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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

A ativação de caspase-8 no inflamassoma de Naip5/NLRC4 em resposta a infecção por Legionella pneumophila / The activation of caspase-8 by Naip5/NLRC4 inflammasome in response to Legionella pneumophila infection

Mascarenhas, Danielle Pini Alves 04 May 2018 (has links)
A bactéria Legionella pneumophila é um bacilo Gram-negativo, flagelado causador da doença dos legionários e febre de Pontiac. O inflamassoma mais importante no controle da replicação desta bactéria é o composto por Naip5/NLRC4, que é responsável pelo reconhecimento de flagelina. A ativação do inflamassoma de Naip5/NLRC4 pela flagelina induz a ativação de caspase-1, induzindo a formação de poros na membrana, piroptose e controle da replicação desta bactéria. A participação da proteína adaptadora ASC é essencial para a nucleação deste complexo e secreção de citocinas inflamatórias como IL-1? e IL-18 por esta via. Além do controle da replicação de L. pneumophila pelo inflamassoma NLRC4 dependente de caspase-1, foi demonstrado que existe uma via induzida por NLRC4 independente de caspase- 1/11. Dessa forma, camundongos e células Nlrc4-/- são mais susceptíveis à infecção por esta bactéria do que as células Casp1/11-/-. Neste trabalho, nós identificamos que a via independente de caspase-1/11 é composta por Naip5/NLRC4/ASC/Caspase-8 e é essencial para o controle da replicação de Legionella spp. flageladas em macrófagos e in vivo. Através da utilização de BMDMs Casp1/11-/- e Asc/Casp1/11-/- transduzidos com NLRC4-GFP ou ASC-GFP, identificamos que a formação de punctas de NLRC4 e ASC dependem do reconhecimento de flagelina e que ASC é essencial para a formação desses punctas. Também foi identificado que a infecção com L. pneumophila que expressa flagelina leva à ativação de caspase-8 de maneira dependente de ASC e Naip5, mas independente de caspase-1/11. De acordo com esses dados, o silenciamento de caspase-8 em macrófagos Casp1/11-/- aumentou a susceptibilidade dessas células à infecção com L. pneumophila flagelada. Além disso, macrófagos e camundongos Asc/Casp1/11-/- foram tão susceptíveis quanto os Nlrc4- /- e mais susceptíveis que os Casp1/11-/-. Nós observamos que o inflamassoma de NLRC4/ASC/Caspase-8 induz formação de poros e morte celular independente de gasdermina-D (GSDMD). Por meio da utilização de células de camundongos C57BL/6, foi observado que caspase-8 é recrutada para o inflamassoma de Naip5/NLRC4/ASC/Caspase-1. Entretanto, a ativação de caspase-8 só ocorre na 10 ausência de caspase-1 ou GSDMD. Nossos dados sugerem que a ativação de caspase-8 no inflamassoma composto por NLRC4/ASC/Caspase-8 representa uma via alternativa que opera para garantir o controle da replicação de bactérias flageladas em situações nas quais ou caspase-1 ou GSDMD estão inibidas. / Legionella pneumophila is a flagellated Gram-negative bacillus that is the causative agent of the legionnaire\'s disease and Pontiac fever. The most important inflammasome for the control of L. pneumophila replication is the Naip5/NLRC4, responsible for the flagellin recognition. The activation of the Naip5/NLRC4 inflammasome leads to caspase-1 activation, consequently pore formation, pyroptosis and control of bacterial replication. The participation of the adaptor molecule ASC is essential for this complex nucleation and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1? and IL-18 by this pathway. Besides the control of L. pneumophila replication by Naip5/NLRC4/Caspase-1 inflammasome, it was demonstrated there are NLRC4 responses independent of caspase-1/11. These explain why mice and macrophages Nlrc4-/- are more susceptible than Casp1/11-/-. In this work, we identified that the caspase-1/11-independent pathway is composed of Naip5/NLRC4/ASC/Caspase-8 and it is essential for the control of flagellated Legionella spp. replication in macrophages and in vivo. Infection of Casp1/11-/- and Asc/Casp1/11-/- macrophages, transduced with NLRC4-GFP or ASC-GFP, showed that flagellin-positive bacteria triggered puncta formation that is ASC-dependent. Accordingly, Naip5 and ASC, but not caspase-1/11, were required for caspase-8 activation in response to flagellated bacteria. Silencing caspase-8 in Casp1/11-/- BMDMs increased the susceptibility to L. pneumophila infection. Furthermore, the macrophages and mice Asc/Casp1/11-/- are as susceptible as Nlrc4-/-, but more susceptible than Casp1/11-/-. We also found that the NLRC4/ASC/Caspase-8 inflammasome induces GSDMD-independent pore formation and cell death. Using C57BL/6 cells, we observed that caspase-8 is recruited to Naip5/NLRC4/ASC/Caspase-1 inflammasome. However, caspase-8 is just activated in the absence of caspase-1 or GSDMD. Our data suggest that caspase-8 activation in the NLRC4/ASC/Caspase-8 inflammasome represents an alternative pathway that operates to ensure the control of flagellated bacteria replication in situations which either caspase-1 or GSDMD are inhibited.
52

