The wane of the North American Fur Trade (ca. 1800-1850) was the result of resource depletion, military action, social unrest, increased European settlement and the increased proximity of diverse cultural groups. The effects of these occurrences upon the residents of Aussom Cabin Site have been analyzed. Both historical and archaeological analyses were utilized, offering a verified and accurate account of the demise of the fur trade and its effect upon a specific population.Attention is paid to the development of the fur trade industry, as well as to the manner in which it affected regional lifeways. The location of the Aussom Cabin, both chronologically and socially, within this process has been explicated. The chain of occupation at the site has been established, the morphology of the cabin, and the lifeways of its inhabitants have been surmised. The manner in which the cabin was razed and the depositional integrity of the Aussom Cabin have also been determined. / Department of Anthropology

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4219.pdf: 3324543 bytes, checksum: 612f41dbf613dfc01e074237ec3bafa6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Comfort is a subject matter that is gaining relevance in the aviation industry, taking into consideration the necessity of the manufactures, as well as the airlines, in differentiating themselves in a market far more competitive. Nevertheless, comfort is a subjective experience, affected by many factors (psychological, physical and physiological) and a reaction of the environment. Therefore the case studies about the theme highlight a difficulty to analyze all the variable that interfere in the perception of comfort and discomfort, mainly when it comes to aircraft cabins. The general objective of this case study was to identify the variables related to comfort and discomfort in airplane cabins, through the passengers analysis of the activity in use situations, in order to develop a model for the assessment of comfort and discomfort. The case study was undertaken in 36 Brazilian airports and during 40 segments in corporate domestic flights, and the data collection adopted were: 377 questionnaires in airports and 291 in-flight questionnaires, 44 postures records and actions and also 12 semi-structured interviews. The data collected through the questionnaire were statistically analyzed and the ones obtained by systematic observations were analyzed and reinstated in the participants selfconfrontation interviews. One verified that the passengers most frequent activities are: feeding (91,1%), resting and sleeping (82,3%), reading, writing and working (80,5%), entertaining activities (56,1%), as well as, going to the toilet (54,8%). Out of those activities, the one which is harder for the passengers is resting and sleeping (74,6). From the analysis of the difficulties regarding every single activity, one verified that the variables related to space, as leg-room, personal area, as well as, the physical space for the movement of the body are the critical variable mentioned by the passengers. The crew service and also the entertainment on board were considered as well once they can produce comfort. One of the results of this case-study was the proposal of a methodology that led to envelops of postures with the calculation of the passengers area in use during their action, which can be a useful tool in the process of aircraft cabins project when making possible the calculation of the space for the action with base in the rebuilt course. In relation to the model of comfort and discomfort, a proposal was elaborated having the passengers action as a mediator. The proposed model parts from the premise that comfort and discomfort should be considered as two dimensions separated from experience, that feature different determinants (Zhang et al., 1996) and that the activity, in particular, the possibility and/or impossibility of acting, is in a mediator element between comfort and discomfort, being able to interfere in that relationship. From this case study have been developed one conceptual model and a methodology to analyze the comfort- the activity analysis is the main element of the model. Besides that, the database created in this study can be considered one tool to be use by the engineers, while they can use during the development of the project, in order to generate knowledge to the user. / O conforto é uma temática que vem ganhando relevância na indústria aeronáutica, tendo em vista a necessidade dos fabricantes e companhias aéreas de se diferenciar em um mercado cada vez mais competitivo. Entretanto, a literatura aponta o conforto como uma experiência subjetiva, sendo afetado por vários fatores (físicos, fisiológicos, e psicológicos), além de ser uma reação ao ambiente. Diante disso, os estudos realizados sobre o tema apontam uma dificuldade de analisar todas as variáveis que interferem na percepção do conforto e desconforto, principalmente quando se trata de cabines de aeronaves. