La lourdeur de la procédure française d'adoption, ainsi que la baisse du nombre d'enfants adoptables ne permettent pas de répondre à la demande d'enfant des candidats à l'adoption. Ces derniers se rendent alors à l'étranger chercher ce qu'ils ne trouvent pas en France. Or, le recours aux filiations électives étrangères (adoption internationale ou maternité pour autrui) conduit les candidats à l'adoption ou les couples intentionnels français à conclure de nombreux contrats. On assiste alors à une véritable contractualisation des filiations électives, qui se développe en France, contre toute attente, le droit tentant de maintenir l'état et la capacité des personnes en dehors de la sphère contractuelle. L' étude de l'autonomie de la volonté dans les filiations électives met ainsi en parallèle, et parfois en opposition, plusieurs intérêts: celui des parents électifs ou biologiques, celui de l'enfant, mais aussi celui de l 'Etat qui entend préserver certains principes comme l'indisponibilité du corps humain ou l'état des personnes. La conciliation de ces différents intérêts doit donc passer par la mise en place d'un cadre juridique. Toutefois, dans un contexte de mondialisation (forum et law shopping, etc.), le problème de la réglementation de l'expression de la volonté dans les filiations électives entraine d'autres difficultés telles que la qualification juridique des accords conclus dans le cadre de l'adoption ou dans le cadre d'un recours aux mères porteuses, le refus de reconnaissance de la filiation établie à l'étranger ainsi que le statut de l'enfant. / A cumbersome process combined with fewer adoptable children impedes French demands for adoption which results in the potential parents seeking solutions abroad. Resorting to optional filiation through international adoption or surrogacy leads prospective French parents or actual candidates, to enter multiple contracts. This contractualization of optional filiations has surprisingly swept across France, clashing against principles of French law calling for a protection of the personal status and capacity by keeping them out of contracts. This study on freedom of will within the process of optional filiation highlights the tension between the prospective and also the biological parents', and the child's interests. This study also puts in perspective those interests with that of the State which intends to guard principles such as inalienability of the human body. In order to make sure every interest is taken into account, such a process needs to be regulated, and a legal framework needs to be implemented. However, in a world where globalization is the trend (forum shopping, law shopping) finding common ground to set rules and regulations regarding the optional filiation process is easier said than done and raises many difficulties concerning the adopted childÕs status and the refusal to recognize filiation through foreign adoption. Such a process also raises questions: What legal qualification should apply to agreements within the adoption process or in case of surrogacy contracts?

Background: The relevance of conducting this thesis is evident by the fact that bus and coach casualties have been “stubbornly stable” in Europe recent years and a need for investigating if a similar trend could be found in Sweden is therefore obvious. It was also important to add new knowledge to the bus and coach research in Sweden, since many areas were scarcely addressed. Aims: To describe bus and coach occupants’ injuries, crash and injury mechanisms generated in a traffic environment based on data from the medical sector. Additional aims were to investigate the injury reducing effect of a 3-point belt, the effect of cross-winds, and crucial factors in the emergency- and rescue response. Material and methods: Injury data analyses were based on a complete ten-year medical data set from a catchment-area with about 130,000 inhabitants. A number of crash studies with the scope in different crash phases were conducted by applying and elaborating the Haddon matrix as a framework. An additional framework, Protocol for Major Incidents was used in order to investi-gate the emergency- and rescue response to a severe coach crash. Results: Between the first and second five-year period, the incidence of injured in non-crash in-cidents was increased by 24%. In non-crash incidents, 54% were injured; 2/3 while alighting from a bus or coach. The pre-crash factor cross-wind, in addition to vehicle design, vehicle speed and road friction, was investigated in ten crashes. It was confirmed that cross-wind, in relation to vehicle speed and slippery road conditions, needs more attention. The importance of goods load-ing and passengers’ position in the bus, was indicated by the fact that a displacement of the cen-tre of mass rearwards with 10% increased the necessary coefficient of friction with, on average 45%, which in many cases corresponded to dry road