Papel do inflamassoma na imunopatogênese da malária grave. / Role of the inflammasome in the immunopathogenesis of severe malaria.

Reis, Aramys Silva dos 02 March 2017 (has links)
A síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA) e a malária placentária (MP) são complicações da malária, cujos mecanismos imunopatogênicos pouco compreendidos. Neste trabalho, mostramos que camundongos MyD88-/- e Casp1/11-/- não desenvolveu SDRA, morrendo devido ao quadro de anemia severa associada à hiperparasitemia. Posteriormente, demonstrou-se que, embora a patogênese da doença dependa do inflamassoma AIM2, não depende dos inflamassomas NLRP3 e NLRC4 e do eixo IL1. Em uma segunda etapa do projeto foi mostrado que a progressão da PM são decorrentes da ativação das vias de sinalização TLR4/9/MyD88, mas não do TLR2. Ademais, evidenciou-se a participação dos inflamassomas NLRP3 e AIM2, porém não do NLRC4, nesse processo. Por fim, os dados obtidos sugerem que a ativação dessas vias culmina com a liberação de IL-1β que, ao agir em seu receptor, inibe a expressão de transportadores de aminoácidos e glicose, com consequente disfunção do desenvolvimento do feto em camundongos grávidas com MP. Em conclusão, este trabalho apresenta, pela primeira vez, uma associação entre a ativação da via MyD88 e dos inflamassomas pelo plasmódio e a progressão da SDRA e MP. / Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and placental malaria (PM) are complications of the malaria, whose the immunopathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. In that study we showed that MyD88-/- and Casp 1/11-/- mice did not develop ARDS, dying due to severe anemia associated to hyperparasitemia. Subsequently, it was been shown that although such mechanism depends on the AIM2 inflammasome, it does not depend on the NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes and the IL-1 axis. In a second stage of the project, it should be noted that those complications are due to the activation of the TLR4/9/MyD88 signaling pathways, but not the TLR2. In addition, the participation of the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammosomes, but not the NLRC4 was shown in that process. Finally, the data suggest that the activation of these pathways culminates with the release of the IL-1β which acts on its receptor inhibiting the amino acid expression and glucose transporters with a consequent dysfunction in the fetal development of pregnant mice with MP. In conclusion, this work makes for the first time an association between the MyD88 pathway activation and inflammasomes by plasmodium and the progression of the ARDS and MP.
53

Inflamação e alteração metabólica na caquexia: papel dos adipócitos, do fígado e da modulação oferecida pela microbiota intestinal. / Cancer cachexia inflammation and metabolic: contribution of adipocyte, of the liver and modulation by intestinal microbiota.

