Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-12-04T17:16:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Larissa Garcia Barbosa Mendonça - 2017.pdf: 1733603 bytes, checksum: baf7483e772da9cebb9eb568f8e055e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-12-06T11:36:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Larissa Garcia Barbosa Mendonça - 2017.pdf: 1733603 bytes, checksum: baf7483e772da9cebb9eb568f8e055e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-06T11:36:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Larissa Garcia Barbosa Mendonça - 2017.pdf: 1733603 bytes, checksum: baf7483e772da9cebb9eb568f8e055e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The research intents to identify if constitutional changes made after 1988 Constitution’s promulgation indicates a tendency to institutionalize the party system or reinforce individualistic behavior. From a neo-institutionalist perspective, it is believed that the analysis of the country's formal rules is an indispensable source for understanding the paths that the party system has taken. In order to answer the question, the original text of the Constitution that relates to the subject was described before any amendment and analyzed the constitutional amendments and decisions of the Federal Supreme Court that could alter in any way the party’s dynamics. The data show that the changes throughout the almost 30 years of the Constitution, are not linear, sometimes favoring individualistic behavior, or strengthening political parties. However, as the final balance of constitutional changes, we found that political parties would emerge as a stronger institution. / A pesquisa se propõe a identificar se as alterações constitucionais realizadas após a promulgação da Constituição de 1988 indicam tendência de institucionalização do sistema partidário ou reforço do comportamento individualista. Em uma perspectiva neo-institucionalista, acredita-se que a análise das regras formais do país seja uma fonte indispensável para a compreensão dos caminhos que o sistema partidário tem trilhado. Para responder a pergunta foi levantado o texto original da Constituição pertinente à temática antes de qualquer alteração, assim como analisadas as emendas constitucionais e decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal que pudessem alterar em alguma medida tal dinâmica. Os dados encontrados demonstram que as alterações ao longo dos quase 30 anos de vigência da Constituição não são lineares, ora favorecendo comportamentos individualistas, ora fortalecendo os partidos políticos. No entanto, como saldo final das alterações constitucionais os partidos políticos sairiam como instituição mais fortalecida.

Word of Mouth (WOM) is an ancient concept that has been around since the uprising of markets. However, due to the increased internet usage a new form of WOM has emerged called Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM). The concept of eWOM takes form when consumers communicate with each other or a company online. Consumers can communicate by sharing positive and negative comments about the experiences they have had with companies and products. These comments have a positive or negative effect on consumer satisfaction and a company's reputation. Due to this it is important for companies to communicate with their consumers online across various platforms. Companies can communicate with their consumers by responding to comments. An industry that frequently responds to consumers eWOM is the hotel industry. Hotel guests often write reviews and comments online that managers in the hotel industry respond to. However, hotels have visitors from all around the world and consumers from different cultures tend to engage in eWOM in different ways. This is important for hotels to be aware of. Hence, the purpose of this study is to gain a more profound understanding on how managers in the hotel industry respond to eWOM posted on social media and review sites by consumers from different cultures.   This study is a case study where two hotels located in northern Sweden have been interviewed. The interviewees of the two hotels are managers with a lot of experience of the hotel industry. The findings of the case study suggest that hotels respond to consumers' positive and negative eWOM. Positive comments are usually responded to with a personalized and appreciative response to increase consumer satisfaction. Negative comments are responded to by addressing the issue in order to make up for service failure. The study also found that hotels do not pay much attention to cultural differences and the reason for this is because most of the hotel’s consumers are from individualistic cultures.

Social support is associated with mental and physical health. It is important to consider culture in order to understand stress responses to everyday hassles and use of coping strategies. The current investigation hypothesized that (1) Ukrainian college students representative of a collectivistic culture would have lower levels of perceived stress than would US college students representative of a highly individualized culture, (2) Ukrainian college students would have evidence of greater social support compared to US college students, and (3) social support would mitigate differences in perceived stress between the two cultures. Based on 61 US participants recruited from Brigham Young University and 100 Ukrainian participants recruited from Sumy State University in Ukraine and using linear regression to predict college students perceived stress level from culture and MANOVA to investigate the differences in social support between two cultures, American and Ukrainian respondents scored similarly on measure of perceived stress. Moreover, American respondents reported using more social support for coping with stress than did Ukrainian respondents. These results challenge the hypothesis that collectivistic cultures use more coping strategies based on social support than do individualistic cultures and suggest that certain groups within an individualistic culture may cope with stress with social support.

