Järnvägsbron vid Årstaberg kommer när den är klar att mäta 1,4 km, här passerar över 550 tåg per dygn. Bron är en del av projektet Citybanan och kommer att fungera som en spårväxel som styr fjärr-, regional- och godståg till den gamla östra Årstabron. Pendeltågen kommer då färdas på bron över Årstaviken och in i den nya järnvägstunneln vid Södra station. Entreprenaden gick från början till danska företaget Pihl och Son som efter en del problem gick i konkurs, underentreprenören Züblin fick då ta över projektet. Med en ny platsledning gjordes en hel del förändringar på arbetsgången och arbetsmomenten. Från 4 veckor per sektion, där en sektion mäter ca 30 meter lyckades Züblin tillslut effektivisera till 2 veckor. Det speciella med detta projekt är den formvagn som används, den så kallade MSS:en (Moving Scaffolding System) som är relativt ovanlig i Sverige. Författarnas uppgift var att undersöka och utreda för ytterligare effektiviseringar samt redogöra för de effektiviseringar som redan gjorts av Züblin. För att ta reda på hur arbetsgången går till har en sektion av överbyggnaden följts under byggprocessen. Författarna har tagit del av tekniska detaljer som temperatursprickor, armering, spännarmering, betongkvalité och inte minst själva formvagnen. För att få en uppfattning granskades dokument och handlingar om projektet parallellt med intervjuer med inblandade och sakkunniga. Eftersom många effektiviseringsåtgärder var genomförda när författarna påbörjade examensarbetet hos Züblin lämnades inte mycket utrymme för effektiviseringar av tekniska åtgärder. Effektiviseringar som författarna har kommit fram till gäller främst arbetsmetoder och material där mer prefabricering på armering och formning över brostöd, användning av rullarmering och självkompakterande betong. Med tanke på att inga tester och provningar har utförts är detta spekulationer som tagits i samråd med inblandade nyckelpersoner med stor erfarenhet inom sina respektive områden. / The railway bridge at Årstaberg will measure 1,4 km when finished, over 550 trains passes by every 24 hours. The bridge is a part of the project Citybanan and will serve as a railway gear that directs the long-distance, regional- and cargo trains to the old Årstabron. The commuter trains will then travel on the bridge over Årstaviken and into the new railway tunnel at Södra Station. The first contractor was the Danish company Phil & Son, who after some struggles and problems went bankrupt. The subcontractor Züblin then took over the project. With the new site management, whole new changes were made considering the workflow and other operations. From 4 weeks per section, were one section measures 30 meters, Züblin managed to reach 2 weeks. The authors' task was to investigate for further efficiency and account for the efficiency improvements already made by Züblin. In order to receive a full understanding about the workflow on sight, every step of the process has been followed on one section of the superstructure under the construction process. The technical details have been analyzed such as temperature cracks, reinforcement, stressing and concrete quality. Documents about the project had to be examined and interviews with the involved experts and thoroughly follow the operations on site. Since many efficiency measures were implemented when the authors began this degree project at Züblin, not much space was left for technical efficiency improvements. The efficiencies that caught the attention is mostly working methods and material use where more prefabrication should be utilized considering the reinforcement and forming over pillars, use of rolled reinforcement and self- consolidating concrete. Considering no tests or try-outs have been made this is only speculations which have been discussed with the involved experts with great experience in their field.

Marinmåleriet som genre i allmänhet, och dess undergenre skeppsporträttet i synnerhet har länge haft en marginaliserad ställning inom svensk konsthistorieskrivning. Genom att undersöka den svenske marinmålaren Pehr Wilhelm (P W) Cedergrens (1823-1896) skisser söker jag ta reda på utifrån vilka premisser svenska marinmålare under 1800-talets senare hälft. Detta gör jag genom att undersöka vilka motiv som förekommer i P W Cedergrens skisser, och hur konstnären skildrar fartyg i dessa. Fokus i undersökningen är Cedergrens skissbok från sin studieresa i samband med Världsutställningen i London 1851. Metoden för undersökningen är kvalitativa arkivstudier, där jag sedan utför formal- och kontextanalyser på mitt urval. Analysen av skisserna utförs med hjälp av sociolog och konstvetare Janet Wolffs marxistisk-inspirerade teorier om konst som social produktion. Uppsatsens analysdel består av Världsutställningens bakgrund, en historisk redogörelse för det västerländska marinmåleriets framväxt, en biografi över Cedergren, analyser av konstnärens skisser samt en avslutande diskussion. Resultatet av undersökningen visar dels att förutom fartyg avbildar Cedergren en mängd andra motiv såsom landskap, byggnader och människor. Dels visar undersökningen att Cedergrens avbildningar av fartyg i de analyserade skisserna ofta är präglade av tekniska aspekter, snarare än estetiska. Då dessa aspekter förekommer i en del av materialet är detta dock snarare avhängigt kontexten.