conditions. Three Swedish rollover crashes were analysed with regard to the injury outcome, mechanisms and the possible injury reduction for occupants using a safety belt. A considerable increase in safety for occupants belted with 3-point belts was shown through limiting interior contacts, occupant interaction and the possibility of ejection. Crucial post-crash factors in the emergency- and rescue response showed that ordi-nary ways of working and equipment are not always useful and proper equipment for lifting a coach body is essential in the case of a rollover. Finally, the communication between the hospitals is important, and the telephone systems may be overloaded by calls from worried relatives and media. Conclusions: In non-crash events: Non-crash events constitute a majority of all bus and coach casualties with a high proportion of elderly female occupants among the MAIS 2+ injury cases. Boarding and, especially alighting causes many injuries to the lower extremities. In the pre-crash phase: Cross-winds do affect the safety of buses and coaches and requires more at-tention. Seat belt usage among bus and coach occupants has to be increased. In the crash phase: Rollover and ejection are the major causes behind serious and fatal injuries to bus and coach occupants, consequently, retentive glazing, pillars or rails need more attention. An upgrade from 2-point seat belts to 3-point seat belts yields an increase in the estimated injury re-duction from approximately 50% up to 80% for the MAIS 2+ casualties in a rollover crash. In the post-crash phase: In order to be able to lift a coach body proper equipment originated from experience and development is essential in a rescue operation of a crashed bus or coach. Fur-thermore, to improve the emergency response inside crashed coaches proper methods originated from experience need to be developed. Euro NBAP: Based on the results and conclusions generated in this thesis, a European New Bus and Coach Assessment Programme is suggested, which would provide bus and coach occupants with a assessment programme similar to the Euro NCAP.

No description available.

The problems of incidents arising in computer networks and the computer system security level evaluation are considered in the thesis. The main research objects are incidents arising in computer networks, intrusion detection systems and network scanning types. The aim of the thesis is the investigation of the incidents in the computer networks and computer system security level evaluation. The following main tasks are solved in the work: classification of attacks and numerical evaluation of the attack severity level evaluation; quantitative evaluation of the computer system security level; investigation of the dependence of the computer system performance and availability on the attacks affecting the system and defense mechanisms used in it; development of the model simulating the computer network horizontal and vertical scanning. The thesis consists of general characteristic of the research, five chapters and general conclusions. General characteristic of the thesis is dedicated to an introduction of the problem and its topicality. The aims and tasks of the work are also formulated; the used methods and novelty of solutions are described; the author‘s publications and structure of the thesis are presented. Chapter 1 covers the analysis of existing publications related to the problems of the thesis. The survey of the intrusion detection systems is presented and methods of the intrusion detection are analyzed. The currently existing techniques of the attack classification are... [to full text] / Disertacijoje nagrinėjamos incidentų kompiuterių tinkluose ir kompiuterių sistemų saugumo lygio įvertinimo problemos. Pagrindiniai tyrimo objektai yra incidentai kompiuterių tinkluose, atakų atpažinimo sistemos ir kompiuterių tinklo žvalgos būdai. Disertacijos tikslas – incidentų kompiuterių tinkluose tyrimas ir kompiuterių sistemų saugumo lygio įvertinimas. Darbe sprendžiami šie pagrindiniai uždaviniai: atakų klasifikavimas ir jų sunkumo lygio skaitinis įvertinimas; kompiuterių sistemos saugumo lygio kiekybinis įvertinimas; kompiuterių sistemos našumo ir pasiekiamumo priklausomybės nuo sistemą veikiančių atakų ir joje naudojamų apsaugos mechanizmų tyrimas; modelio, imituojančio kompiuterių tinklo horizontalią ir vertikalią žvalgą kūrimas. