<p>In this paper we investigate small and young companies’ motives for internationalization. There are many reasons for companies to engage in foreign direct investment. This study is based on theories including four categories of internationalization drivers that motivate firms to establish themselves abroad. Theses categories consist of market, resource, efficiency, and strategic resources seeking motives. A fifth category was added in order to include network seeking motives.</p><p>The survey was conducted using a web based questionnaire. The target population consisted of companies that are members of nine Swedish business incubators and science parks. E-mails were sent to representatives in the incubators and science parks and were then forwarded to the companies, asking them to participate in the study.</p><p>We conclude that the member companies of Swedish incubators and science parks responded most positively to network and market seeking motives. We therefore regard the companies as network seekers and market seekers. Four motives were by the responders associated with the highest degree of importance. Two were in the category of network seeking motives: starting new collaborations and staying close to main client or supplier. The other two were in the category of market seeking motives: reaching new markets and limitations of the home market.</p>

In this paper we investigate small and young companies’ motives for internationalization. There are many reasons for companies to engage in foreign direct investment. This study is based on theories including four categories of internationalization drivers that motivate firms to establish themselves abroad. Theses categories consist of market, resource, efficiency, and strategic resources seeking motives. A fifth category was added in order to include network seeking motives. The survey was conducted using a web based questionnaire. The target population consisted of companies that are members of nine Swedish business incubators and science parks. E-mails were sent to representatives in the incubators and science parks and were then forwarded to the companies, asking them to participate in the study. We conclude that the member companies of Swedish incubators and science parks responded most positively to network and market seeking motives. We therefore regard the companies as network seekers and market seekers. Four motives were by the responders associated with the highest degree of importance. Two were in the category of network seeking motives: starting new collaborations and staying close to main client or supplier. The other two were in the category of market seeking motives: reaching new markets and limitations of the home market.

Background Incubators are important facilities for economic growth in society. The main purpose of incubators is to accelerate knowledge intensive firms onto their market by both providing resources and an entrepreneurial environment. Problem Companies within incubators are encouraged to share knowledge and experience with each other with the goal to stimulate development and invention of new technology. This exchange involves interaction on an inter-personal and inter-organizational level. Incubators need to create an open and transparent environment in order to enable this exchange on both levels. Purpose The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of how knowledge and experience exchange occurs within the context of incubator systems. By understanding how incubators can capture knowledge and learn from the incubator process, this study can contribute by insights of how the incubator process can be further improved. Method This bachelor thesis is written from an abductive approach and is based on a qualitative case study of Ideon Innovation in Lund. Five interviews contributed to the collection of empirical data where companies within incubator systems and the CEO of an incubator were included. Conclusion Knowledge exchange does not occur to the extent that theory and the management of Ideon Innovation suggests. Knowledge intensive firms constitutes each other’s networks and social environments where we have found new incubator effects such as motivation and the ability to talk out their anxiety related to their business. The match between companies close to each other within incubators can be controlled through managerial activities by the incubator to, in some degree, achieve more favorable market structures and a local environment that enables exchange of knowledge spillover. / Bakgrund                          Inkubatorer är viktiga faciliteter för ekonomisk tillväxt i dagen samhälle. Det huvudsakliga syftet för inkubatorer är att accelerera inkubatorföretag in på marknaden genom att erbjuda resurser och en entreprenöriell miljö. Problem                             Inom inkubatorer uppmuntras företag till dela med sig av sina kunskaper och erfarenheter till varandra med syfte till att stimulera utvecklingen och skapandet av ny innovation. Utbytet involverar interaktioner på interpersonell och interorganisatorisk nivå. Inkubatorer behöver därmed skapa en öppen och transparent miljö för att utbytet ska kunna ske på båda nivåerna. Syfte                                   Syftet med studien är att förbättra förståelsen för hur kunskap- och erfarenhetsutbyte sker inom inkubatorsystem. Genom en förståelse för hur inkubatorer kan ta åt sig kunskap och lära sig ifrån inkubatorprocessen, kan studien bidra med insikter om hur inkubatorprocessen ytterligare kan förbättras. Metod                                 Kandidatuppsatsen är skriven utifrån en abduktiv ansats och är baserade på en kvalitativ fallstudie på Ideon Innovation i Lund. Den empiriska insamlingen av data genomfördes genom fem intervjuer med företag inom inkubatorsystem och Vd:n för inkubatorn. Slutsats                               Kunskapsutbyte sker inte till den grad som teorin eller vad ledningen för Ideon Innovation förespråkar. Kunskapsintensiva företag utgör varandras nätverk och sociala miljö, och vi har funnit nya inkubatoreffekter som motivation och att företagen kan prata av sig ångest som relaterar till sin verksamhet. Genom manageriella aktiviter kan inkubatorn matcha rätt företag till att sitta nära varandra inom inkubatorn och därmed till viss grad nå mer eftertraktade konkurrenssituationer.