Parentification, the process of role reversal between parent and child, has long-term deleterious consequences. Using 500 men and 501 women, ranging from 18 years to 55 years old, residing in Korea and the U.S., this study examined the relationship of parentification experienced during childhood and depression in adulthood. The moderating impact of gender and self-care was examined in both the Korean and U.S. samples. Multiple-group analysis showed that the relationship between parentification and depression was statistically significant in all groups (U.S., Korean, male, and female), and self-care was negatively linked to depression. However, self-care did not moderate the relationship between parentification and depression in any of the groups. Further analysis using mixture modeling revealed that there were two distinct classes. The majority class, comprising 94.4% of the sample, contained the individuals who practiced more self-care and were more depressed than those in the other class and showed a significant moderation effect of self-care in the association between parentification and depression in the expected direction. However, the minority class, comprising 5.6% of the sample, contained the individuals who practiced less self-care and were less depressed than those in the majority class and showed a signification moderation effect of self-care in the opposite direction with much greater effect sizes enough to negate the moderation effect from the majority class. In other words, self-care appeared to worsen the relationship between parentification and depression for those in the minority class. Implications for therapy are discussed.

Yes / This study empirically examines the combined effect of two crucial internal consumer predispositions, self-identity (SI) and internal environmental locus of control (INELOC), among consumers in a collectivistic culture and an individualistic culture. The study validated the extended theory of planned behaviour to predict consumers' green purchase intentions. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse primary data collected from 365 American and 408 Indian respondents. Analysis revealed differences between the two cultures. Green self-identity influenced attitude more than perceived behavioural control among American consumers, while the reverse was true for Indian consumers. Conversely, INELOC positively and significantly affected only Indian consumers’ perceived behavioural control, not that of American consumers.

SummaryThis study intends to give the reader explanations of attitudes regarding the importance of global warming issues and modification of behaviors in order to mitigate problems. Measurements of optimism, locus of control and self-esteem have been used as mediat-ing factors. Data is collected from Indonesia and Sweden through questionnaires.BackgroundGlobal warming problems are today one of the most important missions politicians together with scientists have to resolve, and this includes an economic division of re-sponsibility worldwide. Psychology has a huge role in order to understand and change individuals' attitudes toward global warming issues.ObjectiveOur purpose with the study is to explore cultural differences in attitudes regarding global warming, specifically regarding the importance of global warming issues and regarding modification of behaviors in order to mitigate problems.MethodWith the use of questionnaires a quantitative study was conducted in the two cultures Indonesia and Sweden. Measurements of individualism/collectivism, Locus of control, Optimism and Self-esteem were used as mediating variables between culture and attitudes regarding global warming.ResultIndonesian respondents found global warming issues to be more important, than Swedish respondents. Swedish respondents were more willing to modify their behavior in order to mitigate global warming problems, than Indonesian respondents.

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of cooperative learning method and individualistic learning method on learning outcomes and training reactions of adults participating an in-service training course. The study was conducted with 42 adults in pilot study and 92 in main study conducted in a government bank. Subjects were randomly assigned to two pilot study groups and four main study groups. Two different training programs were developed, one for individualistic learning, and the other for cooperative learning in order to test the effect of each method on learning outcomes and training reactions. The content and length of the training programs taught were held constant, and duration of training was totally 15 hours (3 hours in each of the five days). Participants, in all groups, learned the same topic of &ldquo / Structured On-the-Job Training&rdquo / and were taught by the same trainer. Cooperative learning groups worked on the exercises structured with the five basic elements of cooperative learning, and the individualistic learning groups worked as individually with the instructor calling on participants at random. Learning Outcomes Tests were administered at the end of each day to measure cognitive learning outcomes, which learners attained during the Training. Training Reactions Questionnaire was administered at the end of the Training. A significant difference between the cooperative learning group and the individualistic learning group was examined concerning learning outcomes as a result of ANCOVA by using the age as covariate. Subjects in the cooperative learning group had a significantly higher level of Learning Outcomes Test score than did those in the individualistic learning group. However, there was no significant difference between the cooperative learning groups and individualistic learning groups based on their training reactions. This study indicated that cooperative learning appears to be a method of instruction that is well suited to the needs of adult learners. Subjects of the study learned more through the cooperative learning method than individualistic learning method that was used. They responded to training as much positive as their counterparts learning in individualistic learning group. Results of the study suggest that structuring positive social interdependence in the classroom through cooperative learning procedures can be used effectively within adult education and specifically training settings.

