Jämlikhet är något som ligger i tiden. Hur jämlikhetsmedvetna är egentligen dagens medier? Vi har på uppdrag av Värmlandslandsting gjort en jämlikhetanalys av deras personaltidning, Intryck. En tidning som når samtliga anställda inom organisationen. Vi har gjort en text- och bildanalys med utgångspunkt från ett analysverktyg vi kallar för jämlikhetstrappan. Vårt syfte har varit att urskilja stereotyper och om tidningen använder sig av sitt befintliga underlag för att göra tidningen så jämlik som möjligt. Vi använder oss av dagordningsteorin för att belysa på vilket sätt media och stereotyper kan påverka samhällets tankar och normer. Det olika stereotyper vi innefattar i jämlikhetsanalysen är genus, klass och mångfald. I mångfald innefattar vi ålder, etniciteter och personer med funktionshinder. Resultatet vi har urskilt är att tidningen vid en första anblick ger en bild av att vara jämlik. De lyfter upp jämlikhet vilket utifrån dagordningsteorin bidrar till att de skapas en opinion om ämnet. Vid en djupare analys kan vi se att tidningen använder sig av stereotyper, då särskilt när det handlar om genus och klass. Vi har genom analysen kunnat konstatera att det sättet tidningen använder sig av stereotyper både bidrar till att upprätthålla dem och förstärka dem men också i vissa fall till att försvaga dem. Dock är det svårt att bryta stereotyper då försöket att bryta en stereotyp snarare kan leda till att det blir undantaget som bekräftar stereotypen. / With equality constantly present on the agenda today, how equality conscious is today’s media? At the request of Värmland County Council we have made an equality-analysis of their staff paper, Intryck, which reaches all employees within the organization. On the basis of our analysis method we call the equality-stairs, we have analyzed text and images with the purpose to identify stereotypes and to see if existing data is used to make the paper as equal as possible. We use the theory of agenda setting to illustrate how the media and stereotypes can affect society's thoughts and norms. The various stereotypes we include in the analysis are gender, class and diversity. In diversity, we include age, ethnicities and people with disabilities. The result we have discerned is that the paper at first glance gives an image of being equal. They highlight the topic of equality and based on the theory of agenda setting we could see that they contribute to the creation of a public opinion on the subject. But with further analysis we could see that the magazine uses stereotypes when doing so, especially when it comes to gender and class. Through our analysis we came to the conclusion that the way stereotypes are used, the paper contributes to maintain and strengthen them but in some cases also challenge them. But it seems like the attempt to break stereotypes can sometimes become the exception that confirms the rule.

The purpose with this essay is to get a deeper insight into why there is a lack of male educators in Swedish preschools. I also want to know which role the male educators have in comparison to the female educators. This essay builds on four questions, which covers: The cause of the lack of males in Swedish preschools If there are any gender bound expectations on male educators in the Swedish preschools What the woman educators perceive about the roles of the male educators in the Swedish preschools How the male educator experience his own work in a workplace dominated by women The method I have used is a qualitative interview study in which I have interviewed four male educators and two woman educators from three different preschools. The result of this study shows that male educators gave different reasons to why there is a lack of male educators in Swedish childcare. According to the male educators the reason for this situation is that there is a worry to be seen as a feminine person, get singled out as a pedophile and that the childcare sector has low status. The study also shows that there is a great pressure on male educators in the Swedish preschool and stereotypical gender roles in the division of labor between men and women.

This study focused on finding a balance between equality and diversity as seemingly opposites, in order to ensure realisation of cultural, linguistic and religious rights in education. In order to reach this goal, it was imperative to illustrate the meaning of the concepts equality, discrimination, culture and diversity in education. Unfolding the meaning of these concepts, as well as determining the scope of the learner's right to culture-specific education, the finding was that equality does not mean identical treatment of all, but rather it implies that a person has the right to be culturally distinguished. The objective of the empirical research was to determine to which extent the learner's cultural, linguistic and religious rights are catered for in schools, also to determine what the educational leaders' attitude is with regard to the subject. The population existed of school principals of public schools in the N3 district in Gauteng of which a sample of 80 principals was randomly chosen. The research was conducted by means of a questionnaire. In conclusion, some of the findings of this study are as follows: The attitude of the principals is in favour of culture specific education, but they do not favour an opinion that such education should lead to seperation of groups. The principals are in favour of mother tongue education and feel that such education will be more effective than education in a foreign language, though they see the implementation of a majority policy as a practicable solution. Principals agree that religion should play a prominent role in education. Cultural differences are being catered for by school cultural activities. Language and religious needs of minority groups are however not accommodated because of the implementation of a majority principle. Educational leaders should be equipped with knowledge and skills to effectively accommodate the cultural, linguistic and religious rights of learners. Respect for cultural identity should be cultivated by means of informing leaders, parents and teachers of mutual fundamental rights and duties. The practicability of education in the previously disadvantaged languages should be researched. This should be done concerning the different training methods and the need for training with regard to knowledge and skills that will enable educational leaders to effectively accommodate the cultural, linguistic and religious rights of the learners. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2002