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, penki skyriai ir bendrosios išvados. Įvadiniame skyriuje nagrinėjamas problemos aktualumas, formuluojamas darbo tikslas bei uždaviniai, aprašomas mokslinis darbo naujumas, pristatomi autoriaus pranešimai ir publikacijos, disertacijos struktūra. Pirmasis skyrius skirtas literatūros apžvalgai. Jame apžvelgiamos atakų atpažinimo sistemos, analizuojami atakų atpažinimo metodai. Nagrinėjami atakų klasifikavimo būdai. Didelis dėmesys skiriamas kompiuterių sistemos saugumo lygio įvertinimo metodams, kompiuterių prievadų žvalgos būdams ir žvalgos atpažinimo metodams. Skyriaus pabaigoje formuluojamos išvados ir konkretizuojami disertacijos uždaviniai. Antrajame skyriuje pateikta sudaryta atakų nukreiptų į kompiuterių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Background Major incidents are characterized by a lack of resources compared to an overwhelming number of casualties, requiring a prioritization of medical treatment. Triage algorithms are an essential tool for prioritizing the urgency of treatment for patients, but the evidence to support one over another is very limited. We determined the influence of blood pressure limits on the diagnostic value of triage algorithms, considering if pulse should be palpated centrally or peripherally. Methods We used a database representing 500 consecutive HEMS patients. Each patient was allocated a triage category (T1/red, T2/yellow, T3/green) by a group of experienced doctors in disaster medicine, independent of any algorithm. mSTaRT, ASAV, Field Triage Score (FTS), Care Flight (CF), “Model Bavaria” and two Norwegian algorithms (Nor and TAS), all containing the question “Pulse palpable?”, were translated into Excel commands, calculating the triage category for each patient automatically. We used 5 blood pressure limits ranging from 130 to 60 mmHg to determine palpable pulse. The resulting triage categories were analyzed with respect to sensitivity, specificity and Youden Index (J) separately for trauma and non-trauma patients, and for all patients combined. Results For the entire population of patients within all triage algorithms the Youden Index (J) was highest for T1 (J between 0,14 and 0,62). Combining trauma and non-trauma patients, the highest J was obtained by ASAV (J = 0,62 at 60 mmHg). ASAV scored the highest within trauma patients (J = 0,87 at 60 mmHg), whereas Model Bavaria (J = 0,54 at 80 mmHg) reached highest amongst non-trauma patients. FTS performed worst for all patients (J = 0,14 at 60 mmHg), showing a lower score for trauma patients (J = 0,0 at 60 mmHg). Change of blood pressure limits resulted in different diagnostic values of all algorithms. Discussion We demonstrate that differing blood pressure limits have a remarkable impact on diagnostic values of triage algorithms. Further research is needed to determine the lowest blood pressure value that is possible to palpate at a peripheral artery compared to a central artery. Conclusion As a consequence, it might be important in which location pulses are palpated according to the algorithm at hand during triage of patients.

First aid represents the first and extremely important stage in the emergency medical procedure. The necessity to provide first aid may arise at any time as the current modern era poses numerous new risks which may cause many extraordinary events with consequences for individuals and groups of people or even for entire populations. Therefore the professional training of the population should stress first aid as it may reduce vulnerability and improve resistance of the population against extraordinary events, the number of which keeps growing. The objective of the thesis was to assess whether the civilian population is prepared to provide first aid in case of an extraordinary event. The research methods to meet the mentioned objective and to obtain the information necessary for results processing included a questionnaire and analytical examination. The questionnaire consisted of 15 previously prepared questions. The questions in the questionnaire were divided into four parts based on specific formulated objectives. The questionnaire survey was conducted in the South Bohemian region in the town of Tábor. The target group consisted of 250 respondents of both sexes, selected at random in four different age categories. The first group of respondents consisted of respondents aged 10- 20, the second category 20- 40, the third category 40- 60 and the last one consisted of respondents over 60 years of age. The preparedness of the population was examined at three levels, i.e. at the level of knowledge, level of emotions and experience level and the level of motivation. The formulated hypothesis: ?Civilian population is ready to provide first aid in agreement with applicable first aid standards? has been confirmed only partly at those three levels. The thesis also produced some secondary results concerning assessment of vulnerability and resistance of the population during the provision of first aid under extraordinary circumstances. One of the secondary outcomes was a finding that seniors seem to be by far most vulnerable and, on the contrary, the category aged 20- 40 seems to be the most resistant. Within the possibilities and scope of my thesis I have attempted to contribute to identification of important aspects that potentially influence the willingness of people to provide first aid and to highlight the importance of first aid training.