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka vilka hinder och motsättningar som rådgivare och forskare upplever i forskningskommersialiseringsprocessen inom högskolenära inkubatorer. Studien bör ses som en förstudie för att i ett senare skede kunna skapa en effektiv innovationsprocessmodell för högskolenära inkubatorer. Uppsatsens frågeställningar har undersökts ur ett innovationstekniskt perspektiv med hjälp av teorier om bland annat inkubatorer, innovationsprocesser och akademiskt entreprenörskap. Resultatet visar att det finns ett antal kulturkrockar som medför risk för att rådgivare och forskare talar förbi varandra. Andra hinder och motsättningar i forskningskommersialiseringsprocessen är skillnader i språkbruk, forskarens multipla roller, uppfattningar om arbetstempo samt att matchningen mellan entreprenör och forskare är svårorganiserad och tidskrävande. / This essay seeks to examine which obstacles and oppositions business coaches and researchersexperience in the research commercialization process in university business incubators. This studyshould be seen as a pre-study with the intention of contributing to later on building a newinnovation process model for university business incubators. Essay questions have been examinedfrom the perspective of innovation technology and are linked to theories about incubators,innovation processes and academic entrepreneurship. The result is that there is a number of culturalclashes that brings along a risk for misunderstandings between business coaches and researchers.Other obstacles and oppositions in the research commercialization process is differences inlinguistic use, the multiple roles of the researcher, interpretation of working pace and also that thematching between researcher and entrepreneur is time-consuming and hard to organize.

The contemporary globalisation of economic activities has enormously accelerated the pace of innovation and technology development throughout the world. Continuous transformation of the marketplace and tremendous growth of demand on knowledge-intensive products and services has led to further evolution of knowledge management and project management studies. Increasing number of research done on knowledge management aspects within project environment evidences the expanding interest on the two areas of study. Incubators, representing the accumulators of knowledge management practices which facilitate the innovation and entrepreneurship through start-up projects, encompass vast number of issues for investigation related to the mentioned study areas. Past researches done in incubator field mainly concerned with the knowledge management aspects, neglecting the project management perspectives on it. Only few articles were found which refers to both fields of study within the incubators, although with an emphasis on project management models as catalysts of innovation. Our research basically aims to explore, examine and illustrate both knowledge management and project management interrelationship, in the context of incubators. It provides with a conceptual model, which depicts the contribution and correlation of project management, organisational knowledge management and project specific knowledge management. Based on the observation and analysis of the empirical data collected using the IT knowledge-based risks model as our methodological framework, it was found that incubators do not share the same knowledge management challenges as IT companies. Combining the conceptual model derived from the findings of literature review, and the methodological framework, we developed a new model representing knowledge management challenges in the management of start-up projects within incubators. Out of ten challenges observed in the IT sector, our research finds eight main challenges in incubators that are related to knowledge management. According to the perceptions of the interviewees chosen from a sample of three incubators in Sweden, the main challenges are (i) handling business coach exit, (ii) communicating lessons learned, (iii) creating knowledge map, (iv) establishing knowledge network, (v) selecting appropriate team, (vi) storing knowledge from previous projects, (vii) integrating different expertise and (viii) transferring complete knowledge. Each of the mentioned challenges was placed in each of the three domains defined in the conceptual model, in order to accentuate the domain it directly affects or is mostly affected by.

