In this case study, the Swedish artbook Ur Varselklotet along with its English direct translation Tales from The Loop and the indirectly translated Japanese version za・rūpu will be examined and compared. This study will be analysing the different translations to see how certain Swedish words from the source text were affected by first being translated into English and then being translated again from the English translation into Japanese. The goal is to better understand what changes may occur during an indirect translation that would impact how the world of the book is presented to the reader. This study concludes that while the characterisation of these words and sentences in the Japanese text shows that they were influenced by how their translation in the mediating text, it is also clear that one cases study is not enough evidence to make any general statements on how the pivot language affects the final target text when used in an indirect translation process.

This thesis examines Josef Jungmann's translation of Milton's Paradise Lost. Josef Jungmann was one of the leading figures of the Czech National Revival and translated Milton's poem between the years 1800 and 1804. The thesis thoroughly describes the Czech cultural situation at the beginning of the 19th century, covers Jungmann's theoretical model of translation and presents Jungmann's motives for translation of Milton's epic poem. The paper also describes the aims Jungmann had with his translation and whether he has achieved them. Also described is the reception Jungmann's translation received after it was published and its significance for the Czech literature. Primarily, this thesis focuses on detailed translation analysis of how Jungmann's translation compares prosodically, lexically and stylistically to the original and the first Polish translation. It also explores assumptions of some scholars who claimed that Jungmann's translation was indirect. Key words: Josef Jungmann, John Milton, Czech National Revival, indirect translation, neologism

This thesis examines Josef Jungmann s translation of Milton s Paradise Lost. Josef Jungmann was one of the leading figures of the Czech National Revival and translated Milton's poem between the years 1800 and 1804. The thesis thoroughly describes the Czech cultural situation at the beginning of the 19th century, covers Jungmann s theoretical model of translation and presents Jungmann s motives for translation of Milton s epic poem. The paper also describes the aims Jungmann had with his translation and whether he has achieved them. Also described is the reception Jungmann s translation received after it was published and its significance for the Czech literature. Primarily, this thesis focuses on detailed translation analysis of how Jungmann s translation compares prosodically, lexically and stylistically to the original. It also explores assumptions of some scholars who claimed that Jungmann s translation was indirect.

The present thesis investigates book translations of Czech literature into Spanish published in Argentina in the 20th and early 21st centuries. The theoretical part addresses indirect translation in combination with intralingual translation (translation between Peninsular Spanish and Argentinian Spanish), book translation for the Spanish-speaking market and Translator studies. The methodology draws upon historiographic research, critical discourse analysis of paratexts and oral history. The empirical part outlines the censorship of Czech literature, provides comprehensive information on the translations published in Argentina including information on translators, describes the life and work of Helena Voldan and delineates the reception of Notes from the Gallows by Julius Fučík in Argentina. The collected data is then analysed from various points of view (e.g. genre, source text language, distribution from Spain, year of publication of the original and translation). Key words: Argentina, Czech literature, indirect translation, 20th century, Voldan, censorship, Fučík

This study investigates indirect translations translated from Bengali source texts to Swedish target texts via English intermediary texts by comparing Pedersen’s (2011) Extralinguistic Cultural References in coupled pairs from all three languages. The purpose of this study is to examine how indirect translations differ from direct translations and to discern whether there are specific translation strategies that translators use when transferring Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECRs) from a third language. The results were analyzed with a perspective based on translation norms, previous research into indirect translation, and the concept of foreignization/domestication in mind. The results show that an indirect translation can be closer to the original source text than the intermediary text it was based on in the first place. This was demonstrated with the Swedish TTs displaying more source-oriented transfer strategies compared to the English ITs, which displayed a higher amount of target-oriented strategies used by the translators. An unexpected finding was noted in the analysis material, namely that misunderstandings or deviations present in the ITs were not necessarily transferred to the TTs, which goes against previous research into indirect translations (cf. Dollerup 2000; Tegelberg 2011; Ringmar 2016). This supports similar results as found in Adler (2016) and Hekkanen (2014). In conclusion, the results suggest that the tendency of high-prestige literature resulting in adequate translations would be stronger than the tendency of indirect translations resulting in acceptable translations in the context of the Swedish target system. The source-oriented strategies in the TTs could also be seen as resistancy to target norms by the translators to create foreignizing translations.