Physical education (PE) for pupils with special educational needs (SEN) is an important contemporary issue for primary teachers and other practitioners. In particular, how they are to include pupils with SEN in their classroom activity is a processing concern. This study is concerned essentially with how policy influences the ability of teachers to deal with SEN' pupils in PE. It explores the relationships between education policy on SEN and its implementation within PE when SEN pupils are placed in mainstream school settings. The main aims of this thesis are to explore how 'equality' and 'inclusion' are expressed in legislation, for example the National Curriculum in England and the Grade 1- 9 Curriculum Guidelines in Taiwan, and how teachers, local education authority (LEA) Advisors, pupils with physical disability and their parents interpret policy and engage in practice for SEN. The findings of the study are intended to provide guidance on education policy needed to promote 'inclusion' and connect SEN policy and its implementation within PE. This thesis develops and utilizes a theoretical model to illustrate the 'flow' of policy from government to schools. This framework has followed Bernstein's (1990) assertion that knowledge is produced and reproduced at different sites of practice and that 'discourses' are recontextualized in each. Qualitative research methods were used to explore these relationships. The research fields were located in the Midlands in England and in the North of Taiwan and investigate LEAs and primary schools. The research employed interviews, documentary analysis and observation to explore policy and its implementation for SEN pupils from not only a 'macro' but also a 'micro' perspective. Accordingly, this thesis has explored the relationships between teachers, the learning support assistants (LSA), pupils with physical disability and their activities in PE classrooms in order to throw light on processes of inclusion within PE and the difficulties associated with policy implementation for pupils with physical disability. The findings suggest that the implementation of SEN policy within PE was driven by ideals of inclusion and attempted to achieve equality. However, SEN policy and its implementation was rendered difficult by the production and reproduction of particular understandings of inclusion, and inadequate provision (training and resource) for teachers to deal with SEN pupils in PE. Compared with teachers in England, PE teachers in Taiwan seemed to be more 'able' to include SEN pupils in PE as they were less regulated by National Curriculum texts.

Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på föräldrars tankar kring uppdelningen de haft av föräldradagar, samt vilka eventuella faktorer som skulle göra fördelningen mer jämställd mellan föräldrarna. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med kvalitativ metod i form av strukturerade intervjuer med utrymme för diskussioner. Intervjuerna analyserades med den fenomenografiska analysmetoden. Resultatet visade att ekonomin och kvinnans känsla av att vilja vara hemma var den främsta anledningen till hur uppdelningen fördelades mellan paren. Skillnader sågs hos de som valt att dela jämställt och de som hade kvinnan hemma den större tiden. Hos det jämställda paret fanns ingen större skillnad i inkomst samt att kvinnan ville arbeta och dela på ledigheten med sin sambo. Föräldrarnas psykiska hälsa visades ha blivit påverkad av hur uppdelningen fördelats, både åt det positiva och negativa hållet. Slutsatsen av studien är att de som valt ojämn uppdelning såg sig förlora för mycket pengar om mannen var hemma, både privat och företetagsmässigt. De problem som framkom vad gäller den ojämna uppdelningen sågs på flera nivåer. Dels individnivå där kvinnan helst ville vara hemma den större delen, på samhällsnivå där kvinnans låga lön i jämförelse med mannens bidrar till att mannen inte anses kunna vara hemma, ekonomin faller även in på den politiska nivån där ekonomin blir ett problem för hela familjen när kvinnans lön oftast är lägre än mannens. / The purpose of the study was to investigate the distribution of parental leave and finding out for what reasons the parents in the study had chosen to distribute it that way. Data was collected by structured interviews. The interviews analyzed using the phenomenographic analysis method. Results from the interviews showed that economic reasons and that the woman of the household typically liked being home more than her partner. Parental mental health appeared to have been affected by the division distributed, both in the positive and negative direction. The conclusion of the study are that those who have chosen uneven division saw themselves lose too much money if the man was stay at home, both private and corporate terms. The problems that showed was the unequal division were seen at several levels. Partly individual level where the woman would rather be at home most of the time. At the community level where the woman's low wages in comparison with men's contributes to men is not considered to be at home, the economy will also fall into the political level where the economy is becoming a problem for the whole family when the woman salaries usually are lower than men's.