According to Ronald Ingleharts research deindustrialized and affluent societies are expected to have increasingly open, progressive, and tolerant citizens. However, during the last decade political developments have been reversed. More than 25% of Europeans now adays vote for a right-wing populist party. In addition, the globalization has created winning and losing regions, with one of its biggest impacts being deindustrialization of the West. Big cities have flourished while disfavored suburbs, smaller industrial towns and rural communities have been marginalized. Consequently, the support for right-wing populist movements is often highest in such negatively affected areas. Inglehart have previously explained this through the idea of a “conservative backlash” caused by a combination of increasing inequality and culturally revolting age-cohorts. His arguments are mainly based on cross-national or intranational data while other research pointing at the necessity to analyze the association between regional deindustrialization and the rise of the far right. This thesis filles that gap by conducting a multi- level analysis, in which Ingleharts theory is tested by studying associations between values and changing levels of industrialization in 327 European regions. The result confirms earlier research regarding the association between industrialization and authoritarian-libertarian values, but puts in to question Ingleharts explanation of inequality as the reason for the contemporary conservative backlashes. The result shows no support for a relationship between inequality and authoritarian-liberal values.

The construction sector in Sweden released 21% of the country’s CO2-e emissions in. With aggressive climate and pollution goals these emissions cannot be allowed to increase. There is therefore a need for more efficient construction methods and techniques in the Swedish construction sector. The construction sector is today split up between industrial construction and traditional construction. Industrial construction handles the construction process with a strong emphasis on the process and allocates all its efforts toward streamlining the process and removing wasteful steps and elements. Traditional construction places more focus on the individual project. It has one major advantage, which is its exceptional ability to adapt the specific project according to the wishes and demands of the customer and the project’s other unique circumstances.   The IHB-model is the theory of industrial construction used in this study. This study seeks to find out which parts or mindsets from the IHB-model that can be applied to a traditional construction company, OF Bygg in Umeå, to increase its efficiency. This is done by studying the current use of industrial methods by OF Bygg, their views of industrial construction and comparing this to the IHB-model and looking at what parts can be applied to OF Bygg without fundamental shakeups in the company’s structure. The study of OF Bygg is mainly done through interviews with respondents from the company.    During the interviews, a sense of general positivity towards industrial construction was given off by the respondents. It also became apparent that OF Bygg was partially industrialised in some areas, but that there remains big possibilities for improvement.   Off-site manufacturing is used today in the shape of “field factories” and supply deals with industrial suppliers. Both of these are great industrialised methods and should be expanded upon whenever possible. Developed technical systems are used in most projects during certain stages. Efforts should be put into using these more extensively. ICT-tools are also used in most of OF Bygg’s areas but vertically integrating these tools further should be explored. Long term relations between OF Bygg and other market participants are rare since they’re considered detrimental to the health of the local market. Supply chain management is being handled through deals with logistics companies. OF Bygg could become their own logistics company with a centralised material warehouse to ease the logistics and enable use of JIT. Planning and control of the process is mostly handled through general project schedules. The Last Planner system alongside stricter routines is suggested. Customer focus is currently unnecessary for OF Bygg to bother with due to restrictions in the local market. Performance measurement and re-use of experience often get under prioritized often due to lack of time. The transfer of responsibility from the project or site management to a role specified to handle performance measurement and re-use of experience is encouraged.

The study examines the occurrence of children born out of wedlock in four parishes belonging to the current Karlskrona municipality during the period 1875–1925. The parishes surveyed are Fridlevstad, Rödeby, Tving and Karlskrona city-parish. The period is divided into two parts where the first includes the years 1875–1890 and the second part includes the years 1910–1925. The proportion of children with unknown/known fathers, the mothers' occupations, the fathers' occupations, and the mothers' age are also used as survey variables. The proportion of known fathers increases significantly between the study periods, which could be explained by a reduced internal social control, while the study shows that the introduction of a child welfare officer in 1918 resulted in an increased proportion of known fathers. The mothers' occupational designations change between the periods, for example, the proportion of maids decreases while other occupations are added. In the city-parish, professions such as washerwoman and waitress are added during the second period. The proportion of women working in the industry also increases between the survey periods. The increased proportion of professions, especially in the city-parish, could be linked to the demographic transition. As more people settle in a city, new needs emerge and thus also new occupational categories. The age of the mothers decreases between the study periods. When it comes to class affiliation, it can be noted that most of the fathers and mothers belonged to the working class. However, the proportion of fathers belonging to the middle class was higher than the proportion of mothers belonging to the middle class.