite de "Discrete forcing" est implémentée pour permettre le mouvement imposé de corps solides au sein d'un écoulement à plusieurs phases. Celle-ci est alros validée sur des cas simples et intégraux avec une comparaison systématique à des résultats expérimentaux ou théoriques.En se basant sur un algorithme implicite existant dans la littérature, un couplage fluide-structure utilisant cette méthode de suivi d'interface est implémenté. Validé sur des cas monophasiques et diphasiques, ce couplage offre désormais la possibilité de déplacer un solide en fonction des forces fluides diphasiques qui lui sont appliquées.Les différentes méthodes numériques présentes dans NEPTUNE_CFD sont ensuite évaluées pour un écoulement fréon/fréon au travers d'un faisceau de tubes inclinés. La nécessité d'utiliser des modèles dit "multi-régime" est mis en avant.Afin de déterminer l'influence sur l'écoulement des différentes propriétés physiques d'un mélange diphasique, plusieurs cas simples sont réalisés.Finalement, l'application industrielle cible, un écoulement eau/fréon dans un faisceau de tubes à pas carré, est simulée et comparée à un écoulement en conditions réelles (eau/vapeur à 70 bar). Les vibrations induites par écoulement monophasique puis diphasique sont correctement reproduites sur des cas dit de "faisabilité". / In nuclear power plants, steam generator tubes vibrate because of steam/water cross-flows. In order to understant this phenomenon, reduced-scale experiments are performed. Numerical simulations have shown their ability to accurately reproduce the vibration induced by a single phase flow in a tube bundle. The aim of the present work is to do the same with two-phase flow and to characterize the effect of the mixture physical properties on vibration.To do so, a CFD code based on a two-fluid approach is used. A "discrete forcing" method is implemented in order to allow solid body motion in a two-phase flow. The validation is performed with simple and industrial cases using experimental and theoretical results.Using an existing implicit algorithm, a fluid-structure coupling based on the developed interface tracking method is implemented. Validated for single and two-phase flows, it is now possible to have solid motion induced by fluid forces.The different numerical models dedicated to two-phase flows are then evaluated on a freon/freon flow across an inclined tube bundle. The use of a multi-regime model is required. In order to investigate the role of the different physical properties on the vibration, three simple studies are performed.Finally, the industrial application, a freon/water flow across a square pitch tube bundle, is performed. First, it is compared to a steam/water flow in order to characterize the discrepancies when we are using a modeling mixture. Then, the vibration induced by single- and two-phase flows is reproduced by the developed method on feasibility test cases.

Speckle noise occurs in a wide range of images due to sampling and digital degradation. Understanding how noise can be present in images have led to multiple denoising techniques. Most of these denoising techniques assume equal noise distribution. When the noise present in the image is not uniform, the resulting denoised image becomes less than the highest standard or quality. For this research, we will be focusing on speckle noise. Unlike Gaussian noise, which affects single pixels on an image, speckle noise affects multiple pixels. Hence it is not possible to remove speckle noise with the traditional gaussian denoising model. We develope a more accurate speckle denoising model and its stable numerical methods. This model is based on the TV minimization and the associated non-linear PDE and Krissian $et$ $al$.'s speckle noise equation model. A realistic and efficient speckle noise equation model was introduced with an edge enhancing feature by adopting a non-convex functional. An effective numerical scheme was introduced and its stability was proved. Also, while working with TV minimization for non-linear PDE and Krissian $et$ $al$ we used a dual approach for faster computation. This work is based on Chambolle's approach for image denoising. The NLM algorithm takes advantage of the high degree of redundancy of any natural image. Also, the NLM algorithm is very accurate since all pixels contribute for denoising at any given pixel. However, due to non-local averaging, one major drawback is computational cost. For this research, we will discuss new denoising techniques based on NLM and total variation for images contaminated by speckle noise. We introduce blockwise and selective denoising methods based on NLM technique and Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) methods for total variation to enhance computational efficiency. Our PDE methods have shown to be very computational efficient and as mentioned before the NLM process is very accurate.

