科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B) 課題番号:17402025 研究代表者:薛 進軍 研究期間:2005-2007年度

La presente tesi ha due scopi paralleli. In primo luogo, intende essere una rilettura concettuale attraverso di `Structural Change and Economic Growth' (Pasinetti 1981), alla luce del chiarimento di alcune questioni sia metodologiche che concettuali, e della contestualizzazione dell'opera all'interno dell'intero percorso intellettuale che, dal 1962 al 1988, ha condotto Pasinetti alla definizione esplicita e rigorosa del concetto di settore verticalmente iper-integrato. In secondo luogo, fornisce una generalizzazione dell'intero schema teorico sviluppato da Pasinetti (1981), attraverso la reintroduzione dell'intero insieme delle relazioni inter-industriali, la riformulazione per mezzo di matrici partizionate, e la presentazione dei sistemi dei prezzi e delle quantità in termini di ricerca di autovalori e autovettori. La parte dinamica dell'analisi è stata generalizzata con la discretizzazione del tempo, originariamente continuo, e l'introduzione di saggi di crescita non stabili delle variabili esogene. Il primo e l'ultimo capitolo sono dedicati al raggiungimento del primo obiettivo; il secondo e il terzo a quello del secondo. / The present dissertation has two parallel aims. First of all, it intends to provide a conceptual excursus through Pasinetti's `Structural Change and Economic Growth', in the light of the clarification of some methodological and conceptual issues, and of the contextualisation of the book within the whole intellectual path, going from 1962 to 1988, which led Pasinetti to the completion of the explicit and rigorous definition of the concept of vertically hyper-integrated sector. Secondly, it performs a generalisation of the whole theoretical framework put forward by Pasinetti (1981), through the re-introduction of the whole set of inter-industry relations, the reformulation by means of partitioned matrices, and the restatement of the price and quantity systems as eigenproblems. The dynamic part of the analysis is generalised by the introduction of discrete, rather than continuous, time, and of non-steady rates of change of the exogenous variables. The first and the last chapters are devoted to the achievement of the first task; the second and the third to that of the second.

In this thesis we study the interdependency of individual decisions on work and family, particularly the dynamic interaction of the marriage market and the labor market. My basic idea is that marital status affects individual labor supply decisions, and in turn, labor market condition influences marriage formation and dissolution. While these interactions are evident, the overwhelming majority of research on labor or family economics usually simplifies the individual decision-making by assuming that one of two markets outcomes is given while studying the other one. In the empirical study, endogeneity issues are troublesome, especially under the dynamic setting. My work takes a different approach. I directly model the individual decision-making, which describes how marriage market and labor market interact with each other; and matching with survey data we empirically recover the underlying economic environments that characterize the structure of the marriage market and the labor market. I further examine to what extent my model explains the observed facts. Very few studies have been conducted to explore work and family issues in this direction partly due to its complexity. The structural models, besides the conventional regression, improve our perceptions on how individuals form decisions on work and family, which have far-reaching implications on policy designs and welfare evaluations. In my thesis, I explore all these issues in three steps. In chapter 1, I explain a stylized fact that there exists a positive correlation between rising wage inequality and declining marriage rates. A two-sided matching model is developed to exploit a theoretical channel through which wage inequality affects marriage rates. My model features a steady state equilibrium in which the whole marriage market is divided into groups and only people in the same group will marry each other. Using the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) data from 1970 to 2000, my estimates indicate that a structural change occurs in the U.S. marriage market. The higher matching efficiency and declining elasticity of men suggest that the nowadays marriage market provides more chance to meet and better gender equity, though higher arrival rates also raise the outside options of getting married. Additionally, I find that wage inequality accounts for over 38% of the decline in marriage rate, which is underestimated in Gould (2003). Chapter 2 examines household dynamic labor supply after introducing bargaining between husbands and wives, which has not been thoroughly studied previously in literature. Here bargaining between husbands and wives determines the amount of husbands' earnings that are transferred to wives for their private consumption. A