Le présent texte porte sur la question du ressort ou mobile (« Triebfeder ») de l’action morale chez Kant. L’interprétation qui y est soutenue consiste à dire qu’il n’y a pas qu’un seul ressort de ce type chez Kant, comme le soutiennent maints commentateurs, mais plutôt deux : la loi morale et le sentiment de respect. Le nerf argumentatif de cette thèse réside dans la prise en compte systématique des aspects des facultés de l’esprit humain impliquées dans la question du ressort moral chez Kant. Deux éléments jouent ici un rôle particulièrement important : (i) les deux sens explicites attribués par Kant au mot « volonté », mot qui peut signifier (a) la raison pratique et (b) la faculté de désirer, et (ii) la division de la faculté de désirer en (a) (libre) arbitre et (b) raison pratique. Plus d’une douzaine d’interprétations, réparties sur plus d’un siècle, sont analysées de manière critique, et deux modifications du manuscrit allemand de la « Critique de la raison pratique » sont proposées pour le chapitre « Des ressorts de la raison pure pratique ». / This text focuses on the question of the incentive (“Triebfeder“) of moral action in Kant’s philosophy. The interpretation that is supported here is that there isn’t only one incentive of this sort in Kantian morality, as argued by many commentators, but rather two: the moral law and the feeling of respect. The argumentative nerve of this thesis lies in the systematic consideration of aspects of the faculties of the human mind involved in the question of the moral incentive in Kant. Two elements are here particularly important: (i) the two meanings explicitly assigned by Kant to the word “will”, a word which can mean (a) practical reason and (b) the faculty of desire, and (ii) the division of the faculty of desire in (a) (free) power of choice (“Willkür”) and (b) practical reason. More than a dozen interpretations spread over a century are critically analyzed, and two changes of the German manuscript of the “Critique of practical reason” are also proposed, in the chapter “Incentives of the pure practical reason”.

This thesis studies the influence of US Supreme Court judgement in Feist Publications Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co on Directive 96/9/EC. It primarily looks at the implications of Feist decision, and the influence that it had on European legislation. The decision in Feist Publications led the Commission to believe two things: Feist created a new-line of jurisprudence in US in the context of copyright protection of factual databases, and the decision will be detrimental for future production of electronic databases. This thesis shows that the Feist decision was a clarification of existing copyright law. As an example, the thesis observes that the US database market did not react to any apprehended negative impact of Feist. In the US, where there was no specific Database Right, Feist has had negligible practical and doctrinal impact. The Feist decision also left an indelible mark on the overall structure of the Database Directive. While Article 3 represented the positive impact, Article 7 was surrounded by uncertainties and ambiguities. This Article represents the outcome of apprehending negative impact of Feist. This has resulted in an imbalance which must be rectified and only a limited amount of protection should be offered to producers in absence of evidence.

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The main target of the Master's thesis is to evaluate international marketing activities of the AIMS International, s.r.o which belongs to the category of Small and Medium-sized Entities Within the Theory, definitions of marketing applications in the field of conference and incentive travel are described. Practical part is dealing with situation analysis of chosen company. Marketing budget and plan are included.

The effective management of individual/team performance is a crucial requirement to ensure that organisational goals are attained. This requires accurate data regarding the performance levels of individuals/teams. Therefore there is a need for a standardised and formal performance management system. An effective performance management system is the centre of an integrated HR system that feeds into a variety of processes and systems such as career planning, rewards, training and development, promotions, and disciplinary decisions. Despite the importance of performance management, most organisations find it difficult to implement, manage and sustain performance management systems and processes effectively. The focus of this study is on appraising the performance management practices in the offices of the Department of Labour in three provinces: Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga. The results indicate problems with the practices in areas such as alignment, fairness, measuring commitment, systems integrity, and the performance management culture. Recommendations were made to address these issues and improve the effectiveness of the system / Human Resource Management / M. Tech. (Human Resource Development)