No description available.

This thesis defends a conception of equality of opportunity. It comes in two parts. The first part elaborates the conception. It begins by clarifying the concept of equality of opportunity, showing it to be made up of four basic elements: a distributive pattern, a set of subjects, an opportunity obstacle and a distributive object. The conception I build from these elements explains the value of the distributive pattern, equality, in terms of a concern for fairness, takes persons as its subject and takes well-being as its object. The conception presented is partial, rather than comprehensive, in that it does not include a detailed account of an opportunity obstacle. The conception of equality of opportunity that I present can also be characterised as a luck egalitarian principle. My aim in elaborating the conception is to show that it has intuitive appeal; it constitutes a pro tanto moral principle. The second part of the thesis examines the implications of luck egalitarianism in two contexts. It begins by examining the context of gifts, arguing that although luck egalitarianism is highly restrictive with respect to the freedom to give this only confirms that it is a merely pro tanto moral principle. It continues by examining the context of markets, arguing that luck egalitarianism makes intuitively correct judgments in several specified cases. My aim in applying luck egalitarianism is to show that its implications do not give us reason to reject its initial intuitive appeal. I examine luck egalitarianism generally, rather then the partial conception I elaborate, to allow for the possibility that my earlier arguments are wrong in some respect. Overall, I hope the arguments presented provide reasons to accept the conception presented as morally valuable.

The subject of this thesis is equal access to education in the Czech Republic and Germany. Education in its ideal form should help eliminate social differences, since social background, race or nationality do not directly influence one's ability to learn. Although this idea is reflected in several international conventions that both countries are bound by, the reality is very different. The thesis first deals with the right to education as such, its significance and its international guarantees, as well as with the principle of equality. In the following chapter, the author analyses significant case law concerning the right to education of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice. The following chapter analyses access to education of persons with disabilities in both countries and compares the situation with international guarantees, in particular with provisions of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The main focus of this thesis lays on the access to education of minorities - the Roma in the Czech Republic and immigrants in Germany. The author assesses the situation of the Roma from a European perspective and analyses significant case law of domestic and international courts. The Czech Republic is not alone in its inability to successfully...

The proportionality of punishment with regard to the wealth of an offender Master's Thesis Jakub Drápal Summary This thesis's main question is whether or not pecuniary punishments should be proportionate to the wealth of an offender. In the beginning the philosophical aspects and opinions of Law and Economics are examined. Jurisprudence of Czech Constitutional Court is discussed as administrative and penal law with their respective jurisdictions, Supreme Court, Supreme Administrative Court and Constitutional Court. Private and supranational law is also considered. The practical part of the thesis is composed of an analysis of the way how are pecuniary punishments in the form of day fines set at two Czech courts. The outcome is that the concept of day fines is not applied in the Czech Republic and is not accepted by the judges. Even though richer offenders get higher sentences than the poorer ones, in proportion to the punishment the richer receive much lesser sentence. To sum-up the findings, it is not possible today to give a unequivocal answer to the key question, whether pecuniary punishment should be proportionate to the wealth of an offender. It is possible in several areas of law, as it is possible to often choose, whether or not it is effective. General and abstract question however has to be left...

The aim of this master thesis is to compare the status of marriage and registered partnerships across branches of law. The purpose of such comparison was to find out whether it is equal or unequal status and indicate any shortcomings of the legislation in this regard. The thesis is divided into five chapters, each dedicated to a different area of comparison or outlining future legal developments regarding this issue. The first chapter describes the history of marriage and registered partnerships, including the development of homosexuality, the conclusion and termination of these institutes and then analyzes their differences in the described area. The second chapter of this thesis deals with comparison of the rights and obligations of spouses and partners in private law. Attention is focused on civil, family and labour law, but the thesis does not omit the private international law. The most important topics in this area are upbringing of child and property arrangements of spouses and partners. Following the third chapter compares rights and obligations of spouses and partners in public law. Examined branches of law are constitutional, administrative, financial, criminal and social security law. Emphasis is placed mainly on health services and the providing of social benefits. The fourth chapter...