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi desenvolver um modelo para avaliação de conforto e desconforto, buscando identificar as variáveis relacionadas ao conforto e desconforto em cabines de aeronaves, por meio da análise da atividade dos passageiros em situações de uso. O estudo foi realizado em 36 aeroportos brasileiros e durante 40 trechos de voos comerciais nacionais, e as técnicas de coleta de dados adotadas foram: aplicação de 377 questionários em aeroportos e 291 questionários durante viagens aéreas, 44 registros de posturas e ações e 12 entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os dados coletados por meio de questionários foram analisados estatisticamente e os obtidos por meio de observações sistemáticas foram analisados e restituídos aos participantes em entrevistas de autoconfrontação. Em relação ao modelo de conforto e desconforto, elaborou-se uma proposta tendo como elemento intermediador a ação do passageiro. O modelo proposto parte da premissa de que o conforto e desconforto devem ser considerados como duas dimensões separadas da experiência, que possuem diferentes determinantes (Zhang et al., 1996), e de que a atividade, mais especificamente a possibilidade/impossibilidade de agir, constitui-se em um elemento intermediador entre conforto e desconforto, sendo capaz de interferir nesta relação. Outro resultado do estudo foi a proposta de uma metodologia que resultou em um banco de dados e envelopes de posturas, com cálculo da área ocupada pelo passageiro durante a ação, que podem ser ferramentas a serem utilizadas no processo de projeto de cabines de aeronaves, ao possibilitar a análise de posturas adotadas, o cálculo do espaço para ação com base no curso reconstruído e, análise do discurso dos passageiros. Verificou-se que as atividades realizadas com maior frequência pelos passageiros são: alimentar-se (91,1%,), repousar e dormir (82,3%), ler, escrever e trabalhar (80,5%,), atividade de entretenimento (56,1%) e ir ao banheiro (54,8%). Destas, a atividade na qual os passageiros apresentam maiores dificuldades é repousar e dormir (74,6). A partir da análise dos constrangimentos referentes a cada uma das atividades, constatou-se que as variáveis relacionadas ao espaço, como espaço para as pernas, espaço pessoal e espaço para movimentação do corpo, são as variáveis criticas apontadas pelos passageiros por serem variáveis relacionadas ao desconforto. Também foram identificadas variáveis, tais como o atendimento da tripulação e o entretenimento a bordo, que podem gerar conforto. Uma das contribuições do estudo foi a proposta de uma base conceitual e de um método para o estudo de conforto, tendo como elemento central a ação do usuário. Além disso, o banco de dados gerado no estudo, a partir da análise do usuário em situações reais de uso, pode ser considerado uma ferramenta para uso dos projetistas, uma vez que estes podem consultá-lo ao longo de processo de desenvolvimento do produto, de forma a agregar informações sobre o usuário e ambiente de uso.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5994.pdf: 5191690 bytes, checksum: ebc3abf7b37201a98f67d000108063db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-19 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The demand for air travel has grown each year, both in Brazil and abroad. Researches also indicate an estimated worldwide increase in elderly and obese people. In regards to people with disabilities, studies show that approximately 15% of the world population has some kind of disability and only in Brazil it´s believed that this population represents 25%. There is a growing participation of people with disabilities and people with special needs (such as the elderly and obese) in society, including the use of air transport. These people take use of assistive equipment (assistive technology) in their daily lives, and how air passengers, they take these products on board. That´s the focus of this study: a study in assistive technology. Thus, the goal is to identify products of assistive technology and understand the trends in this field to support future discussions about the implications for aircraft cabin design. First, a literature review was performed in order to better understand assistive technology and universal design. Then, collecting data through research at fairs, internet, survey and interviews related to assistive technology companies was performed. Such procedures indicated what kind of assistive technology products are used and what the emerging products are. Data were collected and analyzed from a descriptive perspective. The conclusions of the study were then formulated. They indicate a large number of assistive technology products for people with physical and visual disabilities and a big trend in multifunctional and electronic products. Assistive technology products bring great impact to the current and future design of the passenger cabin. / A demanda pelo transporte aéreo vem crescendo a cada ano, tanto no Brasil quanto no exterior. Pesquisas também indicam uma estimativa de aumento mundial de pessoas idosas e de pessoas obesas. Em se tratando de pessoas com deficiência, estudos apontam que aproximadamente 15% da população mundial possuem algum tipo de deficiência e só no Brasil, acredita-se que esta faixa da população represente 24%. Há uma crescente participação de pessoas com deficiência e de pessoas com necessidade especial (como idosos e obesos) na sociedade, inclusive na utilização do transporte aéreo. Essas pessoas fazem uso de equipamentos de auxílio (tecnologia assistiva) em seu dia a dia, e como passageiros do transporte aéreo, levam esses produtos a bordo. É este o foco dessa dissertação: estudo em tecnologia assistiva. Desta forma, o objetivo é identificar produtos de tecnologia assistiva e compreender as tendências neste campo para fundamentar futuras discussões quanto às implicações para projeto de cabine de aeronaves. Primeiramente foi realizada uma revisão da literatura para maior compreensão de tecnologia assistiva, cabine e design universal. Em seguida, foi realizada a coleta de dados por meio de pesquisa em feiras, internet, survey e entrevistas com empresas ligadas à tecnologia assistiva. Tais procedimentos apontaram quais produtos de tecnologia assistiva são mais utilizados e quais são os produtos emergentes. Os dados foram coletados e analisados sob uma perspectiva descritiva. Foram elaboradas então as conclusões do trabalho, que indicam um grande número de produtos de tecnologia assistiva para pessoas com deficiência física e visual e uma grande tendência em produtos multifuncionais e eletrônicos. Os produtos de tecnologia assistiva trazem grande impacto ao design atual e futuro de cabine de passageiro.