household search model that incorporates the intrahousehold bargaining is developed and estimated using panel data from the year 2001 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). My results show that the portion of household income shared by husbands for private consumption is responsive to their employment status, suggesting the existence of the bargaining between the U.S. couples. My findings also imply that the labor supply of women will increase with higher women wage and lower money transfer from husbands to wives, showing that the income effect dominates for wives. Moreover, the wage frontier of husbands is positively correlated with wives' wages and negatively correlated with husbands' earnings transferred to wives, highlighting that husbands are subject to both the income effect and intra-household bargaining, and their decisions depend on which effect dominates. In the third and the last chapter, I study household unemployment duration. Previously, most studies have addressed the topic of job search at the individual level. This chapter studies job search patterns of married couples and in particular compares couple's unemployment duration given their spousal earnings. A household search model is introduced, which includes the bargaining between husbands and wives. I use the year 2001 panel data Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to estimate the structural model of family decisions. Our findings reveal that there exists a gender asymmetry in job search of the U.S. household: The more husbands earn, the longer wives search for a job; but the more wives earn, the sooner husbands find a job. / text

Though mainstream environmentalism, both in the U.S. and India, was initially rooted in social justice, it has, over time, moved away from this focus. The Environmental Justice Movement consequently arose to reunite social and environmental activism. In this thesis, I trace the historical relationship between the mainstream environmentalism, the Environmental Justice Movement, and marginalized communities. After providing this general overview, I examine two case studies – in Los Angeles and New Delhi respectively – where marginalized communities have been involved in Environmental Justice activities. My analysis reveals that marginalized communities often act in an ‘environmentalist’ or ‘environmentally friendly’ manner, without defining their actions as such. That is, their socio-political activism often is or becomes environmental because of the contexts it operates within.

South African households are concerned with their financial wellness. This is evident through the recent social unrest, violent labour strikes and protest against government policies such as the demand for free higher education. The South African government’s redistributive policy to transfer funds from the financially well to the increasing number of financially unwell households are narrowing as the financially well households are declining in proportion to the total households. It is palpable that the situation is critical and decisive intervention is needed from the South African government, the private sector and labour unions. The main objective of this study was to investigate the main differences between households on the bottom end of the wealth spectrum compared to those on the top end in order to identify differentiating characteristics of the various groups in order to suggest targeted policy recommendations for the South African government to improve stability and increase the number of financially well households. In order to achieve this objective, the study was done in two phases. Phase 1 consisted of a traditional literature review where the balance sheet composition and characteristics across disaggregated households on a local and international level was examined. The purpose of phase 1 was to gain insight into the trends and characteristics of different categories of households internationally and in South Africa. Phase 2 consisted of secondary data analysis which was performed in three sub-phases. In sub-phase 2.1 the household balance sheet was used to determine the per asset and liability class contribution to total assets and liabilities for each of the disaggregated financial wellness categories. Each asset and liability class component was ranked according to its contribution percentage within each of the financial wellness categories. The outcome of the ranking highlighted differences in the asset and liability classes’ contribution to total assets within each financial wellness grouping. Sub-phase 2.2 evaluated the optimality of the household balance sheet composition of a financial wellness category in relation to the next financial wellness category by making use of game theory. The last sub-phase (2.3) iv examined possible reasons, through correlation, for the sub-optimality found in phase 2.2. The results of the study indicated differences in each financial wellness category asset and liability compositions in the household balance sheet. Age, gender and number of household members did not affect household wealth in this study. In contrast, income level, employment status, home ownership, education and marital status affected household wealth. Game theory indicated that the highest financial wellness category (Anchored Well) did not have the strongest balance sheet. Possible reasons were identified as the composition of financial assets. / Accounting Sciences / M.Phil. (Accounting Science)