Neves, Rodrigo Xavier das 10 June 2016 (has links)
Objetivo do estudo foi estudar a participação dos adipócitos e do fígado na inflamação e o papel da microbiota ao longo da progressão da caquexia. Para verificar o comportamento dos adipócitos e do fígado utilizamos ratos Wistar macho de 8 semanas, divididos em dois grupos: i) controle; ii) tumor. Este último foi subdividido em 2 grupos: a) 7º. e b) 14º. dia após a inoculação das células tumorais. Para avaliar o comportamento da microbiota durante o quadro de caquexia utilizamos camundongos C57Bl/6 convencional e germ free de 8-10 semanas, divididos em quatro grupos: i) Convencional controle; ii) Germ Free controle; iii) Convencional tumor; iv) Germ Free tumor. A célula tumoral usada para esse modelo foi Lewis Lung Carcinoma. Adipócitos isolados dos TAB, mesentérico, mais o fígado, mostraram que a via do inflamassoma esta ativa na fase terminal da caquexia. No modelo Germ Free, observamos que a caquexia apresenta-se é acelerada no tecido adiposo epididimal comparado aos camundongos convencionais tumor. Em conclusão, os adipócitos e o fígado desempenha papel importante no estabelecimento da inflamação, enquanto que a simbiose da microbiota parece ser essencial para combater a redução do tecido adiposo. / The goal of this study the role of adipocytes and liver inflammation and the role of microbiota along the progression of cachexia. The main aspects evaluated were increased of the inflammation, alteration in both pathways NF-kB and the inflammasome, and importance of the microbiota during progression of cachexia. To verify the behavior of adipocytes and liver I used Eight weeks-old male rats, I divided into two main groups: i) control; ii) tumor. The latter was divided into 2 groups: a) 7º. and b) 14º. day after tumor cell. To assess the microbial behavior during the development of cachexia I used C57BL/6 conventional mice and Germ Free 8-10 weeks, they were divided into four groups: i) Conventional control; ii) Germ Free control; iii) Conventional tumor; iv) Germ Free tumor. The tumor cell used in this model was Lewis Lung Carcinoma. Adipocytes isolated from TAB, mesenteric further the liver, showed that the inflammasome pathway is active in the terminal phase of cachexia. In model of Germ free mice we observed that cachexia is accelerated in epididymal adipose tissue compared to conventional tumor. In conclusion, adipocytes and liver seem to play a relevant role in the establishment of inflammation, while the microbial symbiosis seems to be essential for combating the reduction of adipose tissue.
54

Avaliação dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na expressão de iNOS mediada pelo eixo NAIP5/NLRC4-Caspase-1. / Evaluation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the iNOS expression by NAIP5/NLRC4-Caspase-1 axis.

Lima, Carina Buzzo de 07 February 2014 (has links)
O reconhecimento da flagelina é compartilhado pelo receptor transmembrânico TLR5 e citosólico NAIP5/NLRC4. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos efetores individuais induzidos a partir do reconhecimento extra e intracelular da flagelina. Aqui, nós demonstramos que macrófagos estimulados com a flagelina citosólica (FLA-BSDot) induziu a expressão de iNOS, enzima responsável pela produção do óxido nítrico (NO). A expressão de iNOS foi dependente do eixo NAIP5/NLRC4/caspase-1 e independente de IL-1β, IL-18 e MyD88, descartando a via de ativação dos TLRs. Ainda, esta via não requer a ativação do fator de transcrição IRF-1, mas envolve a ativação do NF-kB, assim como a clivagem da enzima PARP-1 (poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1). Por fim, avaliamos a relevância biológica desta via no controle das infecções por L. pneumophila e S. Typhimurium, dados que definem um mecanismo efetor adicional no controle de patógenos. / Recognition of flagellin is shared by transmembranic TLR5 and cytosolic NAIP5/NLRC4. However, little is known about the individual effector mechanisms induced by extra and intracellular flagellin. Here, we have demonstrated that cytosolic flagellin-stimulated macrophages (FLA-BSDot) induced iNOS expression, an enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide (NO). iNOS expression was dependent of the NAIP5/NLRC4/caspase-1 axis and independent of IL-1β, IL-18 and MyD88, discarding TLRs signaling pathway. Still, this pathway do not require the activation of IRF-1 transcriptional factor, but involves NF-kB activation as well as the cleavage of the enzyme, PARP-1 (poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1). Finally, we have evaluated the biological relevance of this pathway in the control of the infections by L. pneumophila e S. Typhimurium, which define an additional effector mechanism to the control of pathogens.
55