(in English): This Thesis deals with the phenomenon of indirect translation. Since indirect translation is still relatively common in the Czech culture, but at the same time rather understudied, the aim of this Thesis is to describe the phenomenon in more detail and with the help of an actual text analysis to investigate the influence this method has on the final translation. Two texts were chosen for the analysis, both written by the Dutch historian Johan Huizinga, being a characteristic sample of the bibliography of Czech indirect translations of Dutch written works. Compiling this bibliography was one of the tasks of this Thesis. It documents the extent to which indirect translation was used in past and present, and it also shows what kind of texts are most likely to be translated indirectly. Finally, the chosen texts were reduced (using sample method) to fragments that were then analysed in terms of stylistic and semantic shifts. According to the analysis the most common shifts appeared to the stylistic ones, mostly those that result in weakening the original style of the author in favour of the translator's own style. What the semantic shifts concerns, in comparison with the mediating translation they seem to occur twice as often in the mediated translation.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar duas traduções para o português da obra literária japonesa Kinkakuji, escrita por Yukio Mishima (1925-1970) e publicada em 1956, para fazer considerações sobre a tradução indireta e a interferência da versão intermediadora entre o texto-fonte e o texto-alvo, sob o ponto de vista do conceito de equivalência. Tratam-se da tradução realizada por Eliana Sabino (1988) a partir da versão em inglês por Ivan Morris (1959) e a tradução direta do japonês feita por Shintaro Hayashi (2010). Para esse objetivo, primeiramente, apresentamos um perfil geral de Mishima e suas obras; o romance Kinkakuji, considerando o seu contexto de criação e avaliação de críticos; e de um conceito de tradução indireta e diversas visões a respeito. Além disso, faremos uma apresentação da tradução da literatura de Mishima em português, nas tradições de tradução da literatura japonesa no Brasil. Será feita a análise cotejando as traduções acima referidas e o trabalho original em japonês, visando identificar as transformações ocorridas que impeçam os leitores da tradução de compreender o sentido da obra original. Como resultado, concluímos que tais deformações ocorrem na tradução indireta com maior frequência, mas ocorrem também na tradução direta, dificultando a transmissão do universo do romance elaborado pelo autor. Os resultados nos ajudaram a perceber que a tradução em inglês causa a deformação do texto original de certa forma e influi inevitavelmente na tradução indireta em português, porém, a tradução em inglês não é a única razão desta deformação. Na tradução direta em português, apesar de identificarmos alguns casos de deformação, observou-se que o tradutor teria se preocupado com a manutenção do estilo de estrita do autor do texto original, além do sentido textual. Podemos dizer, nesse caso, que o tradutor conseguiu produzir um texto mais próximo, sob o ponto de vista de manutenção da equivalência, daquele ao qual o leitor da obra em japonês tem acesso. / The work aims to analyze two translations of the Japanese literary work Kinkakuji, written by Yukio Mishima (1925-1970), published in 1956. to carry out a consideration of the indirect translation and of how much the intermediate version interferes between the source text and the target text, from the standpoint of the concept of equivalence. The selected translation into Portuguese are by Eliana Sabino (1988), who translated from the English version by Ivan Morris (1959), and the direct translation from the original text in Japanese by Shintaro Hayashi (2010). For this purpose, I introduce Mishima and his works; the novel Kinkakuji, considering the context in which the author wrote it and its critical reception; and a concept of indirect translation, as well as various views on it. In addition, I present the translation of Mishimas literature into Portuguese, in the translation tradition of Japanese literature in Brazil. I carry out the analysis by comparing the translations with the original work in Japanese to identify the transformations that have prevented the readers of the translations from understanding the sense of the original work. I reached the conclusion that such deformations occur more frequently in the indirect translation, but also in the direct translation, hindering the transmission of the universe developed by the author in the novel. The results allowed me to realize that the English translation causes deformations in the source text in a certain way and that it inevitably influences the indirect translation into Portuguese, but the English translation is not the only reason for this. In the direct translation into Portuguese, although I identified some cases of deformation, I noticed that the translator was concerned with maintaining Mishimas writing style, not only in the textual sense. In this case, it can be affirmed that the translator has been able to produce a text that is closer, from the point of view of maintaining the equivalence, to the one to which the reader of the Japanese work has access.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar duas traduções para o português da obra literária japonesa Kinkakuji, escrita por Yukio Mishima (1925-1970) e publicada em 1956, para fazer considerações sobre a tradução indireta e a interferência da versão intermediadora entre o texto-fonte e o texto-alvo, sob o ponto de vista do conceito de equivalência. Tratam-se da tradução realizada por Eliana Sabino (1988) a partir da versão em inglês por Ivan Morris (1959) e a tradução direta do japonês feita por Shintaro Hayashi (2010). Para esse objetivo, primeiramente, apresentamos um perfil geral de Mishima e suas obras; o romance Kinkakuji, considerando o seu contexto de criação e avaliação de críticos; e de um conceito de tradução indireta e diversas visões a respeito. Além disso, faremos uma apresentação da tradução da literatura de Mishima em português, nas tradições de tradução da literatura japonesa no Brasil. Será feita a análise cotejando as traduções acima referidas e o trabalho original em japonês, visando identificar as transformações ocorridas que impeçam os leitores da tradução de compreender o sentido da obra original. Como resultado, concluímos que tais deformações ocorrem na tradução indireta com maior frequência, mas ocorrem também na tradução direta, dificultando a transmissão do universo do romance elaborado pelo autor. Os resultados nos ajudaram a perceber que a tradução em inglês causa a deformação do texto original de certa forma e influi inevitavelmente na tradução indireta em português, porém, a tradução em inglês não é a única razão desta deformação. Na tradução direta em português, apesar de identificarmos alguns casos de deformação, observou-se que o tradutor teria se preocupado com a manutenção do estilo de estrita do autor do texto original, além do sentido textual. Podemos dizer, nesse caso, que o tradutor conseguiu produzir um texto mais próximo, sob o ponto de vista de manutenção da equivalência, daquele ao qual o leitor da obra em japonês tem acesso. / The work aims to analyze two translations of the Japanese literary work Kinkakuji, written by Yukio Mishima (1925-1970), published in 1956. to carry out a consideration of the indirect translation and of how much the intermediate version interferes between the source text and the target text, from the standpoint of the concept of equivalence. The selected translation into Portuguese are by Eliana Sabino (1988), who translated from the English version by Ivan Morris (1959), and the direct translation from the original text in Japanese by Shintaro Hayashi (2010). For this purpose, I introduce Mishima and his works; the novel Kinkakuji, considering the context in which the author wrote it and its critical reception; and a concept of indirect translation, as well as various views on it. In addition, I present the translation of Mishimas literature into Portuguese, in the translation tradition of Japanese literature in Brazil. I carry out the analysis by comparing the translations with the original work in Japanese to identify the transformations that have prevented the readers of the translations from understanding the sense of the original work. I reached the conclusion that such deformations occur more frequently in the indirect translation, but also in the direct translation, hindering the transmission of the universe developed by the author in the novel. The results allowed me to realize that the English translation causes deformations in the source text in a certain way and that it inevitably influences the indirect translation into Portuguese, but the English translation is not the only reason for this. In the direct translation into Portuguese, although I identified some cases of deformation, I noticed that the translator was concerned with maintaining Mishimas writing style, not only in the textual sense. In this case, it can be affirmed that the translator has been able to produce a text that is closer, from the point of view of maintaining the equivalence, to the one to which the reader of the Japanese work has access.