Le but de notre travail était d’évaluer l’impact des rythmes biologiques et psychologiques sur l’activité opérationnelle des sapeurs-pompiers (SP). La 1ère partie de notre étude se base sur une analyse des bases de données opérationnelles du SDIS 71. Le profil circadien du lag time (LT), durée existante entre l’appel et le départ du véhicule de secours pour arrêt cardiaque extra hospitalier (ACEH), ainsi que le profil horaire du risque relatif des accidents en intervention des SP (AIRR, tenant compte du nb de SP par intervention et par unité de temps), ont été étudiés sur 4ans. Une variation circadienne montrant un pic nocturne a été validée pour le LTACEH ainsi que pour l’AIRR. La stabilité du LTACEH et sa faible corrélation avec le rythme des ACEH favorisent l’hypothèse d’une origine endogène. De plus, pour une seule et même population de SP, le profil circadien du LTACEH est corrélé positivement à celui des AIRR: l’hypothèse d’une variation de performance corrélée à celle des accidents semblait donc validée. La 2ème partie s’est intéressée aux différences individuelles entre les τ de 16 rythmes de 30 SP du SDIS 71, de moyenne d’âge, de BMI, de chronotype, et d’expériences comparables. Les mesures ont été recueillies pendant 8j en hiver et en été. Le taux de désynchronisation (TD = nb variable τ≠24.0h / nb variables étudiées x100) a servi à confirmer la coexistence d’oscillateurs circadiens souples et robustes, dont le gradient définit les différences interindividuelles dans le TD des SP. Ces différences sont cohérentes avec l’hypothèse d’une origine héritée de la propension à la désynchronisation des SP. Elles pointent également le fait que, malgré les creux nocturnes d’AIRR et du LTACEH, les rythmes de la performance sont inexistants pour la majeure partie des SP étudiés, réfutant l’hypothèse d’un lien unique existant entre rythme de la performance et rythme des accidents. Ces résultats mettent en perspective de nouvelles explications du phénomène du black time. Ici, le pattern circadien d’AIRR semble plus fortement lié aux rythmes de la fatigue et du sommeil. D’autres explications possibles – la suppression de l’expression des rythmes circadiens et/ou le déverrouillage de celle des rythmes ultradiens de la performance cognitive en situation stressante, compétitive ou revêtant un enjeu vital – sont également envisagées. Dans son ensemble, notre étude permet de considérer de nouvelles pistes en matière de chronoprévention des risques chez les SP, basées sur l’étude des rythmes biologiques, psychologiques et sociaux. Cette recherche a bénéficié du soutien du SDIS 71, du Fond National de Prévention de la CNRACL et a été approuvée par le Comité de Protection des Personnes Est 1 / The aim of this study was to assess the impact of biological and psychological rhythms on the firefighters (FF) activity. The 1st part of our study was performed on FF’s interventions databases. 24-h pattern of lag time (LT), duration in min between a call and departure of service vehicle for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), and 24 pattern of relative risk of work-related injuries (WRIRR) of FF (which takes into account the number of at-risk FF/unit time), were assessed on a 4y span.. This analysis revealed a 24-h variation in LTOHCA and in WRIRR, with both a nocturnal peak. The stability of the LTOHCA rhythm between years and seasons and its weak relationship with the OHCA 24-h pattern favored the hypothesis of an endogenous component or origin. Moreover, for the same FF population, LTOHCA and WRIRR patterns were positively correlated : the hypothesis of a common mechanism linking performance and accidents seemed to be validated. The 2cd part assessed the differences in τ, of 16 coexisting rhythms of 30 healthy FF of mostly comparable average age, body mass index, career duration, chronotype—morningness/eveningness. Data of the self-assessed 16 circadian rhythms were gathered continuously throughout two 8-d spans, in winter and in summer. The desynchronization ratio (DR: nb of variables with τ≠24.0h/nb of variables x100) served to ascertain coexistence of rather strong and weak circadian oscillators, fro which the gradient reflects interindividual differences in FF’s DR. These différences are consistent with the hypothesis of an inherited origin of a differential propensity to circadian desynchronization. It pointed also the fact that, although a nocturnal trough of WRIRR and LTOHCA was confirmed, the rhythms of performance were inexistants for most of the FF of our study, refuting the classical hypothesis of a standalone link between variations of performance and accidents. These results also put into perspective new possible explanations of black time. We propose the 24 h pattern of WRIRR, particularly of FFs and other highly skilled self-selected cohorts, is more strongly linked to circadian rhythms of fatigue and sleepiness