Com maior vigor nas últimas décadas do século XX, a eficiência das atividades estatais passou a ser contestada por múltiplos atores sociais, que tomam como paradigma de gestão os resultados alcançados pelo setor privado. Nesse novo cenário, emergiram movimentos globais de reforma do aparelho estatal, a fim de impor às atividades públicas a eficiência com que supostamente atua o mercado, uma vez que o debate acerca da eficiência do capital público é uma questão de grande relevância para o campo de estudo relativo às diversas áreas do conhecimento, às atividades macro e microeconômicas e à própria dinâmica social. Conseqüência dessa atenção crescente destinada à análise, e contestação, da eficiência do gasto público e das atividades a ele imbricadas, é a histórica institucionalização, pela legislação brasileira, da eficiência como um dos princípios fundamentais da administração pública, como propõem o decreto-lei n. 200/67 e a emenda constitucional n. 19/98. Nesse cenário, em que a eficiência das atividades públicas é crescentemente almejada e refutada, tomam projeção e relevância métodos e técnicas que tratam desse aspecto. Adquire importância, por conseqüência lógica, pesquisas destinadas a sistematizar as contribuições e experiências sobre a utilização de tais métodos. Entretanto, poucos trabalhos extrapolam o caráter meramente aplicativo das técnicas, explicitando-se a carência por bibliografia que sistematize, sob diversos aspectos, as aplicações já realizadas, nesse campo do conhecimento. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa objetiva identificar e sistematizar os métodos existentes para avaliar a eficiência dos investimentos públicos em infra-estrutura na literatura internacional e nacional. Contribui-se, portanto, com subsídios teóricos e analíticos para pesquisadores em gestão pública, administradores estatais e cidadãos que se ocupam com a análise da eficiência das atividades públicas, principalmente em infra-estrutura. / With larger energy in the last decades of the 20th century, the efficiency of the state activities passed to be answered by multiple social actors, that you/they take as administration paradigm the results reached by the private section. In this new scenery, global movements of the state\'s reform apparel emerged, in order to impose to the public activities the efficiency where supposedly the market acts, once the debate concerns the efficiency of the public capital is a subject of great relevance for the field of relative study to the several areas of knowledge, to activities macro and microeconomics and to the own social dynamics. The consequence of this growing attention destined to the analysis, and reply, the efficiency of the public expense and of those activities, that\'s the historical institutionalization, which for the brazilian legislation, of the efficiency as one of the fundamental beginnings in public administration, as they propose the law n. 200/67 and the constitutional amendment n.19/98. In this scenery, in what the efficiency of the public activities is increasingly longed for and refuted, they take projection and relevance methods and techniques that treat that aspect. It acquires importance, for logical consequence, researches destined to systematize the contributions and experiences about the use of such methods. However, few works extrapolate the character merely application of techniques, explicated if the lack for bibliography that systematizes, under several aspects, the applications already accomplished, in the field of knowledge. In that way, this objective research to identify and to systematize the existent methods to evaluate the efficiency of the public investments in infrastructure of the international and national literature. It is contributed, therefore, with theoretical and analytical subsidies for researchers in public administration, state administrators and citizens that are in charge with the analysis of the efficiency of the public activities, mainly in infrastructure.

Orientadora: Monica Baer / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T16:45:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_CarlosKawallLeal_D.pdf: 8957733 bytes, checksum: dfc3a1e2dbab0cfd8ae4ab16ff140ab2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed. / Doutorado / Doutor em Economia