Potencial terapêutico de cisteína selenizada em modelo experimental de esclerose múltipla

Toledo, Juliana Helena dos Santos de January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Alexandrina Sartori / Resumo: A esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença inflamatória crônica e desmielinizante do sistema nervoso central (SNC). A imunopatogênese da EM envolve linfócitos Th1, Th17 e Tc autorreativos e ativação de macrófagos e microglia, os quais liberam vários mediadores pró-inflamatórios e radicais livres. Não há cura para a EM e as terapias disponíveis desencadeiam efeitos colaterais. Neste contexto, testamos o potencial terapêutico da cisteína selenizada (CS), um produto em desenvolvimento pela empresa Biorigin, no controle da encefalomielite autoimune experimental (EAE). O potencial profilático/terapêutico foi testado por administração de CS durante 30 dias (14 dias antes seguido de 16 dias pós-indução da EAE) e o potencial terapêutico por administração da CS a partir de 1 ou 7 dias após a indução da doença. Os 3 procedimentos reduziram escore clínico e incidência da EAE. A estratégia profilática/terapêutica reduziu discretamente a expressão de componentes do inflamassoma NLRP3 e o percentual de macrófagos e microglia ativada no SNC. As duas estratégias terapêuticas determinaram redução significativa no escore clínico, no percentual de macrófagos e microglia ativada e na expressão de MHCII por estas células. A terapia com CS também reduziu a ativação do inflamassoma NLRP3 e a expressão de mRNA para iNOS e CX3CR1.A redução na percentagem de células dendríticas ativadas (DCs) (CD11b+MHCII+) e o aumento no percentual de DCs tolerogênicas (CD11b-CD103+) sugere o estabelecimento deum perfil ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Its immunopathogenesis is complex and involves the interplay of distinct autoreactive T lymphocyte subsets and innate immune cells. The persistent inflammation observed in MS patients is related to oxidative stress and inflammasome activation which have been recently implicated in both, demyelination and axonal damage processes. Since the development of new therapeutic procedures remains necessary, we evaluated the efficacy of an antioxidant product to control experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development. The selenized cysteine (SC) is an organic selenium, developed by a Brazilian company (Biorigin). For prophylactictherapeutic strategy, oral treatment with SC (45µg of selenium/dose) started 14 days before EAE induction and was daily extended until the acute phase of the disease. The precocious and delayed therapies have begun 1 or 7 days after MOG administration. The three therapeutic approaches reduced EAE incidence and clinical manifestations. Prophylactic-therapeutic strategy attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reduced the number of macrophages and activated microglia in the CNS. Precocious and delayed therapies were efficient in controlling EAE symptoms, reducing the percentage of macrophages and activated microglia and the MHCII expression. This protection was concomitant by less NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lower expression of mRNA for ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
56

