<p>The aim of this master-thesis is to investigate the emergence of bureaucratic drift in connection with implementation of EU-legislation in Sweden. To narrow it down I have chosen to look at the Swedish implementation of the Working Time Directive, directive 93/104/EG. To be able to fulfil the purpose of this master-thesis I have used two research questions; [1] How did Sweden implement the Working Time Directive into Swedish law? and [2] Why did Sweden omit to correct implement the Working Time Directive? To be able to understand and explain the situation I have used the principal-agent perspective as a theoretical framework. An analysis of motives has been used as analytical method.</p><p>The results from the analysis show that Sweden, in order to keep the contractual model used on the labour market, which is a part of the well known Swedish model, shirked while implementing the directive and implemented as to be able to fulfil its own agenda. This gives a new dimension to implementation research, since Sweden and Scandinavia is considered a ‘black hole’ regarding research on implementation in connection with EU-legislation.</p>

Abstract The use of temporary agency workers has increased significantly during the last decades. Due to considerable differences in the legal status and working conditions of temporary agency workers within the EU, the directive 2008/104/EC on temporary agency work was adopted in 2008. The current directive has a two folded purpose, first and foremost to improve the employment and working conditions for temporary agency workers, by establishing the principle of equal treatment. The second purpose is to create greater acceptance for the temporary work agencies, and also to review and remove any unjustified restrictions or prohibitions against them. There are several different models for labour market regulation represented within the EU. The Swedish and Nordic model has through history relied heavily on regulation via collective agreements, entered into by the social partners, with a minimal amount of state interference and regulation. For Sweden there is a potential problem in the implementation of the directive on temporary agency work, since it follows from case law by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). That the Swedish type of collective agreement, that lacks universal applicability, is insufficient as the sole means of implementing EU directives establishing rights for all workers. The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze if and how it’s possible to implement the directive on temporary agency work, within the established Swedish model for labour market regulation, and at the same meet the requirements of the EU-law. / Sammanfattning Användandet av uthyrd arbetskraft från bemanningsföretag har ökat avsevärt de senaste decennierna. EU:s bemanningsdirektiv 2008/104/EG har tillkommit med anledning av att arbetsvillkoren och den rättsliga regleringen med avseende på bemanningsarbete idag skiljer sig kraftigt bland EU:s medlemsstater. Bemanningsdirektivet har ett tudelat syfte, dels syftar det till att förbättra arbetsvillkoren för bemanningsanställda genom införandet av en likabehandlingsprincip av bemanningsanställda. Därtill syftar direktivet till att skapa större acceptans och undanrö-ja hinder för bemanningsföretagen. Inom EU:s medlemsstater finns en rad olika arbetsmarknadsmodeller representerande. Den svenska och nordiska modellen karaktäriseras av minimalt med statlig reglering, och en hög grad av reglering genom kollektivavtal som förhandlas fram och sluts mellan arbetsmarknadens parter. Den kontinentala modellen som kan sägas var den härskande inom övriga EU och så även för EU:s reglering, bygger på reglering genom lag och en lagfäst möjlighet till att allmängiltigförklara (utsträcka) vissa kollektivavtal. Vilket innebär att arbetsgivare som inte är bundna av kollektivavtal, tvingas tillämpa ett visst avtal. För Sveriges del uppkommer ett potentiellt problem i genomförandet av bemanningsdirektivet, då det följer av äldre rättspraxis från EU-domstolen att vår svenska typ av kollektivavtal inte är ett fullgott sätt att implementera EU-direktiv. Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda om och hur det går att genomföra bemanningsdirektivet inom den svenska modellen, och samtidigt leva upp till de krav som följer av EU-rätten. Enligt min bedömning kommer det krävas att en bakomliggande lagstiftning införs, som garanterar direktivets skydd för samtliga arbetstagare. Den nödvändiga lagstiftningen kan dock utformas på ett sätt som inte undergräver den svenska modellen.

The aim of this master-thesis is to investigate the emergence of bureaucratic drift in connection with implementation of EU-legislation in Sweden. To narrow it down I have chosen to look at the Swedish implementation of the Working Time Directive, directive 93/104/EG. To be able to fulfil the purpose of this master-thesis I have used two research questions; [1] How did Sweden implement the Working Time Directive into Swedish law? and [2] Why did Sweden omit to correct implement the Working Time Directive? To be able to understand and explain the situation I have used the principal-agent perspective as a theoretical framework. An analysis of motives has been used as analytical method. The results from the analysis show that Sweden, in order to keep the contractual model used on the labour market, which is a part of the well known Swedish model, shirked while implementing the directive and implemented as to be able to fulfil its own agenda. This gives a new dimension to implementation research, since Sweden and Scandinavia is considered a ‘black hole’ regarding research on implementation in connection with EU-legislation.