Strengthening civil society participation in development is a prerequisite to enhance access to opportunities and political influence by the poor. An active civil society can improve development accountability. In fact, Africa cannot improve its governance without investing in the role of civil society. This study examines the problem of resource mobilization for NECs in four Africa countries; assessing factors and strategies, which influence their ability to mobilize resources. Utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods, the study found that effective NECs exist in all four countries. The success of these NECs depended on “being strategic” about resource mobilization. The lack of resources mobilization strategies was a key factor in all four NECs. This often meant lack of proactiveness in resource mobilization. In its recommendations, the study presents a model aimed to encourage CSOs to organize and manage resource mobilization in ways that generate income for today, tomorrow and the future in order to sustain their watchdog role in educational development process. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

It is twenty-one years since South Africa’s democracy and the majority of South African households can still be classified as poor, despite the various interventions by Government to reduce poverty and inequality. The measurement used to determine the financial status of a household at a given point in time is its net equity in accordance with its Statement of Financial Position, calculated as its assets owned less liabilities owed. This study aimed to identify the selected significant factors that affect a South African household’s net equity value. In order to achieve the aim of this study, a heuristic model consisting of two components was developed. The first component considered which assets and liabilities should be included in determining a household’s net equity and how these assets and liabilities should be valued. The second component identified the selected factors that influence a household’s net equity. The heuristic model was applied to the empirical data using three phases. Firstly, the net equity value was calculated for each household. This was followed by an analysis of the selected factors that significantly influence household net equity. The last phase was performed to determine the effect of the identified selected factors in explaining the difference between households that have above average net equity values and those having below average values. The results of the study indicated that 11 selected factors significantly influence the net equity value in the South African household’s Statement of Financial Position. Seven of those factors significantly explain between 28,3 percent and 38,1 percent of the differences in the net equity value of a household when comparing the households with above average net equity value with those with below average values. This is useful information for policy makers in identifying the selected factors that will most significantly increase the net equity value of a household with a net equity value below the South African average. / Taxation / M. Phil. (Accounting Science)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:15:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto revisado em 13 6 12 grf ok.pdf: 1663257 bytes, checksum: 468b205f99b5250ccb86de7c1a58c9d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-29 / This study approaches a new and unexplored subject, the Brazilian Family Aid Program. Bibliography practically does not exist and academic entities seldom discuss the subject because it is still under development. References are found in lectures, newspapers and magazine articles. This is an exploratory and analytical search, approaching evidence basis and sources. The Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) is a Brazilian Family Aid Program granted under conditionality rules. It can be considered a unique tool for income distribution, working towards an effective solution for families surviving under extreme poverty. The program started by the merger of three other poverty aid programs of dubious effectiveness Scholarship Aid, Cooking Gas Aid and Food Card. The PBF benefits families surviving under poverty conditions, with R$ 70 to R$ 140 monthly of per capita income and under extreme poverty conditions, below R$ 70 monthly of per capita income. Also, the PBF establishes conditional participation rules associated to education and health prevention for children. Presently the PBF supports 13 million families that fit rules and are enrolled in the Cadastro