Mechanisms and consequences of inflammasome activation

Palazón, Pablo January 2017 (has links)
Inflammation is the response of the body to injury or threats. Immune cells such as macrophages have a crucial role in controlling and regulating this process. The potent pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 are synthesized by macrophages as inactive precursors which activation follows a unique mechanism involving the activation of caspase-1 by assembly of a macromolecular complex called the inflammasome. However, the assembly of the inflammasome is a double-edged sword. Although inflammasome activation is necessary for a normal inflammatory response, its malfunction can trigger and contribute to inflammatory disorders such as gout, arthritis or cryopirin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). The fine regulation of this mechanism and the cell death associated with it is key for the outcome of the inflammatory process. In this thesis we tackle three aspects of the mechanisms and consequences of inflammasome activation. First we studied the role of the deubiquitinases USP7 and USP47 in inflammasome activation. We showed how USP7 and USP47 activity is increased upon danger signals and how that is necessary for the assembly of the inflammasome. We also pointed how their inhibition dampens the deubiquitination of ASC using a BRET2 assay. Second we examined how the activity of IL-18 is controlled by the release of IL-18BP during inflammasome activation. We showed how IL-18BP release increased upon membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis. This release happens in other types of lytic cell (necrosis and necroptosis) death but not in apoptosis. Finally, we showed that this IL-18BP acute release dampens IL-18 signalling and IFN gamma production by PBMCs. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which lytic cell death could dampen IL-18-driven inflammation and highlights a key role for IL-18BP in inflammasome related diseases. Finally we studied the role of inflammasome in lung epithelial cells as a model to investigate lung infections. We found that lung epithelial cells lack NLRP3 inflammasome activity and components, but express caspase-4 and caspase-8 which could have a role in the release of IL-1 family of cytokines. To conclude we showed how lung epithelial release IL-18 upon Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Overall, this thesis enhances our understanding of the mechanisms that control IL-1beta and IL-18 activity by regulating inflammasome activation and by understanding the consequences of its activation.
57

Ativação de caspase-1 e formação de poros em macrófagos infectados por Legionella pneumophila / Caspase-1 activation and pore formation in murine macrophages infected with Legionella pneumophila

Silveira, Tatiana Nunes 15 April 2010 (has links)
Legionella pneumophila, o agente etiológico da doença dos Legionários, é conhecida por desencadear a formação de poro em membranas de macrófagos derivados de medula óssea (BMMs) por mecanismos dependentes do sistema de secreção do tipo IV conhecido como Dot/Icm. Neste trabalho, foram utillizados vários mutantes de L. pneumophila em combinação com camundongos nocautes para investigar os fatores bacterianos e do hospedeiro envolvidos na formação de poro em BMMs. Observamos que apesar da atividade do Dot/Icm, a formação de poro não ocorre em BMMs