Within the political science literature that deals with the implementation process a central part has long been what is sometimes called the implementation deficit. This means that the effect of a policy decision doesn´t turn out as it was originally intended. The often used explanation is that the policy decisions moves through many levels during its implementation where different actors can change or alter the decision in various degrees. This phenomenon has gradually become more and more attended within the legislative process in the European Union and has been addressed in numerous studies. The purpose of this paper is to examine the implementation of The Habitats Directive, as its embodied in regulatory documents, in the Swedish multi-level system. To concretize this purpose, I´ve used two research questions; [1] How well has The Habitats Directive been implemented in the regulatory documents? and [2] Which deviations from the Directive are there? To answer these questions I conduct an analysis of ideas of the regulatory documents that constitute the written implementation of the Directive. I compare the degree of consensus in the multi-level system based on two dimensions of the Directive, the Conservation dimension and the Habitats/Species dimension. The result shows that the agreement between the EU Directive and the implementation of the Authority level is probably greater than that on the Parliamentary level . This contradicts the theory that the implementation of the multilevel system creates a cumulative implementation deficit and the result can be a contribution to further understanding and interpreting the practical implementation of the Directive.

This paper addresses the principle of care in the recast asylum procedure directive (2013/32/EU). The purpose of the study has been to analyze how the principle of care is expressed in the directive regarding procedures for granting or rejecting asylum, as well as to analyze how the directive was implemented in Sweden. The recast asylum procedure directive aims to harmonize EU’s member states' procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection. Initially, this paper describes how the directive was created and how the principle of care is expressed in the directive and the meaning and content of the principle of care at EU level as well as its content and meaning according to Swedish law. To conclude, the Swedish implementation of the directive’s provisions directly connected to the principle of care will be discussed. The principle of care is one of the principles of good governance. The principles of good governance have been important in EU law to ensure legal protection for individuals when they are in contact with authorities of EU or Member States. In the analysis, what is found is that the principle of care can be divided into several sub-principles or requirements: individuals’ right to get their affairs treated; the obligation of authorities to investigate a request in an impartial manner; fair procedure and handling; authorities’ duty to take individual interests in consideration; authorities’ obligation to act within reasonable time and also other requirements regarding routines and procedure. Since a major part of this paper regards analyzing the relationship between EU law and national Swedish law, a discussion about the Member States’ institutional and procedural autonomy towards EU is also included. A conclusion is that the Swedish implementation of the directive's provisions related to the principle of care was deficient and that the directive itself restricts the Member States’ institutional and procedural autonomy. / Den här uppsatsen behandlar omsorgsprincipen i det omarbetade asylprocedurdirektivet (2013/32/EU). Syftet med arbetet är att analysera hur omsorgsprincipen uttrycks i direktivet avseende procedurer för beviljandet eller avslag av asyl, samt hur direktivet har genomförts i Sverige. Det omarbetade asylprocedurdirektivet syftar till att harmonisera EU- medlemsstaternas förfarande vid ansökan om internationellt skydd. Inledningsvis redogörs för hur direktivet skapades och hur omsorgsprincipen uttrycks i direktivet, vad omsorgsprincipen omfattar på EU-nivå, liksom principens omfattning i svensk rätt. Avslutningsvis analyseras genomförandet av direktivets bestämmelser med anknytning till omsorgsprincipen i svensk rätt. Omsorgsprincipen är en av principerna om god förvaltning. Principerna om god förvaltning har varit viktiga inom EU-rätten för att säkerställa ett rättsskydd för enskilda när dessa är i kontakt med EU:s eller medlemsstaternas myndigheter. Analysen kommer fram till att omsorgsprincipen kan delas in i flera mindre principer eller krav: enskildes rätt att få sina angelägenheter behandlade; myndigheters skyldighet att på ett opartiskt sätt undersöka en begäran; rättvis procedur och handläggning; myndigheters skyldighet att väga in enskildes intresse; myndigheters skyldighet att agera inom rimlig tid; samt andra krav på handläggningsrutiner. Eftersom en huvuddel av den här uppsatsen handlar om att analysera relationen mellan EU-rätt och svensk rätt, förs också en diskussion om medlemsstaternas institutionella och processuella autonomi gentemot EU. Slutligen presenteras slutsatsen att det svenska genomförandet av direktivets bestämmelser som anknyter till omsorgprincipen varit bristande och att direktivet har begränsat såväl medlemsstaternas institutionella som processuella autonomi.