Cabines de veículos automotores recém-manufaturados podem ser consideradas críticas quando se avalia a qualidade do ar interno, pois concentrações de compostos orgânicos voláteis encontram-se em níveis mais altos que os ambientes externos. Determinadas substâncias presentes no ar da cabine podem ser prejudiciais ao ser humano em função da sua toxicidade, pricipalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. A avaliação do ar da cabine automotiva se faz necessária. Nesse estudo, foi feita uma avaliação da qualidade do ar interno da cabine de 7 veículos populares recém-manufaturados contendo materiais de acabamento interno iguais. Um total de 46 compostos orgânicos voláteis foi identificado, sendo que 14 deles são compostos carbonílicos e 32 são hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e aromáticos, compostos halogenados e um nitrogenado. Os compostos carbonílicos foram identificados e quantificados por cromatografia a líquido e os outros VOCs apenas identificados por GC-MS. No ar interno da cabine dos veículos estudados, as concentrações médias encontradas para os compostos carbonílicos (µg/m3) em ordem decrescente foram: formaldeído (165,3); acetona (67,5); acetaldeído (56,8); isovaleraldeído (40,8); propionaldeído (21,1); butiraldeído (17,9); crotonaldeído (14,9); hexaldeído (14,9) valeraldeído (9,8); 2.5- dimetilbenzaldeído (9,3); otolualdeído (8,4); p/m tolualdeído (6,8); acroleína (4,2) e benzaldeído (3,8). Com relação aos outros VOCS foram identificados o metilbutano, que apresentou a maior porcentagem de abundância relativa, 8,5%, seguido de outros hidrocarbonetos com abundância relativa entre 5 e 2% , como, 2,7,10-trimetildodecano, 2,2,6-trimetildecano, ciclopentano, 2,3,4-trimetildecano, n-pentano, 3,6-dimetilundecano, 4-metildodecano, 4,6- dimetildodecano, 3,6-dimetildecano e 1,2-dimetilbenzeno. Dois derivados de hidrocarbonetos halogenados também foram encontrados, sendo que o triclorofluormetano foi o majoritário com 5,7%, e um composto nitrogenado, a acetonitrila com 5,4%. Os compostos derivados do benzeno identificados foram: 1,2-dimetilbenzeno, etilbenzeno, metilbenzeno, 1-etil-3- metilbenzeno, 1-etil-3-metilbenzeno e 1,3,5-trimetilbenzeno que perfazem 6,6 % de abundância relativa. O mais abundante entre os aromáticos foi o 1,2-dimetilbenzeno (2,5%). Os resultados experimentais revelaram também a liberação de VOCs pelos materiais de acabamento interno dos veículos automotores recém-manufaturados. / New motor vehicles cabins may be critical when considering the internal air quality, because concentrations of volatile organic compounds are at levels higher than the outdoors. Certain substances present in the cabin air can be harmful to humans according to their toxicity, mainly in the big cities. Assessment of the cabin air becomes necessary. In this study, cabin air quality was assessed and 7 popular new vehicles containing same interior trim materials were evaluated. A total of 46 volatile organic compounds were identified, with 14 of them were carbonylic compounds and 32 are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds and a nitrogenated compound. The carbonylic compounds were identified and quantified by the liquid chromatography and other VOCs only identified by GC-MS. Cabin air vehicles studied showed the following average concentrations found for carbonylic compounds ( µg/m3) in a descending order: formaldehyde (165.3), acetone (67.5); acetaldehyde (56.8); Isovaleraldehyde ( 40.8); propionaldehyde (21.1); butyraldehyde (17.9); crotonaldeído (14.9); hexaldeído (14.9) Valeraldehyde (9.8); dimetilbenzaldeído-2.5 (9.3); the - tolualdeído (8.4), p / m - tolualdeído (6.8); acrolein (4.2) and benzaldehyde (3.8). Concerning the other VOCs the following compounds were identified: methylbutane, which had the highest percentage of relative abundance, 