Único (Central Control Registration Roll). That registration roll practically covers the totality of the population under poverty situation line as defined by PNAD - 2006 (National Household Survey - 2006).The PBF control methodology allows income transfer to regions left under poverty conditions in past history. The PBF formed a new consumer community, new entrepreneurs, moreover, attracted investors. In regard to education there is reduction in illiteracy. The Human Development Index (HDI) shows vegetative growth, Brazil is the 84th country ranked among the 187 nations controlled by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2011. The dimensions that compose the index for Brazil had poor growth lately, in particular the expected years of schooling for children at school enrollment age (in Brazil, 6 years old) declined during the last decade (2000-2010). It is likely that there is a structural issue with the Brazilian education sector. There is a socio-economic growth in regions where poverty has been endemic, in particular Northeast Region. The findings also reveal migration reversal that in past were North/Northeast Regions to Southeast Region as well as fecundity rate reduction, which are remarkable advantages. Brazil entered into the demographic bonus , a situation when the economically active population exceeds the dependent population , this is also an advantage because attracts investments and is a push towards economic growth. Despite of positive improvements, they appear to be insufficient, the human development in Brazil is far from excellence, presently a HDI of 0,718, with a growth of 0,769% annually (2000-2010) it will take 35/36 years to meet the Australian HDI of 0,943%. Unless chances help us, dreams to join the winners are unlikely. The Programa Bolsa Família , however, proves to be a social front towards inequality; the participants of the plan, originally classified under poverty line were rescued. / Esta dissertação trata de um tema relativamente novo, com literatura escassa, praticamente sem estudos teóricos que o abordem. Referenciais são encontrados em publicações feitas em seminários e palestras bem como em artigos e notas jornalísticas. Esta dissertação se trata de trabalho exploratório, analítico descritivo com base documental. O Programa Bolsa Família, tema central deste trabalho, é uma ferramenta para distribuição de renda que funciona de forma simples e tem sido efetiva para o atendimento de famílias que vivem abaixo da linha de pobreza. Ele é resultado da fusão de vários outros programas dispersos e com efetividade questionável Bolsa Escola, Auxílio Gás e Cartão Alimentação. O Programa Bolsa Família beneficia famílias em situação de pobreza com renda mensal de R$ 70 a R$ 140 per capita e em extrema pobreza com renda mensal abaixo de R$ 70 reais per capita. Também estabelece condicionalidades de educação e saúde. Atualmente, há cerca de 13 milhões de famílias inscritas no Programa Bolsa Família que cumprem as condições do Cadastro Único esta é praticamente a totalidade das famílias pobres segundo critérios do PNAD 2006 (Pesquisa Nacional de Domicílios). Na realidade, houve substancial injeção de recursos em áreas outrora relegadas ao acaso, criando novos consumidores, bem como empreendedores, além de atrair investimentos. Quanto à educação, nota-se que há redução do analfabetismo. Há um crescimento vegetativo do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) no qual o Brasil situa-se em 84⁰ lugar dentre as 187 nações controladas pelo PNUD (Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento) em 2011. As variáveis que compõem o índice crescem timidamente, destaca-se queda no item expectativa de escolaridade esperada das crianças em idade de ingresso na escola (no Brasil, aos seis anos), que caiu no período 2000-2011, esse fato pode indicar falha estrutural no ensino brasileiro. Esse estudo indica que há desenvolvimento socioeconômico em áreas carentes, particularmente na Região Nordeste. Observa-se também a reversão da migração que historicamente era de norte/nordeste a sudeste. Também nota-se redução da taxa de fecundidade das brasileiras, o que é vantajoso. O Brasil também está com a vantagem do Bônus demográfico , quando a população economicamente ativa supera a população dependente, o que é um excelente fator de crescimento por atrair investimentos. Apesar de melhorias observadas na década 2000-2010, elas ainda são insuficientes. Quanto ao desenvolvimento humano , o Brasil está muito distante das nações desenvolvidas, com IDH de 0,718, que cresceu na última década à taxa de 0,769% ao ano. Nesse ritmo, até alcançarmos o IDH norueguês -- primeiro colocado, ou o australiano -- segundo colocado, que é de 0,943 serão necessários 35/36 anos. Isso nos leva a pensar que, a não ser que o acaso nos ajude, o sonho de nos juntarmos aos primeiros é questionável. Com respeito ao Programa Bolsa Família, esse prova ser uma frente social para a eliminação da desigualdade, seus beneficiários eram classificados como pobres e extremamente pobres e foram resgatados.