A partir do processo de liberalização do setor de energia em diversos países e, em particular, no Brasil, na década de 90, mecanismos de regulação por incentivos têm sido implementados como forma de assegurar a eficiência produtiva e alocativa do setor. Entretanto, a relação entre o desenvolvimento teórico destes mecanismos e sua aplicação não tem sido amplamente analisada. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da regulação por incentivos na eficiência e produtividade do setor de transmissão de energia elétrica no Brasil entre os anos de 2002 e 2014. O método Malmquist-DEA foi aplicado para avaliar a evolução da eficiência relativa e da produtividade das empresas transmissoras mais representativas do mercado nacional entre os anos de 2002 e 2014. Os resultados permitem constatar comportamentos diferentes entre as empresas e colocaram em evidência os efeitos da desverticalização e principalmente da privatização de algumas empresas do setor. Em termos gerais, o setor de transmissão apresentou um pequeno aumento do Índice Malmquist médio para o período analisado influenciado principalmente pelo acréscimo de produtividade verificados em 2007 e 2014 em relação aos anos anteriores. Em contrapartida a maioria das empresas (6 de um total de 8) apresentaram decréscimo na produtividade média no período analisado. Adicionalmente, os resultados corroboram o modelo teórico dos efeitos da regulação por incentivos para promover o aumento da eficiência do setor de energia brasileiro. Apesar deste aumento de eficiência em algumas empresas do setor, observa-se que ainda há muitas oportunidades de melhorias operacionais, eficiência produtiva, e apropriação de tecnologia por parte das empresas reguladas. O trabalho também apresenta implicações relevantes para os gestores de empresas e para os órgãos reguladores, com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência e a produtividade das empresas brasileiras do setor de transmissão de energia elétrica. / Since the process of liberalization of the energy sector in several countries, and particularly in Brazil in the 1990s, incentive regulation mechanisms have been implemented as a means of ensuring the productive and allocative efficiency of the sector. However, the relationship between the theoretical development of these mechanisms and their application has not been widely analyzed. In this sense, the objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of incentive regulation on the efficiency and productivity of the electric power transmission sector in Brazil between 2002 and 2014. The Malmquist-DEA method was applied to evaluate the evolution of relative efficiency and the productivity of the most representative transmission companies in the national market between 2002 and 2014. The results show different behaviors between companies and highlighted the effects of the de-verticalization and mainly the privatization of some companies in the sector. In general terms, the transmission sector showed a small increase in the average Malmquist Index for the period analyzed, mainly influenced by the increase in productivity in 2007 and 2014 in relation to previous years. In contrast, the majority of companies (6 out of 8) had a decrease in average productivity in the period analyzed. Additionally, the results corroborate the theoretical model of the effects of regulation by incentives to promote the increase of the efficiency of the Brazilian energy sector. Despite this increase in efficiency in some companies in the sector, it is observed that there are still many opportunities for operational improvements, productive efficiency, and the appropriation of technology by regulated companies. The work also has relevant implications for business managers and regulatory bodies, with the aim of increasing the efficiency and productivity of Brazilian companies in the electricity transmission sector.

Diversos autores tratam a necessidade das empresas gerenciarem seu processo de inovação para reforçar sua posição competitiva e de procurarem estratégias competitivas coerentes com as mudanças impostas pelo ambiente. O sucesso da inovação depende, além das fontes técnicas, de competências para gerenciá-las. Seguindo essa lógica, para cumprir com os objetivos dos programas de incentivos à inovação, é preciso, além de proporcionar recursos financeiros e humanos, assegurar que as empresas possuam competências para lidar com a gestão da inovação. Diante do exposto, este trabalho propõe um modelo para a análise da adicionalidade comportamental das empresas beneficiadas pelo programa de Subvenção Econômica da FINEP e o aplica com cinco microempresas de base tecnológica beneficiadas pelo programa. Sendo que o objetivo é de explorar de que maneira a participação no Programa de Subvenção Econômica pode modificar a estratégia e gestão de inovação dessas empresas. O modelo desenvolvido baseia-se no conceito de adicionalidade comportamental e nos modelos de avaliação de instrumentos de incentivos à inovação levantados na literatura. É pautado ainda nas teorias de gestão e estratégia de inovação como forma de captar as possíveis adicionalidades comportamentais no nível do projeto e da empresa. A aplicação do modelo às cinco microempresas de base tecnológica apoiadas pelo programa de subvenção econômica de 2006 mostrou a sua eficácia. Foi possível captar que as empresas apresentaram adicionalidade comportamental em intensidade distinta no nível do projeto e no nível da empresa e também para a dimensão da gestão da inovação e da estratégia da inovação. Essa abordagem não pretende substituir as avaliações já realizadas pela FINEP e sim ser de caráter complementar. Traz uma nova perspectiva para as avaliações de políticas públicas por considerar que a contribuição do instrumento de incentivo à inovação não deve trazer resultados pontuais ou ter caráter redistributivo de recursos, mas sim pode elevar a competência inovativa das empresas por eles beneficiadas, seja no aprimoramento de suas ferramentas ou processo de inovação ou por alterar de forma substancial e positiva a sua estratégia de inovação. / Several authors address the companies need for managing their innovation process in order to strength its competitive position