8.5%, followed by other hydrocarbons with relative abundance between 5 and 2%, 2,7,10-trimetildodecano, 2.2 ,6- Trimetildecano, ciclopentano, 2,3,4-trimetildecano, n-pentane, 3.6-dimetilundecano, 4- metildodecano, dimetildodecano-4.6, 3.6 and 1.2-dimetildecano-dimetilbenzeno. Two halogenated hydrocarbons were also found, and triclorofluormetano had the biggest relative abundance percentage 5.7%, and a nitrogen compound, the acetonitrile with 5.4%. The benzene compounds identified were: 1.2-dimetilbenzeno, ethylbenzene, methylbenzene, 1- ethyl-3-methyl, ethyl-1-and 3-methyl 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene which comprise 6.6% of relative abundance. 1.2-dimetilbenzeno was the most abundant aromatic compound with relative abundance 2.5%. Results also showed that VOCs were released by studied vehicles interior trim materials.

Tout au long de l’histoire coloniale, les habitations des classes irlandaises les plus modestes, les cabanes, furent décrites par les étrangers, Anglais pour la plupart, comme étant des constructions plus que médiocres, preuves de la nature « sauvage » et « barbare » des indigènes. Le caractère enfumé, le toit de chaume, le tas de fumier, et la cohabitation entre humains et animaux, ont été interprétés à partir de préjugés et de stéréotypes raciaux et non pas explicités en tant qu’expressions de conditions économiques, sociales, politiques ou environnementales. La thèse démontre que ces techniques vernaculaires observées au sein des habitations et autres constructions, telles que, l'enfumage et l'imprégnation de suie au niveau des murs en tourbe et des toits, avaient une raison d’être : ces pratiques étaient destinées à créer des matériaux capables d’enrichir le sol. La façon dont les matériaux étaient utilisés, le savoir-faire et la qualité de la transmission, désignés dans cette thèse sous le terme de « métis », ne fait que mettre en valeur la sagesse des autochtones capables de susciter des stratégies nécessaires à la survie. La réorientation des modèles architecturaux vernaculaires permettra d’établir une nouvelle définition de la construction traditionnelle pour aboutir à une approche reconfigurée et plus inclusive ainsi qu'à une meilleure compréhension de ses dimensions historiques et ethnographiques. Cette reconfiguration des études interdisciplinaires, ouverte aux différents paradigmes, inclurait la sagesse de la tradition. Ceci changerait la manière dont l’architecture vernaculaire pourrait être étudiée, gérée et réévaluée. / Taking the Irish cabin as object, this thesis deconstructs the outsider accounts and their contribution to a negative interpretation of such, particularly within the context of postcolonial scholarly literature. Such outsider accounts have an added significance in scholarship in so far as they retained a strict uniformity even while other formal studies changed perspective. This reveals certain ideological assumptions which are examined. The collision between the imposition of a dominating knowledge and practices drawn from indigenous wisdom is examined through the prism of descriptions and interpretations of materials and labour in specific ecological and economic contexts. A case study in the Claddagh village in the West of Ireland examines these contradictions in detail. The survival of such outsider accounts has had its consequence in contemporary constructions as to the meaning and function of the vernacular house. The recovery of the Irish cabin as an object of study within vernacular architecture must be achieved within a context of examining clearance, changes in housing and the major restructuring of economy and society occasioned by the Great Famine. The recovery of a proper account of their function as perceived by those who lived in such habitations in the rural economy is central to this thesis.