A Constituição Federal de 1988 representou um marco para a sociedade brasileira,transformando a dinâmica democrática, as relações econômicas e sociais do país, além de reconhecer diversos direitos sociais e estabelecer alguns objetivos da República como o de construir uma sociedade livre, justa e solidária, e de erradicar a pobreza e reduzir as desigualdades sociais e regionais. De acordo com tais objetivos, o governo federal lançou em 2011 o Plano Brasil Sem Miséria (BSM), com o intuito de superar a extrema pobreza no país. No entanto, enfrentar um fenômeno multifacetado e complexo como a pobreza não é tarefa trivial, exige ações intersetoriais, integradas e que dialoguem com as diversas realidades locais do país. É a partir do contexto complexo de novos arranjos institucionais, de esforço de ação intersetorial e de articulação federativa que este estudo se insere. Para tanto, estabeleceu-se como objetivo geral de pesquisa analisar o processo de implementação do BSM no município de Curitiba. Assim, por meio de pesquisa documental e qualitativa – com entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação participante – buscou-se atingir os seguintes objetivos específicos: i) analisar a organização institucional e política dos programas de combate à pobreza no município; ii) analisar as relações e funções dos agentes públicos envolvidos no processo de implementação dos programas; e iii) analisar as oportunidades e ameaças no enfrentamento à pobreza e extrema pobreza. Dessa forma, verificou-se que tanto o BSM, quanto seu análogo municipal o Projeto Curitiba Sem Miséria (CSM), estão inseridos dentro de um contexto mais amplo de proteção social formado, principalmente, pelo Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS), o Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais (CadÚnico) e o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF). Tais estruturas institucionais têm fomentado a articulação e cooperação federativa entre os entes federativos, no entanto, no caso do Paraná tem se observado algumas dificuldades relacionadas à cooperação e integração das ações de enfrentamento à pobreza por parte desta esfera de governo. No que tange às relações entre o governo federal e o município de Curitiba tem havido o fortalecimento das articulações, especialmente em torno da gestão do SUAS, do CadÚnico e do PBF. Já o combate à miséria no município de Curitiba tem apresentado certos avanços em relação ao BSM, ao dialogar mais com a Política Nacional de Assistência Social (PNAS) e incorporar a perspectiva territorial em suas intervenções. Tal abordagem adotada pelo município tem mostrado certa potencialidade ao permitir visualizar e compreender as vulnerabilidades sociais dentro de um contexto social mais amplo, tornando-se um instrumento carregado de potencialidades sinérgicas de ações intersetoriais e mais inclusivas. No entanto, são igualmente identificados alguns desafios à continuidade das ações de enfrentamento à pobreza, como a adoção de políticas territoriais para além das políticas territorializadas, a compreensão pelas diversas políticas setoriais das reais necessidades vivenciadas pelos indivíduos e famílias em situação de vulnerabilidades sociais, e a integração das ações de combate à pobreza com o enfrentamento às diversas desigualdades presentes na sociedade brasileira. / The Federal Constitution of 1988 was a milestone for Brazilian society, transforming the democratic dynamics, economic and social relations of the country, in addition to recognizing various social rights and establishing some goals of the Republic as to build a free, just and caring society, and eradicate poverty and reduce social and regional inequalities. According to these objectives, the federal government launched in 2011 the Brazil Without Poverty Plan (BSM), in order to overcome extreme poverty in the country. However, facing a multifaceted and complex phenomenon as poverty is not a trivial task, requires cross-sectoral, integrated actions and dialogue with the different local realities of the country. It is from the complex context of new institutional arrangements, cross-sectoral action effort and federative articulation that this study is part. Therefore, it was established as a general objective of research to analyse the BSM implementation process in the city of Curitiba. Thus, through documentary and qualitative research – with semi-structured interviews and participant observation – we sought to achieve the following specific objectives: i) analyze the institutional and political organization of anti-poverty programs in the city; ii) analyze the relationships and duties of public officials involved in the program implementation process; and iii) analyze the opportunities and threats in fighting poverty and extreme poverty. Thus, it was found that both the BSM, as its municipal analogue Curitiba Project Without Poverty (CSM), are inserted into a broader context of social protection formed mainly by the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS), the National Registry for Social Programs (CadÚnico) and the Bolsa Família Program (PBF). Such institutional structures have fostered the joint and federative cooperation between federal entities, however, in the case of Paraná, we have been observed some difficulties related to cooperation and integration of actions against poverty by this level of government. Regarding the relations between the federal government and the city of Curitiba we have seen the strengthening of joints, especially around the SUAS management, CadÚnico and PBF. But the fight against poverty in the city of Curitiba has shown some progress in relation to the BSM, especially for its approximation with the National Social Assistance Policy (PNAS) and for the incorporation of a territorial approach in the local interventions. Such an approach, adopted by the municipality, has shown some potential to allow the view and the understanding of the social vulnerabilities within a broader social context, making it an instrument loaded synergetic potential of intersectoral and more inclusive actions. However, they are also identified some challenges to the continuity of actions against poverty, as the adoption of regional policies beyond territorialized policies, understanding the various sectoral policies of the real needs experienced by individuals and families in situations of social vulnerability and the integration of action to combat poverty to tackling the various inequalities present in Brazilian society.