and for seeking competitive strategies coherent with the changes imposed by the environment. Successful innovation depends, in addition to technical sources, of expertise to manage them. Following this logic, to meet the goals of the innovation incentives programs, we must ensure that companies have responsibilities to deal with the management of innovation, besides providing financial and human resources. Given the above, this paper proposes a behavioral additionality evaluation model of companies benefited by FINEP Economic Support Program and applies it to five technology based micro-enterprise. Since the goal is to explore how the participation in the Economic Support Program can modify the strategy and innovation management of these companies, the model is based on the concept of behavioral additionality and the evaluation models of technological innovation incentive raised in the literature. It is based on the theories of management and innovation strategy as a way to capture the possible behavioral additionality at the project and company level. The application of the model with the five technology based micro-enterprise benefited by FINEP Economic Support Program of 2006 showed its effectiveness. It was possible to capture that companies had different intensity of behavioral additionality at the project and the company level and also at the innovation management and innovation strategy dimension. This approach is not intended to replace the evaluation already carried out by FINEP, but to be used as complementary. It brings a new perspective for the public polices evaluation by considering that the contribution of the stimulate innovation instrument should not bring specific results or not have redistributive resources character, but can increase the innovation ability of the companies benefited by them, also in the improvement of your tools or innovation process or by changing substantially and positively its innovation strategy.

A presente tese tem como objeto a formulação de limites jurídicos à instituição de incentivos fiscais ambientais. Partindo da constatação de que a crise ambiental ora em voga requer que sejam adotados diversos instrumentos para conter a poluição e inibir a escassez dos ativos ambientais, geradas pelo atual padrão de produção e consumo, envereda-se pela análise da tutela constitucional da questão ambiental. Examina-se, com destaque, a parte final do comando contido no art. 170, VI, da Lei Maior, cuja norma (inserida no rol dos princípios da ordem econômica) estabelece um tratamento diferenciado de produtos e serviços, bem como dos seus processos de produção, de acordo com o critério de proteção ambiental. Ademais, é conferida ênfase ao conteúdo plasmado no art. 225 da CF/88, segundo o qual a preservação e a defesa do meio ambiente consubstanciam um dever do Poder Público e da Sociedade, sendo o meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado um direito das presentes e futuras gerações. Diante dos robustos comandos que ressaltam o dever de todos de promover, no país, um desenvolvimento sustentável, investigam-se as formas de atuação do Estado na economia e os fundamentos que embasam intervenções de tal ente sobre as condutas dos particulares, com vistas a induzir comportamentos ambientalmente orientados. Nesta trilha e considerando que nos Estados atuais a tributação consubstancia a sua maior fonte de receita, envolvendo, portanto, considerável parcela da riqueza da nação, analisa-se o alcance da tributação extrafiscal no que concerne à concessão de incentivos fiscais para o fomento de atividades que impactem positivamente o meio ambiente. Por ser o Brasil um Estado Democrático e Social de Direito, regido por uma Carta Política que alberga inúmeros interesses, bens e princípios conflitantes, a investigação das fronteiras para a instituição dos estímulos tributários em comento é pautada pela análise ponderada dos mais diversos desígnios constitucionais. Busca-se identificar, à luz do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, balizas que irão permitir que a lei tributária instituidora do incentivo fiscal ecológico consubstancie instrumento hábil a induzir condutas ambientalmente orientadas, sem restringir desproporcionalmente outros fins, princípios e valores constitucionais, a exemplo da igualdade e da livre concorrência. Neste compasso, pretende-se demonstrar que a criação do instituto em tela, realizada com base nos parâmetros ora sistematizados, constitui significativo instrumento voltado à construção de uma economia baseada nos pilares da sustentabilidade. Assim, espera-se, em última análise, contribuir para que os entes tributantes veiculem, com maior segurança e propriedade, estímulos fiscais de viés ambiental, disseminando-se diplomas legais que efetivamente concretizam a defesa do meio ambiente. / The purpose of this thesis is to define legal boundaries in order to establish environmental fiscal incentives. It required an analysis of the matter concerning environment constitutional management, due to the fact that the existing environment crisis demands the implementation of several tools to restraint pollution and inhibit the shortage of environment assets caused by current production and consumption standards. It is pointed out the final item of the command contained in the Art. # 170 of the Federal Constitution, whose norm included within the roll of the Economical Order principles directs towards differentiate handling of products and services, besides their related production processes in line with environment protection criteria. Also, the Art. # 225 of the 1988 Federal Constitution - included under the Title