In this dissertation, we explore applications of partial differential equations with discontinuous coefficients. We consider the nonconforming immersed finite element methods (IFE) for modeling and simulating these partial differential equations. A one-dimensional second-order parabolic initial-boundary value problem with discontinuous coefficients is studied. We propose an extension of the immersed finite element method to a high-order immersed finite element method for solving one-dimensional parabolic interface problems. In addition, we introduce a nonconforming immersed finite element method to solve the two-dimensional parabolic problem with a moving interface. In the nonconforming IFE framework, the degrees of freedom are determined by the average integral value over the element edges. The continuity of the nonconforming IFE framework is in the weak sense in comparison the continuity of the conforming IFE framework. Numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the features and the robustness of these methods. We introduce a class of lowest-order nonconforming immersed finite element methods for solving two-dimensional Stokes interface problem. On triangular meshes, the Crouzeix-Raviart element is used for velocity approximation, and piecewise constant for pressure. On rectangular meshes, the Rannacher-Turek rotated $Q_1$-$Q_0$ finite element is used. We also consider a new mixed immersed finite element method for the Stokes interface problem on an unfitted mesh. The proposed IFE space uses conforming linear elements for one velocity component and nonconforming linear elements for the other component. The new vector-valued IFE functions are constructed to approximate the interface jump conditions. Basic properties including the unisolvency and the partition of unity of these new IFE methods are discussed. Numerical approximations are observed to converge optimally. Lastly, we apply each class of the new immersed finite element methods to solve the unsteady Stokes interface problem. Based on the new IFE spaces, semi-discrete and full-discrete schemes are developed for solving the unsteady Stokes equations with a stationary or a moving interface. A comparison of the degrees of freedom and number of elements are presented for each method. Numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the features of these methods.

This dissertation consists of three studies of immersed finite element (IFE) methods for inter- face problems related to partial differential equations (PDEs) with discontinuous coefficients. These three topics together form a continuation of the research in IFE method including the extension to elasticity systems, new breakthroughs to higher degree IFE methods, and its application to inverse problems. First, we extend the current construction and analysis approach of IFE methods in the literature for scalar elliptic equations to elasticity systems in the vector format. In particular, we construct a group of low-degree IFE functions formed by linear, bilinear, and rotated Q1 polynomials to weakly satisfy the jump conditions of elasticity interface problems. Then we analyze the trace inequalities of these IFE functions and the approximation capabilities of the resulted IFE spaces. Based on these preparations, we develop a partially penalized IFE (PPIFE) scheme and prove its optimal convergence rates. Secondly, we discuss the limitations of the current approaches of IFE methods when we try to extend them to higher degree IFE methods. Then we develop a new framework to construct and analyze arbitrary p-th degree IFE methods. In this framework, each IFE function is the extension of a p-th degree polynomial from one subelement to the whole interface element by solving a local Cauchy problem on interface elements in which the jump conditions across the interface are employed as the boundary conditions. All the components in the analysis, including existence of IFE functions, the optimal approximation capabilities and the trace inequalities, are all reduced to key properties of the related discrete extension operator. We employ these results to show the optimal convergence of a discontinuous Galerkin IFE (DGIFE) method. In the last part, we apply the linear IFE methods in the literature together with the shape optimization technique to solve a group of interface inverse problems. In this algorithm, both the governing PDEs and the objective functional for interface inverse problems are discretized optimally by the IFE method regardless of the location of the interface in a chosen mesh. We derive the formulas for the gradients of the objective function in the optimization problem which can be implemented efficiently in the IFE framework through a discrete adjoint method. We demonstrate the properties of the proposed algorithm by applying it to three representative applications. / Doctor of Philosophy / Interface problems arise from many science and engineering applications modeling the transmission of some physical quantities between multiple materials. Mathematically, these multiple materials in general are modeled by partial differential equations (PDEs) with discontinuous parameters, which poses challenges to developing efficient and reliable numerical methods and the related theoretical error analysis. The main contributions of this dissertation is on the development of a special finite element method, the so called immersed finite element (IFE) method, to solve the interface problems on a mesh independent of the interface geometry which can be advantageous especially when the interface is moving. Specifically, this dissertation consists of three projects of IFE methods: elasticity interface problems, higher-order IFE methods and interface inverse problems, including their design, analysis, and application.