Orientador: Valeriano Mendes Ferreira Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T00:55:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Justo_CarolinaRaquelDuartedeMello_D.pdf: 2322207 bytes, checksum: 4e73227f42d4116e675cd2ea516aa44a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Esta tese procura mostrar que, a despeito de sua crescente expansão no Brasil, os programas de transferência de renda - aqui genericamente denominados programas de renda mínima - não apresentam um único modelo consolidado no país. A análise comparativa realizada a partir dos estudos de caso dos programas municipais de Campinas, Jundiaí, Santo André e Santos mostrou que os programas são diferentes não apenas em termos de seus desenhos institucionais, mas de maneira mais significativa em termos das idéias, concepções e valores segundo os quais eles vieram se constituindo. Com base nisso, foi possível identificar diferentes noções de cidadania subjacentes aos programas, a partir de uma dupla abordagem: liberal e fortemente assentada no trabalho - em Jundiaí e Santos -, ou democrático-participativa, potencialmente prescindindo do trabalho como seu substrato - em Campinas e Santo André. Percebeu-se, assim - dos discursos dos gestores públicos aos das beneficiárias -, que as implicações dos programas de renda mínima vão muito além da dotação financeira: elas não só incidem sobre distintas concepções de cidadania, mas também sobre formas diferenciadas de enxergar e pensar a sociedade, bem como de agir sobre ela. Isso significa que estes programas - com base nos distintos projetos políticos sobre os quais se apóiam e dos quais fazem parte, quer como Renda Mínima, quer como Renda Básica - indicam diferentes caminhos: seja, por um lado, para a manutenção (ou apenas alívio) da pobreza e para a conservação da sociedade, seja, por outro lado, para a superação da pobreza e transformação da sociedade / Abstract: This work intends to show that Minimum Income programs, despite their expansion in Brazil since 90's, do not have a consolidated only-model.. Through the comparative analysis about the programs from Campinas, Jundiaí, Santo André and Santos, ali them cities in the state of São Paulo, it was possible to verify that these programs are different not just because of their institutional design, but rather because of the ideas, values and conceptions which support each policy. So, it was possible to identify different conceptions of citizenship underlying each program: those ones from Jundiaí and Santos are supported for a liberal conception of citizenship, in which work occupies a central place; those ones from Campinas and Santo André are supported for a democratic-participative conception of citizenship, whichcan dispense with work as its substrata. Through both spokes, from beneficiaries to policy makers of each program, not just the same conception of citizenship was identified and ratified, but also same opinions about the society and about how to act on it. Thus, beyond the money transfer, these Minimum Income programs have diverse socio-political implications. On the basis of different political projects, in which they appear whether as Minimum Income or Basic Income, these programs indicate different ways: in strict meaning, toward poverty keeping (on the one hand) or overcome (on the other hand); in broad meaning, toward society maintenance (on the one side) or transformation (on the other side) / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências Sociais