concerning Social Order - emphasizes the fact that both Government and Society are accountable for the preservation and defense of the environment and that an ecologically balanced environment is the right to present and future generations. Considering the stressed commands that refer to the general responsibility to support sustainable development in the country, this thesis assesses the way the State acts in the economy and the basis for intervening in the conduct of private citizens, aiming at promoting environment-oriented behavior. Following this line of thought and taking into account that taxes represent the States major source of income, thus absorbing large part of the country wealth, it is analyzed the extra-fiscal taxation range related to the concession of fiscal incentives to promote activities involving positive impact on the environment. Therefore, since Brazil is a Democratic and Social of Right State, ruled by a political Federal Constitution that comprehends several conflicting interests, goods and principles, the investigation of the boundaries to implement the fiscal incentives, in which this thesis is focused, is based upon thorough analysis of a great variety of constitutional directives. Its target is to identify, under the Brazilian judicial point of view, the foundations to allow that the fiscal law to support the ecological fiscal incentive substantiates an appropriate instrument to encourage environment-oriented actions, without restraining other constitutional objects, principles and values disproportionately, as equality and free competition principles, among others. As a consequence, based on the analyzed parameters, this thesis intends to demonstrate that the establishment of the institute therein proposed represents relevant tool to construct an economy founded on sustainability. Therefore, the expectation is that, at least, this work might contribute to the tax offices to promote more solid and accurate environmental fiscal incentives, and issue legal norms in order to consolidate the environment defense efficiently.

Le marché français, caractérisé en particulier par une forte segmentation, d’une faible sophistication des investisseurs et une domination des banques, serait peu compétitif. Sur le plan théorique, nous cherchons à illustrer, à l’aide des deux modèles simples, les effets d’une absence relative de compétition entre les fonds. Le premier met en évidence le rôle de la compétition dans la création des incitations implicites. Le second tente d’illustrer le fait que cette absence de compétition (liée à la domination des banques sur le marché français) conduirait à une performance plus faible pour les fonds. Sur le plan empirique, nous vérifions, d’une part, l’existence de ce manque de compétition du marché français. D’autre part, nous mettons en évidence l’existence d’un conflit d’intérêt direct entre les investisseurs et les fonds, résultant direct du manque de compétition du marché. Au niveau de la rentabilité des fonds, le manque de compétition du marché reflète dans le fait que les investisseurs ne réagissent pas fortement à la rentabilité relative des fonds. Au niveau des frais, l’insensibilité des investisseurs individuels aux frais des fonds pourrait traduire une moindre concurrence du marché. Nous observons également une discrimination par les frais entre les investisseurs institutionnels et les investisseurs individuels. Ces derniers paient plus chers pour une rentabilité plus faible. Toutefois, le marché commence à montrer des signes de compétition, reflétant dans le fait que les investisseurs individuels commencent à faire attention au rapport qualité-prix des fonds. Par ailleurs, un plus grand degré de sophistication des investisseurs institutionnels pourrait expliquer le fait que nous ne constatons aucun lien entre les frais et la rentabilité des fonds dans ce segment. En effet, ces investisseurs, susceptibles d’être plus sophistiqués, pourraient estimer la qualité de la gestion par des mesures plus complexes de la performance. Enfin, nous fournissons une preuve de l’existence d’un conflit d’intérêt entre les investisseurs et les fonds : les déséconomies d’échelle de performance. / The French market, characterized especially by a strong segmentation, low sophistication of investors and a domination of banks, would not be competitive. On the theoretical side, we try to illustrate, using two simple models, the effects of a lack of competition. The first one highlights the role of competition in the creation of implicit incentives. The second one shows that the lack of competition leads to weak funds’ performance. Empirically, we verify firstly the existence of this lack of competition in the French market. Secondly, we show the existence of a conflict of interest between investors and funds. The lack of competition reflects by the fact that investors do not react strongly to funds’ performance and individual investors are not sensitive to fund fees. We also observe a price discrimination between institutional and individual investors. The latter pays more for lower return. However, the market begins to show some signs of competition. In fact, individual investors start to pay attention to the “price-quality” rapport. In addition, a greater degree of sophistication of institutional investors may explain the fact that we do not obtain any relation between fees and return in this segment. Indeed, these investors may be more sophisticated and could estimate the quality of a fund by more complex measures of performance. Finally, we provide evidence for the existence of a conflict of interest between investors and funds: diseconomies of scale.