deficientes para caspase-1 e Nlrc4. A formação de poro foi temporalmente associada com a secreção de IL-1b e precedeu a lise celular e a piroptose. A formação de poro foi dependente do Dot/Icm, mas independente de várias proteínas efetoras, da multiplicação bacteriana e da síntese de novo de proteínas. A flagelina, a qual é conhecida em ativar o inflamassoma de Nlrc4, foi necessária para a formação de poro; a bactéria mutante flaA falhou em induzir a permeabilização celular. Consequentemente, a transfecção da flagelina purificada foi suficiente para desencadear a formação de poro independente da infecção. Utilizando 11 diferentes espécies de Legionella, nós observamos alta formação de poro em resposta à L. micdadei, L. bozemanii, L. gratiana, L. jordanis e L. rubrilucens, e essa resposta estava correlacionada com a expressão de flagelina por essas espécies. Além disso, verificamos que as proteínas Asc e Caspase-11 apresentam fenótipo intermediário na formação de poro, sugerindo que outras vias podem estar envolvidas no processo. Observamos também que a formação de poro desencadeada por L. pneumophila difere daquela induzida pelo ATP. Em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem que a formação de poro não é uma resposta específica de L. pneumophila nem o resultado de dano da membrana induzido pelo Dot/Icm. Ao invés disso, a formação de poro é uma resposta do hospedeiro altamente coordenada, dependente dos componentes do inflamassoma Nlrc4 e caspase-1 e é desencadeada em resposta a bactérias que expressam o sistema de secreção do tipo IV e flagelina. / Legionella pneumophila, the etiological agent of Legionnaires disease, is known to trigger pore formation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) by mechanisms dependent on the type IVB secretion system known as Dot/Icm. Here, we used several mutants of L. pneumophila in combination with knockout mice to assess the host and bacterial factors involved in pore formation in BMMs. We found that regardless of Dot/Icm activity, pore formation does not occur in BMMs deficient in caspase-1 and Nlrc4/Ipaf. Pore formation was temporally associated with IL-1b secretion and preceded host cell lysis and pyroptosis. Pore-forming ability was dependent on bacterial Dot/Icm but independent of several effector proteins, multiplication and de novo protein synthesis. Flagellin, which is known to trigger the Nlrc4 inflammasome, was required for pore formation as flaA mutant bacteria failed to induce cell permeabilization. Accordingly, transfection of purified flagellin was sufficient to trigger pore formation independent of infection. By using 11 different Legionella species, we found robust pore formation in response to L. micdadei, L. bozemanii, L. gratiana, L. jordanis and L. rubrilucens, and this trait correlated with flagellin expression by these species. Furthermore, we found that Asc and Caspase-11 showed an intermediate phenotype in pore formation, suggesting that other pathways may be involved in this process. We also observed that the pore formation triggered by L. pneumophila differs from the pore induced by ATP. Together, the results suggest that pore formation is neither L. pneumophilaspecific nor the result of membrane damage induced by Dot/Icm activity; instead, it is a highly coordinated host cell response dependent on host Nlrc4 and caspase-1 and on bacterial flagellin and type IV secretion system.
58