This diploma thesis deals with comparing noise levels of three side vents of different constructions, which are used for distribution and directing of ventilation air in a cabin of an automobile. The fundamental knowledge of the physical and physiological acoustics is described in the introduction part of this study. Following the introduction part there is a brief explanation of the car air conditioning system (HVAC system) as well as are explained the acoustic properties of specific elements of this system. The study also deals with dividing ventilation vents and describes the vast traceable types of automobile vents. Prior to the description of the experiment, which was conducted as a part of this study, the procedures and results of the measurements carried out in other theses are explained. Measurement of noise levels of the compared vents was carried out in a semi-anechoic chamber under the ČSN ISO 3475 standardization. To clarify increase of noise generated by the vent in an interior of an automobile, additional measurement of noise was carried out in a cabin of Porsche Cayenne 2018. From the gathered results we can conclude that under the constant flow, (of 60 square meters per hour) louder vents are those with higher pressure loss. This pressure loss is dependant primarily on the speed of the flow in the vent, as well as on the number and the adjustment of the deflectors. In a cabin of an automobile, the noise produced by the vent is negligible in comparison with total noise in an interior of a car. However, in the area surrounding the air flowing out from the vent, (approximately 0,7 meters from it) the level of acoustic pressure increases significantly.

The diploma work is aimed at a complex design of a delivery van of the near future. The need for a delivery van to be used as a working tool is constantly evolving. This is namely caused by the expansion of on-line shops & the need to save on running cost of a business. The delivery van is especially designed for use in city traffic. The innovation reveals a single person cabin with panoramatic view, ecological propulsion of the vehicle and the technical solution to the suspension of wheels which allow the turning of all 4 wheels to an angle ranging from -55° to +90°. As a result the vehicle has the ability to perpendicularly drive up to a pavement, fitting in a very narrow space. In addition, it can freely drive forward or backward in a sideway direction. The loading space of the delivery van and its floor is modified as such to allow for one man manipulation, making loading & unloading of goods a simpler task.

This Master's thesis deals with construction design suspension of tractor's cabin. At the very beginning there is an overview of different possibilities suspension from others producers. Afterwards there is my constructional working from selection variant of suspension to final project with all details. The another part of my thesis is strain-stress analysis of significant parts of construction and suggestion of comparing the method with the previous variant of suspension.

The aim of this thesis is to compare the costs for the construction of various construction systems wooden buildings. The first part deals with the historical and contemporary construction systems wooden structures and materials that are used in these buildings. Details are discussed in the work of the wood, its properties and uses in the construction industry. Another chapter deals with the pricing, kinds of budgets and costs. In the end of the technical characteristics listed buildings. Practical work in the introduction describes the layout and construction of selected timber, which is then compared with log technology. The comparison is done from several perspectives. First they are compared and evaluated their quality characteristics. A chapter about the cost of delivery and installation of individual houses from the perspective of works HSV and PSV. As the last are compared to the cost of individual construction and then the total cost of construction, operation and disposal of buildings. The conclusion is a summary evaluation of the results obtained.

Improving the climate system of cars is important since it is the largest auxiliary load in a standard vehicle with an increase of fuel consumption by up to 20%. In Electric Vehicles (EV) the range of the car is more limited than in a fossil fueled car; furthermore there is a limited waste heat available from the EV, approximately 2-3kW at 40oC for heating and defogging in winter. The goals of this report have been part of an existing European project (ICE) where the climate system of an electric minibus is being investigated. The specific objectives of this project were to develop a radiation model and integrate it in the existing thermal model of the cabin, validating the new model with existing experimental data, including the thermal model in the overall model of the complete vehicle and to use the existing AC-model to optimize the control with the aim of decreasing the energy consumption maintaining thermal comfort inside the cabin. The radiation model uses total radiation on a horizontal surface in order to calculate the radiation hitting the different parts of the car body and windows, finally the total radiative power entering the minibus is calculated. After including these calculations into the thermal model it could be seen that the results from the model in terms of cabin temperatures fit the experimental values surprisingly well. The control of the AC-system was optimized for a hot and sunny summer day in Italy which resulted in the AC-system working very hard following that the best control strategy was to reduce only the speed of the compressor in order to save energy. Calculations show that in the Normal European Driving Cycle (NEDC) the potential energy savings of following this control strategy can result in an energy saving of the AC-system by up to 27% compared to an unregulated case, with a maintained thermal comfort resulting in 4,2% increase in autonomy.