[pt] A área das telecomunicações tem presenciado consideráveis avanços tecnológicos dos dispositivos móveis (e. g. telefones inteligentes, relógios inteligentes, tablets, reprodutores de música, entre outros) e da sua crescente popularidade. Dado que esses equipamentos possuem uma série de sensores embutidos como o sistema de posicionamento global, câmera, microfone, bússola, acelerômetro entre outros, e ao mesmo tempo mantêm acesso contínuo às redes de comunicações, eles apresentam uma oportunidade para realizar sensoriamento em grande escala de possíveis eventos do mundo físico e compartilhar os dados obtidos através da internet. Este novo tipo de sensoriamento é conhecido como sensoriamento coletivo móvel ou MCS (Mobile crowd sensing) por sua sigla em inglês, e recentemente tem sido o foco de diversas pesquisas. O maior potencial do MCS é a opção de desenvolver um inúmero de funcionalidades a partir dos próprios recursos internos dos dispositivos móveis e aproveitar seu modelo de mobilidade, baseado no comportamento humano. Em contrapartida existem questões que devem ser consideradas na hora de desenvolver uma rede baseada em MCS. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se a análise realizada sobre os pontos críticos para a criação de uma rede MCS e a partir dos mesmos são apresentadas soluções que permitam criar uma implementação o mais próximo possível da realidade. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de mobilidade para a cidade de Rio de Janeiro baseado na teoria dos grafos, considerando que as atividades diárias das pessoas serão as que definam seu padrão de movimento. A cooptação de usuários é outro dos principais problemas que tem que ser abordado quando se pensa no sensoriamento coletivo móvel. Propõe-se dois modelos de incentivo que consideram e modelam como variáveis as motivações intrínsecas e extrínsecas dos usuários na decisão de participação em uma rede MCS. Consideram também distintos graus de motivação para cada usuário com a finalidade de demonstrar que a resposta dos participantes aos incentivos não é homogênea. O primeiro modelo baseia-se nas respostas consecutivas dos usuários e o segundo baseia-se na teoria de jogos. Em ambos, as decisões tomadas pelos usuários só consideram informações locais ou próprias. Os resultados obtidos permitiram comprovar que os modelos de incentivo propostos conseguem estimar satisfatoriamente o tipo de usuário com o qual está se interagindo e a quantidade de incentivo que deve ser oferecido a cada um deles, além de demonstrar as vantagens de um sistema de incentivo que considera pagamentos variáveis. Também foram analisadas as vantagens de considerar a mobilidade humana neste tipo de abordagem e como a mesma reflete nos modelos de incentivo. / [en] The world of telecommunications has witnessed the growing popularity of mobile devices and its huge technological advancements and innovations (e.g. smartphones, smartwatches, tablets, music players among others). These devices have a series of built-in sensors that measure motion, orientation, and various environmental conditions (e.g. Global Positioning System, camera, microphone, compass, accelerometer, among others). In addition, these devices have continuous network connectivity. So these devices can be seen as a huge opportunity to carry out large-scale sensing of events in the physical world and have the ability of sharing the data obtained through the internet. This new kind of sensor application is known as Mobile crowd sensing (MCS) and it has been a research focus lately. The greatest potential of MCS is found on the versatility that the embedded resources of the mobile devices offer in the development of innumerable functionalities and its mobility model that is based on human behavior. On the other hand, there are issues that must be considered when a MCS-based network is developed. This work presents the analysis performed in order to define issues that are considered critical for the creation and development of an MCS network. From these definitions solutions are proposed that allow to create an implementation as close as possible to reality. A mobility model was developed for the Rio de Janeiro city based on graph theory, and assuming that daily activities of the people will define their movement pattern. Attracting and convincing users is another problem that has to be addressed. Two user incentive models are proposed. Both consider and model the decision of a user to participate in an MCS network based on the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of the user. The idea is to comprise different levels of motivation for each user in order to demonstrate that the response of the participants to the incentives is not homogeneous. Thus, the first model is based on the consecutive answers of the users and the second model is based on game theory. The results obtained allowed us to prove that the proposed incentive models can satisfactorily estimate the type of user with which we are interacting and the amount of incentive that should be offered to each one of them, besides demonstrating the advantages of an incentive system that considers variable payments. The advantages of considering human mobility in this type of approach and how it affects the incentive models was also analyzed.