Efeito do estresse oxidativo sobre autofagia em tecido placentário / Effect of oxidative stress on autophagy in placental tissue

Nunes, Priscila Rezeck [UNESP] 17 February 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Priscila Rezeck Nunes null (priscilarezeck@aluno.ibb.unesp.br) on 2017-03-08T14:58:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão final dissertação Priscila Rezeck Nunes.pdf: 4789833 bytes, checksum: 772d289b789606f7e85653d2c289a43a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-13T14:38:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nunes_pr_me_bot.pdf: 4789833 bytes, checksum: 772d289b789606f7e85653d2c289a43a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-13T14:38:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nunes_pr_me_bot.pdf: 4789833 bytes, checksum: 772d289b789606f7e85653d2c289a43a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introdução: A gestação é uma condição fisiológica que pode apresentar maior suscetibilidade ao desequilíbrio entre fatores pró e antioxidativos, evoluindo assim com dano celular e resposta inflamatória. A autofagia é um processo que elimina organelas e proteínas danificadas do citoplasma, com potente mecanismo anti-inflamatório responsável pela manutenção da homeostase celular. A autofagia pode controlar a inflamação por meio da inibição da ativação do inflamassoma, complexo essencial para a liberação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Assim, alterações nesses processos podem relacionar-se com disfunções celulares e doenças sistêmicas. Objetivos: Este projeto teve como objetivo avaliar se a exposição de explantes placentários a diferentes concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) é capaz de induzir autofagia e levar a ativação do inflamassoma NLRP3. Métodos: Explantes placentários de gestantes normais obtidos após o parto foram cultivados em diferentes concentrações de H2O2 por 4 e 24 h após a avaliação da viabilidade dos mesmos nesses períodos. As enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase foram avaliadas nos sobrenadantes das culturas após 4 h. As expressões gênicas de marcadores de autofagia (LC3-II, beclin-1 e p62), do inflamassoma (NLRP3 e caspase-1) e das citocinas IL-1β, IL-10 e TNF-α foram avaliadas por RT-qPCR. Os níveis de gonadotrofina coriônica (hCG), proteína de choque térmico 70 (Hsp70) e citocinas IL-1β, IL-10 e TNF-α foram determinados por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) após 24 h de cultura. Resultados: Os níveis de LDH foram crescentes conforme o tempo de cultura, sendo que as culturas de 24 h apresentaram-se com viabilidade celular adequada para o estudo. Os níveis proteicos de catalase e Hsp70, bem como a expressão gênica de LC3-II, beclin-1 e p62 apresentaram níveis crescentes e relacionados às maiores concentrações de H2O2. As concentrações proteicas de SOD, hCG e TNF-α foram maiores nas culturas com 100 µM de H2O2. A expressão gênica de TNF-α, IL-1β, NLRP3 e caspase-1 foram elevadas em 1000 µM de H2O2. Além disso, a expressão proteica de IL-1β também foi maior nessa concentração. As concentrações gênicas e proteicas de IL-10 decresceram de acordo com o aumento da concentração de H2O2. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o H2O2 é capaz de induzir o estado de estresse oxidativo placentário, induzir autofagia, ativar o inflamassoma e assim aumentar a produção de citocinas inflamatórias. / Introduction: Pregnancy is a physiological condition characterized by increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, which can lead to cell damage and inflammatory response. Autophagy is a process that removes damaged organelles and proteins from the cytoplasm. It works as potent anti-inflammatory mechanism, responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Autophagy can control inflammatory responses by regulating the activation of inflammasome, an essential complex for pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether placental explants exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is able to induce autophagy and inflammasome activation. Methods: Placental explants achieved from normal pregnant women after delivery were cultured in different concentrations of H2O2 for 4 and 24 h after viability evaluation for these periods. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were evaluated in culture supernatants after 4 h. Gene expressions of autophagy markers (LC3-II, beclin-1 and p62), inflammasome (NLRP3 and caspase-1) and IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α were assessed by RT-qPCR. Levels of chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), heat shock protein (Hsp70) and IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after 24 h of culture. Results: LDH levels were increased according to culture time, and the 24 h cultures presented adequate cell viability for the study. The protein levels of catalase and Hsp70, as well as the gene expression of LC3-II, beclin-1 and p62 presented increasing levels and related to the higher concentrations of H2O2. Protein concentrations of SOD, hCG and TNF-α were higher in cultures with 100 μM of H2O2. Gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, NLRP3 and caspase-1 were raised in 1000 μM of H2O2. In addition, IL-1β protein expression was also higher at this concentration. Gene and protein concentrations of IL-10 decreased as the H2O2 concentration increased. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that H2O2 is able to induce a state of placental oxidative stress, induce autophagy, activate the inflammasome and then increase the production of inflammatory cytokines. / FAPESP: 2014/25611-5
59