Denna studies syfte är att undersöka institutionella demokratihändelser i förskolan utifrån följande frågeställningar.   Vilka möjligheter ger förskolan som institution barn till individualistiska demokratihändelser?   Hur kan förskollärare möjliggöra individualistiska demokratihändelser för barnen i förskolan?   Hur kan förskollärare synliggöra individualistiska demokratihändelser i förskolan?   För att möjliggöra ett undersökande av institutionella demokratihändelser i förskolan och för att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar på bästa sätt har semistrukturerade intervjuer använts som metod. Fyra förskollärare från en förskola i en mellanstor svensk kommun har deltagit i intervjuerna.   Resultatet visar att förskolan som institution ger barn goda möjligheter till individualistiska demokratihändelser under vissa förutsättningar. Vidare visar resultatet att förskollärare kan möjliggöra individualistiska demokratihändelser i förskolan genom att aktivt arbeta för en tillgänglig och tillåtande miljö med trygga barn. Resultatet för studiens sista frågeställning visar att ett synliggörande av individualistiska demokratihändelser i förskolan kan ske genom förskolans utvärderingar och dokumentationsarbete. / The aim of this study is to examine institutional democracy events in preschool based on the following questions.   Which possibilities does the preschool as an institution afford children when it comes to individualistic democracy events?    How can preschool teachers facilitate individualistic democracy events for children in preschool?   How can preschool teachers make visible individualistic democracy events in preschool?   Semi structured interviews have been used as a method to enable a study of institutional democracy events in preschool and to be able to answer the study’s questions in the best way. Four preschool teachers from a preschool in a medium sized Swedish municipality have taken part in the interviews.   The result shows that preschool as an institution gives children good possibilities to individualistic democracy events under certain conditions. Furthermore, the result shows that preschool teachers can enable individualistic democracy events in preschool by actively working towards an accessible and acceptant environment with confident children. The result of the study’s last question shows that making individualistic democracy events visible in preschool can take place through the preschool’s evaluations and documentation work.