In 2016, South Korean author Han Kang’s The Vegetarian, translated into English by Deborah Smith, was awarded the Man Booker International Prize. Following the success, South Korean critics brought to attention mistakes and inaccuracies of Deborah Smith’s work, heavily criticizing her translation, but also bringing the debate of liberal and literal translation from the academic sphere to the public eye. In Sweden, the book was translated from Deborah Smith’s English into Swedish by Eva Johansson and published under the title Vegetarianen in January 2017. This thesis uses a comparative qualitative method to investigate how Han’s novel is changed through the process of translation and indirect translation by the hands of Smith and Johansson, as well as if Smith’s translation changes through the process of working with the text. With Smith’s very liberal method of translation, her translation occasionally results in significant change of tone, atmosphere and characterization. Mistakes make it clear she did not have a sufficient comprehension of Korean, however she can be seen growing more comfortable with the language by the end of the novel. Johansson stays very loyal to Smith’s English translation due to Swedish and English being more similar languages in structure and literary tradition, she is also a very experienced translator. Despite Smith’s flawed translation, The Vegetarian has been a huge success. The author hopes that more research will be done in the areas of Korean-English translation and indirect translation from Korean, in order to further identify struggles of translators of Korean and advance Korean literature in translation. / 2016 prisades Sydkoreanska författaren Han Kangs The Vegetarian, översatt till engelska av Deborah Smith, med Man Booker International Prize. Följande succén bringade Sydkoreanska kritiker uppmärksamhet till misstag och oriktigheter i Deborah Smiths översättning och kritiserade den hårt, men tog också debatten om fri och exakt översättning till allmänhetens ögon. I Sverige översattes boken till svenska från Deborah Smiths engelska av Eva Johansson och släpptes under titelnVegetarianeni januari 2017. Denna uppsats använder en komparativ kvalitativ metod för att undersöka hur Hans novell förändrats under processen av direkt och indirekt översättning av Smith och Johansson, och om Smiths översättning förändrats under hennes arbete med novellen. Genom Smiths väldigt fria metod av översättning resulterar översättningen stundtals i utmärkande förändringar i ton, atmosfär och karaktärisering. Misstag gör det uppenbart att hon inte hade tillräckliga färdigheter i det koreanska språket, dock ses hon bli mer bekväm med språket i slutet av novellen. Johannson är väldigt lojal till Smiths engelska översättning då svenska och engelska är betydligt mer liknande språk i struktur och litterär tradition. Hon är också en väldigt erfaren översättare. Trots Smiths bristfällande översättning har The Vegetarianblivit en ringande succé. Författaren av denna uppsats hoppas att mer undersökning kommer att göras i området koreansk-engelsk översättning och indirekt översättning från koreanska för att ytterligare identifiera de problem som översättare av koreanska stöter på och för att avancera översatt koreansk litteratur.