In order to determine the effects of social capital in innovative contexts, Nahapiet and Ghoshal&rsquo / s (1998) three dimensions of social capital (structural, relational and cognitive) were investigated in a business incubator located in a university science park. This thesis tries to answer five questions for the incubator context: (1) What are the antecedents of the three dimensions of social capital? (2) What are the benefits of social capital for the tenant firms? (3) How are the dimensions of social capital related to the antecedents and benefits? (4) What are the effects of being located in a university on social capital development between the firms and the host university? and (5) What is the role of the incubator management/specialists on social capital creation? The research questions were investigated in two layers: (1) Social capital development among tenant firms, and (2) Social capital development between the tenant firms and the host university. The research was designed with a multi-method approach along four steps. In the first step, the selected incubator was observed for a day. In the second stage, a pilot interview was conducted with one of the tenant firms. Next the firms were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their demographic characteristics. In the last stage, a theoretical sample of nine selected firms&rsquo / owners were interviewed. All the collected data were analyzed following the grounded theory approach (Strauss and Corbin, 1990) and seven propositions were developed to be investigated in further research.

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Baigiamajame magistro studijų darbe nagrinėjami metodiniai kompleksinės renovacijos senamiesčio aplinkoje projektavimo ypatumai. Darbe nagrinėjamos Užupio kontekstas, esamos pastato konstrukcijos bei inžinerijos, daromas esamos būklės vertinimas ir nustatomos projektavimo gairės. Visa tyrimo medžiaga naudojama kompleksiškai renovuojant pastatus esančius Užupio g. 24. Čia kuriamas „Užupio respublikos“ kūrybinės industrijos klasteris. Nagrinėjama ir kuriama industrinio klasterio funkcinė programa, siūloma nauja teritorijos sutvarkymo koncepcija, kurios pagrindinė mintis: jungtis tarp Užupio ir Senamiesčio per naujai projektuojamą tiltą iš komplekso į Sereikiškių parką. Kuriama nauja erdvinė ir tūrinė komplekso struktūra. Detalizuojami pastatų architektūriniai, funkciniai, konstrukciniai ir inžineriniai sprendimai. Darbą sudaro šešios dalys: įvadas, metodinė dalis, analitinė dalis, eksperimentinė dalis. Literatūros sąrašas ir priedai (grafinė dalis). / The methods of complex renovation of the design in old town environment are researched in the final thesis. The thesis also include the analyses of current urban situation, the research of existing buildings structures and engineering. All the material is used for a comprehensive renovation of the buildings at Užupio st. 24, where the „Creative industries cluster of Užupis republic“ is going to be created. There is a deep research and development of the funcional program, the new concept of the site development is suggested, which is based on the connection between Užupis and Old Town area by the new bridge from the site to the Sereikiškiu park next to theVilnios river. The new development of existing volume and spaces are also proposed. There are solutions of architectural details, funcions, building structures and engineering's. The structure of final thesis includes: methodology, urban analysis, experimental stage, references, appendixes.

abstract: With various gaps remaining in business incubation literature, developing scales that capture the multi-dimensional constructs of the incubation process remains a necessity. While living and traveling within Brazil, this author journeyed within Brazil's well-developed incubation ecosystem in order to investigate the reproducibility and validity of scales whose authors propose measure the constructs that capture the process of business incubation which were defined in their options-driven theory of business incubation as "selection performance", "monitoring and business assistance intensity", and "resource munificence". Regression analysis resulted in the data suggesting that there is no statistically significant predictive ability of the Hackett and Dilts scales when used to predict incubatee outcomes from this study's sample of incubators. The results of the analysis between total score in each of the three constructs and incubatee outcomes suggested that when the total score within the construct of selection performance increases, there tends to be a decrease in incubatee outcomes where the incubatee was surviving and growing profitably at the time of its exit from the incubator. Also, there tends to be a decrease in incubatee outcomes where the incubatee was surviving and growing on a path toward profitability at the time of the incubator exit. The results show no predictive ability of the remaining two constructs of "monitoring and business assistance intensity" and "resource munificence" to capture business incubation performance. The item specific analysis of all correlating and inter-correlating variables for each of the dependent variables, resulting in several significant relationships, however, many demonstrate negative relationships which also run contrary to the relationships proposed by Hackett and Dilts. These results have challenged both the validity of the Hackett and Dilts scale as a tool for investigating the constructs of the incubation process, and the ability of the options-driven theory to explain and predict business incubation outcomes. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.Tech Technology 2012