than cognitive performance. Other possible explanations –suppressed expression of circadian rhythms and/or unmasking of ultradian periodicities in cognitive performance in specific circumstances, e.g., highly stressful work, competitive, or life-threatening settings, are also discussed. Furthermore, the whole study allows to consider new paths in chronoprevention of risks in the FF profession, based upon the study of biological, psychological and social rhythms. This study was supported by the Fire Departement of Saône et Loire (France), the French National Fund for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases of the French National Pension Fund for Administrative Division Officials, and was approoved by a regular ethics comittee

Cette thèse étudie les processus de création d’activité (PCA) réussis et les pratiques du raisonnement par effectuation (logique effectuelle) combinées ou non avec le raisonnement par causation – logique causale de la théorie des « causes à effet » chez les entrepreneurs. A partir de notre question de recherche : comment crée-t-on une entreprise réussie et comment résout-on les incidents critiques liés à la création d’activité, nous étudions les démarches que les entrepreneurs ont utilisées dans le 10ème arrondissement de Paris pour identifier des données socio-économiques et des caractéristiques territoriales inédites comme ressources et comme contingences pour réussir leurs processus de création d’activité (PCA). Notre problématique de recherche débouche en réalité dans un continuum logique cherchant à comprendre les processus par lesquels ont suivi les projets de création d’activité qui ont réussi ainsi que les méthodes de résolution d’incidents critiques liés à la création d’activité.Par incident, on entend une difficulté (par extension un problème, un obstacle) qui intervient au cours du projet de création et dont les conséquences peuvent être critiques ou graves si elle n’est pas résolue par les créateurs d’activités. Le caractère critique (ou grave) renvoie ici à ce qui n’est pas de leur routine. Cela veut dire que de tel incident peut entraîner l’abandon du processus de création en cours, voire le freiner ou induire à son renoncement. De ce fait, l’on peut supposer que leur survenance peut être liée au contexte du territoire (par exemple, aux facteurs institutionnels ou aux conditions structurelles du lieu d’installation), au type de ressources mobilisées en question ou aux outils et aux méthodes utilisés. Pour répondre à cette question de recherche nous avons retenu trois hypothèses de recherches, à savoir : L’hypothèse H1 qui correspond à la causation (approche décrite comme dominante dans les milieux des créateurs d’entreprise) où elle postule que l’entrepreneur réussit son processus de création d’activité (PCA) s’il est bien formé dans les business schools avec les bons outils (business model) et les bonnes méthodes (analyse de la valeur) qu’il suffit de répliquer ou de dupliquer dans n’importe quel contexte sans tenir compte des situations ou des contingences favorables ou pas. Autrement s’il est suffisamment qualifié et formé dans les milieux académiques. Ensuite vient l’hypothèse H2 de l’effectuation qui fragilise ou caricature l’hypothèse H1 où l’on considère cette fois-ci que l’entrepreneur réussit son (PCA) s’il sait construire une situation d’opportunité inédite ou imprévue du fait des qualités spécifiques qui lui sont propres tel que le charisme, la personnalité et des capacités individuelles rivales (c’est-à-dire des capacités individuelles presque inégales de par leur nature). Ces deux hypothèses H1 et H2 s’inspirent des travaux de Sarasvathy (publication 2001c, a, b et année suivante). Vient enfin l’hypothèse 3 qui intervient dans cette tension entre H1 et H2 pour leur remise en cause. Pour l’hypothèse 3 (Territoire) l’entrepreneur réussit son (PCA) lorsque celui-ci sait intégrer dans son plan de création d’activité le rôle du territoire disposant des ressources facilitantes (et/ou non contraignantes). Autrement dit, un cadre institutionnel habilitant ou des dispositifs facilitants tels que les politiques publiques de développement et de promotion de l’entrepreneuriat sur le territoire ou sur le lieu d’installation des activités en question. Et dans ce cas pour H3, la formation et les qualifications de l’entrepreneur (H1), son charisme et sa personnalité (H2) importent peu. / This thesis examines the business creation process (BCP) and successful practices reasoning effectuation (effectual logic) combined or not with the reasoning by causation - causal logic of the theory of "cause and effect" among entrepreneurs. From our research question: how do you create a successful business and how it solves-critical incidents related to business creation, we study the steps that entrepreneurs have used in 10th arrondissement of Paris to identify socioeconomic data and