Syftet med den här produktorienterade studien är att undersöka vilka översättningsnormer som är aktuella för indirekt översättning av hebreisk skönlitteratur till svenska. I studien genomförs en kontrastiv undersökning av kulturspecifika element (ECR) med utgångspunkt i Tourys (1995/2012) coupled pairs kompletterad med Pedersens (2011) typologi. Materialet består av 3 x 136 coupled pairs excerperade från en novellsamling skriven av den israeliska högprestigeförfattaren Amos Oz och översatt till svenska genom engelska. Båda översättningarna utfördes av högprestigeöversättare. Resultatet antyder att indirekt översättning av skönlitteratur ansluter sig till adekvansnormen i enlighet med hypotesen om högprestigeöversättare (Lindqvist 2002). Hypotesen om acceptansinriktning beträffande indirekt översättning falsifierades i studien. / The following product–oriented study deals with translational norms operating in indirect translation of Hebrew literature into Swedish. The research was conducted as a contrastive study of Extra–linguistic Cultural References (ECR) based on Toury’s (1995/2012) coupled pairs and supplemented with Pedersen’s typology (2011). The material consisted of 3 x 136 coupled pairs excerpted from a collection of short stories written by an Israeli high–prestige writer Amos Oz and translated into Swedish through English. Both translations were carried out by high–prestige translators. The results suggest that indirect literary translation follows the adequacy norm in accordance with the hypothesis on high–prestige translation (Lindqvist 2002). The hypothesis on acceptancy norms operating in indirect translation is rejected.