Emotional intelligence (EI) in organisations has grown immensely over the past two decades. Considerable research regarding this concept and the advantages it poses for the individual as well as the organisation has been conducted; however, one aspect that has not been explored sufficiently is the extent to which EI can be viewed as a culturally relevant concept. The presumption that emotions can be explained in the same way across different culture cannot be made; therefore measuring EI across cultures becomes important and challenging. Language can be viewed as a vehicle of culture, and emotions are shaped by the language spoken in the specific culture. A quantitative research design was used in this study. The sample consisted of mid-level miners from the Gauteng and North West Province (N = 357). Stratified sampling was used to include the West-Germanic (English and Afrikaans; n = 158) and Sotho group (North Sotho, South Sotho, and Setswana; n = 199). Questionnaires were distributed amongst the participants from the different mines, were completed within a set time, and collected immediately afterwards. The first objective of the study was to determine whether the Greek Emotional Intelligence Scale (GEIS) is a reliable test when measuring West-Germanic (English and Afrikaans) and Sotho (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, and Setswana) languages. A four-factor model on the combined sample as well as the two language groups was tested. The four factor model of the West-Germanic group showed poor alphas. (Expression and Recognition of Emotions = 0.66; Caring and Empathy = 0.63; Control of Emotions = 0.80 and Use of Emotions to Facilitate Thinking = 0.62.) Several items from the expression and recognition scale cross-loaded on the other three factors, and it was decided to test a three-factor model. The three factor model indicated the best goodness-of-fit indices and showed acceptable alpha coefficients (Use of Emotion to Facilitate Thinking = 0.83; Caring and Empathy = 0.83 and Control of Emotions = 0.77). The second objective was to determine if the Greek Emotional Intelligence Scale is an equivalent measuring instrument when measuring the West-Germanic (English and Afrikaans) and Sotho (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, and Setswana) languages. Goodness-of-fit was tested on the total population as well as the two language family groups. The four factors are Expression and Recognition of Emotions, Caring and Empathy, Control of Emotions and Use of Emotions. The model indices (GFI, CFI and RMSEA) were satisfactory on the total population as well as the Sotho groups, but there were problems noted when testing the goodness-of-fit for the West- Germanic language group. It was therefore decided to test a three factor model (Use of Emotions, Caring and Empathy and Control of Emotions). These problems could possibly be explained by the cultural differences between the two language groups. The final research objective was to investigate whether the items of the Greek Emotional Intelligence Scale are unbiased when measuring West-Germanic (English and Afrikaans) and Sotho (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, and Setswana) languages. Firstly, ANOVAS were produced to determine the mean differences between the groups. There weren’t many differences, indicating none or little biasness between the groups. Then, the uniform and non-uniform biasness was tested by means of Ordinal Logistic Regression to asses Differential Item Functioning. The majority of the items did not have both uniform and non-uniform biasness. The few that did however, (41, 37, 36, 14 and 18) can be explained by the different ways in which cultures interpret emotions as proven in the literature. Recommendations were made for future research. / Thesis (MCom (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Emotional intelligence (EI) in organisations has grown immensely over the past two decades. Considerable research regarding this concept and the advantages it poses for the individual as well as the organisation has been conducted; however, one aspect that has not been explored sufficiently is the extent to which EI can be viewed as a culturally relevant concept. The presumption that emotions can be explained in the same way across different culture cannot be made; therefore measuring EI across cultures becomes important and challenging. Language can be viewed as a vehicle of culture, and emotions are shaped by the language spoken in the specific culture. A quantitative research design was used in this study. The sample consisted of mid-level miners from the Gauteng and North West Province (N = 357). Stratified sampling was used to include the West-Germanic (English and Afrikaans; n = 158) and Sotho group (North Sotho, South Sotho, and Setswana; n = 199). Questionnaires were distributed amongst the participants from the different mines, were completed within a set time, and collected immediately afterwards. The first objective of the study was to determine whether the Greek Emotional Intelligence Scale (GEIS) is a reliable test when measuring West-Germanic (English and Afrikaans) and Sotho (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, and Setswana) languages. A four-factor model on the combined sample as well as the two language groups was tested. The four factor model of the West-Germanic group showed poor alphas. (Expression and Recognition of Emotions = 0.66; Caring and Empathy = 0.63; Control of Emotions = 0.80 and Use of Emotions to Facilitate Thinking = 0.62.) Several items from the expression and recognition scale cross-loaded on the other three factors, and it was decided to test a three-factor model. The three factor model indicated the best goodness-of-fit indices and showed acceptable alpha coefficients (Use of Emotion to Facilitate Thinking = 0.83; Caring and Empathy = 0.83 and Control of Emotions = 0.77). The second objective was to determine if the Greek Emotional Intelligence Scale is an equivalent measuring instrument when measuring the West-Germanic (English and Afrikaans) and Sotho (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, and Setswana) languages. Goodness-of-fit was tested on the total population as well as the two language family groups. The four factors are Expression and Recognition of Emotions, Caring and Empathy, Control of Emotions and Use of Emotions. The model indices (GFI, CFI and RMSEA) were satisfactory on the total population as well as the Sotho groups, but there were problems noted when testing the goodness-of-fit for the West- Germanic language group. It was therefore decided to test a three factor model (Use of Emotions, Caring and Empathy and Control of Emotions). These problems could possibly be explained by the cultural differences between the two language groups. The final research objective was to investigate whether the items of the Greek Emotional Intelligence Scale are unbiased when measuring West-Germanic (English and Afrikaans) and Sotho (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, and Setswana) languages. Firstly, ANOVAS were produced to determine the mean differences between the groups. There weren’t many differences, indicating none or little biasness between the groups. Then, the uniform and non-uniform biasness was tested by means of Ordinal Logistic Regression to asses Differential Item Functioning. The majority of the items did not have both uniform and non-uniform biasness. The few that did however, (41, 37, 36, 14 and 18) can be explained by the different ways in which cultures interpret emotions as proven in the literature. Recommendations were made for future research. / Thesis (MCom (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013