Inflammasome signalling during Salmonella Typhimurium infection

de Almeida Pereira, Milton César January 2018 (has links)
The innate immune system is the first line of defence against infection. It is comprised of physicochemical barriers and a variety of cell types including macrophages and dendritic cells. Pathogens express specific pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) which are recognised by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on macrophages to initiate an innate immune response. Gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium express a range of bacterial PAMPs recognised by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) recognised by TLR-4 and lipoproteins by TLR-2. The activation of TLRs results in activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) to drive transcription of mRNA coding for pro-inflammatory proteins such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and pro-interleukin (IL) 1β. Myeloid cells also possess intracellular PRRs including the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family. NLR family CARD domain- containing protein 4 (NLRC4) and NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) are the main NLRs engaged in recognising S. Typhimurium infection, leading to formation of the inflammasome. The inflammasome is a macromolecular complex assembled in the cytoplasm, and usually contains a NLR, the structural protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and effector enzymes such as cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed protease (caspase) -1 and caspase-8. This structure is responsible for processing the cytokines pro- IL-1β and pro-IL-18 to their mature form and is involved in triggering a pro-inflammatory process of cell death termed pyroptosis. The formation of the inflammasome therefore results in cell death and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines which play important roles in controlling infections. Inflammasome activity must be tightly coordinated, as its dysregulation is associated with a variety of auto-inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. The signalling events leading to inflammasome assembly are poorly understood and the molecules involved in fine-tuning its activity are only beginning to be discovered. The aim of this thesis was to discover new molecules involved in inflammasome activation and/or in keeping its activity in check. To achieve this goal, I performed S. Typhimurium infection assays in primary bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) derived from C57BL/6 mice wild type (WT) and compared the resulting cellular viability, intracellular bacteria counts and IL-1β production to that of BMDMs derived from C57BL/6 mice lacking proteins involved with, or suspected to be involved with, innate immune activity. Amongst the proteins I studied, caspase recruitment domain 9 (CARD9) inhibited inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production. Multiple independent genome-wide association studies link this protein to inflammatory pathologies such as Crohn's disease, but its role in canonical inflammasomes was largely unexplored. To investigate how CARD9 inhibits inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production I have conducted assays in WT and Card9-/- BMDMs, including stimulation of specific NLRs with their purified ligands, infection with bacterial strains deficient in NLRC4 activation, and infection assays in presence of pharmacological inhibitors. By employing these approaches, I observed that CARD9 has a negative role on NLRP3-dependent IL-1β production. Specifically, in response to activation of the NLRP3 by Salmonella infection, CARD9 negatively regulates pro-IL-1β transcription, and decreases IL-1β processing by inhibiting spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)-mediated NLRP3 activation and represses caspase-8 activity in the inflammasome. CARD9 expression is suppressed in the course of S. Typhimurium infection which may act as a mechanism to increase IL-1β production during the infection. In conclusion, I have established a connection between CARD9 and IL-1β production by the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome and elucidated some of the mechanisms involved in this process. I have also found evidence that other proteins are likely to be involved in inflammasome regulation and the elucidation of their roles will be addressed in future studies.
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Intervenção em vias de sinalização associadas ao reconhecimento de dano celular visando reduzir a imunopatologia das formas graves de tuberculose. / Intervention in signaling pathways associated with cellular damage recognition to reduce the immunopathology of severe forms of tuberculosis.

Amaral, Eduardo Pinheiro 02 December 2015 (has links)
A morte celular necrótica é conhecida pelo seu caráter inflamatório, conferido pela grande quantidade de sinais de dano liberados. Durante a tuberculose primária progressiva é observada intensa lesão necrótica nos pulmões e disseminação do bacilo para outros órgãos. Neste estudo, nós hipotetizamos que a amplificação da necrose pulmonar, via reconhecimento de sinais de dano tecidual pelo receptor purinérgico P2X7 (P2X7R), poderia favorecer a progressão da doença, bem como a potencialização da resposta inflamatória. Vimos que o reconhecimento de extracelular ATP (eATP) via o receptor P2X7 é de suma importância para o desenvolvimento da doença grave, por favorecer a indução de necrose dos macrófagos infectados, o que facilitou o escape do bacilo. A adenosina, resultante da hidrólise do eATP, impactou na ativação da resposta imune adquirida. Nosso estudo provê uma nova perspectiva para o desenvolvimento de protocolos terapêuticos baseados na inibição do P2X7R e dos receptores de adenosina para evitar a indução de formas graves da doença. / Necrosis cell death is known as an inflammatory process due to the large amount of damage signals released. During the progressive primary tuberculosis, extensive necrotic lesions in the lung and intensive bacterial dissemination are observed. In this study, we hypothesized that the amplification of pulmonary necrosis through damage signals recognition by a purinergic receptor called P2X7 (P2X7R) could favor the progression of disease, as well as the augmentation of the inflammatory response. We found that the recognition of extracellular ATP (eATP) through P2X7R is crucial to the outcome of fatal tuberculosis by favoring the induction of necrosis of infected macrophages, which facilitated the bacterial escape. The adenosine, resulted from eATP hydrolyzation, impacted to the acquired immune response activation. Our study provides a new perspective to the development of therapeutic protocols based on the inhibition of P2X7R and adenosine receptor to avoid the induction of aggressive forms of tuberculosis.

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