unpublished resources and territorial characteristics such as contingencies to succeed in business creation process (BCP). Our research problem leads actually in a logical continuum seeking to understand the processes that followed the activity creating successful projects and the methods of resolution of critical incidents related to business creation.By incident means a difficulty (by extension a problem, an obstacle) that occurs during the project creation and whose consequences can be critical or severe if it is not resolved by the creators of activities. The critical nature (or severe) here refers to what is not in their routine. This means that such an incident can result in the abandonment of the creative process in progress or slow down or lead to its cessation. Therefore, we can assume that their occurrence may be related to the context of the territory (eg, institutional factors or structural conditions of the installation place), type of resources mobilized in question or to the tools and methods used.To answer this research question we selected three research hypothesis, namely: The H1 hypothesis that matches causation (described as dominant approach in enterprise environments creators) where it assumes that the entrepreneur succeeds its business creation process (BCP) it is well trained in the business schools with the right tools (business model) and the right methods (value analysis) that simply replicate or duplicate in any context regardless of situations or contingencies favorable or not. Otherwise if it is sufficiently trained and qualifed in academic circles. Next comes the H2 hypothesis effectuation that weakens or caricature H1 should we consider this time that the entrepreneur succeeds his (BCP) if he can build a situation of unusual or unexpected opportunity of made specific qualities of its own such as charisma, personality and rival individual capacities (that is to say almost unequal individual capacities in nature). These two hypotheses H1 and H2 are based on the work of Sarasvathy (publication 2001c, a, b and following year). Finally comes the hypothesis 3 which is involved in this tension between H1 and H2 for their questioning. For hypothesis 3 (Territory) the entrepreneur succeeds his (BCP) when it can integrate into its business plan to create the role of territory with facilitative resources (not binding). In other words, an institutional framework enabling or facilitating of devices such as policy development and promotion of entrepreneurship on the territory or in the place of installation of these activities. And in this case for H3, training and entrepreneur's qualifications (H1), charisma and personality (H2) is irrelevant.

This thesis deals with the genealogy of so-called "Strahov events", i.e. the protest of students from Strahov dormitories, which took place on October 31, 1967. The key question is why seemingly an insignificant event - a power outage - led to the collapse of the university organization of the Czechoslovak Union of Youth (ČSM). The thesis analyses the 1960s through optic of street politics, and examines manifestations of the particular student collectives that preceded the Strahov protest and which set up the implicit rules on how to enter the public space and what content it should bring in and how to avoid repressive reaction in the same time. In particular, it focuses on the majáles festival marches in 1965 and 1966 and the so- called Petřín incidents - the annual May Day clashes between the Public Security forces and the youth at Petřín hill. It helps to answer related questions: how these collectives influenced the origin, course and consequences of the Strahov demonstration. In addition, the thesis focuses on the process of creation of student social movement. It examines what the students expected in the 1960s, what was the purpose of their criticism and how their criticism was influenced by the context social transformations that took place in the state-socialist Czechoslovakia in the...

The main practical output of this Thesis is a concrete specification of regression and correlation dependences for Liberec region and for the Czech Republic within one year and also within the ten year time period. The possibility of other researches was suggested in this Thesis. Finally there is a possibility to continue in other specialized work. There could be a prolongation of regression and correlation dependences in years 2010 and 2011. Thanks that the prognosis for the years 2012 and 2013 could be more specific. There could be also comparison of moment parameters of number of fires with a European and a world moment parameters. This verification of both theories and their partial theories also enables to suggest the way of how to enrich processing of statistical data within databases of Firefighters rescue in Liberec region as a base of a theoretical output of this Thesis.