Submitted by Alexandra Feitosa (alexandra.feitosa@ufpe.br) on 2017-08-01T13:14:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-dissertação-NyadjaMenezesRodrigues.pdf: 5279354 bytes, checksum: 252743d69812f1e57e99bf93f7a87cd4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-01T13:14:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-dissertação-NyadjaMenezesRodrigues.pdf: 5279354 bytes, checksum: 252743d69812f1e57e99bf93f7a87cd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / Este estudo analisou a importância dos investimentos em infraestrutura hídrica para o desenvolvimento econômico e social dos municípios elencados e desta forma objetivou contribuir para uma análise teórica e empírica sobre a funcionalidade de investimentos em infraestrutura hídrica. Neste contexto, buscou-se identificar e apresentar em dados a importância da realização de investimentos sistemáticos em infraestrutura hídrica como uma ferramenta relevante para o desenvolvimento dos municípios. Para a realização da análise utilizou-se indicadores econômicos e sociais dos municípios de Caruaru e Garanhuns. Os municípios escolhidos para este estudo estão localizados no Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco, sendo as duas localidades de maior percentual populacional nesta região, cada uma com uma população superior a 100.000 habitantes e possuem um histórico de grandes dificuldades quanto à questão da falta de água. Os dados coletados foram analisados juntamente com os investimentos realizados em infraestrutura hídrica e a influência direta ou indireta deste último para o desenvolvimento destas localidades. Para alcance dos objetivos propostos foram escolhidos 5 (cinco) indicadores para efeito do estudo em tela: PIB (Produto Interno Bruto); Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH); Taxa de mortalidade infantil; Percentual de investimentos em infraestrutura hídrica e o Percentual de acesso a água encanada. Para a realização da pesquisa foram utilizados como marcos teórico, as teorias de Desenvolvimento, de Infra - estrutura hídrica, buscando discutir a importância da temática da água e dos investimentos em infraestrutura hídrica no cenário das políticas públicas. Na pesquisa em tela foram utilizadas fontes secundárias e material documental, produzido por órgãos tais como IBGE, IPEA, Associação de Comerciantes e Industriários de Caruaru e Garanhuns, Ministério das Cidades e também dados do Ministério da Saúde. Ao final se apresenta a análise de todos os indicadores escolhidos como também os resultados dos dados coletados e são expostos a relevância do investimento sistemático em infraestrutura hídrica e seus reflexos para o desenvolvimento dos municípios de Caruaru e Garanhuns. / This study analyzes the importance of the investments in hídrica infrastructure for the economic development and social of the chosen cities and in such a way it aims at to contribute for a theoretical and empirical analysis on the functionality of investments in hídrica infrastructure. In this context, one searched to identify and to present in data the importance of the accomplishment of systematic investments in hídrica infrastructure as an excellent tool for the development of the cities. For the accomplishment of the analysis it was used indicating economic and social of the cities of Caruaru and Garanhuns. The cities chosen for this study are located in the Wasteland of the State of Pernambuco, having been the two localities of population percentile greater in this region, each one with a superior population the 100,000 inhabitants and possess a description of great difficulties how much to the question of the water lack. The collected data had been analyzed together with the investments carried through in hídrica infrastructure and the direct or indirect influence of this last one for the development of these localities. For reach of the considered objectives indicating ones for effect of the study in screen had been chosen 5 (five): Pib (Gross Domestic Product); Index of Human Development (IDH); Tax of infantile mortality; Percentage of investments in hídrica infrastructure and the Percentage of access the canalized water. For the accomplishment of the research landmarks had been used as theoretical, the theories of Development, of hídrica Infrastructure, searching to argue the importance of the thematic one of the water and the investments in hídrica infrastructure in the scene of the public politics. The research in screen used secondary sources and documentary material, produced for agencies such as IBGE, IPEA, Association of Traders and Industrial workers of Caruaru and Garanhuns, Ministry of the Cities and also data of the Health department. To the end if the results of the collected data present the analysis of all the chosen pointers as well as and are displayed the relevance of the systematic investment in hídrica infrastructure and its consequences for the development of the cities of Caruaru and Garanhuns.

Résumé Les premiers d´etecteurs aptes `a faire de l'imagerie dans le domaine de l'infrarouge thermique (5-25 µm) depuis le sol sont apparus dans les ann´ees 90. Comme nous connaissons relativement mal les ob jets astrophysiques `a ces longueurs d'onde, il y a avait l`a un tr`es fort potentiel de nouvelles d´ecouvertes sur les ob jets “ti`edes” (100-500 K) ou faiblement enfouis. Ce manuscrit d´ecrit mes travaux de recherche durant les dix derni`eres ann´ees dans les domaines de l'instrumentation infrarouge thermique sur grand t´elescopes au sol et les applications astrophysiques centr´ees essentiellement sur de domaine de l'observation de disques circumstellaires autour d'´etoiles de pr´e-s´equence principale de type Herbig Ae. En particulier, l'imagerie infrarouge `a haute r´esolution angu- laire de ces disques (0.25-1.0 arcsec) m'a permis d'en ´etudier la g´eom´etrie `a relativement grande ´echelle (30-500 UA). La diversit´e de g´eometries rencontr´ee montre que ces disques ont chacun leurs particularit´es et que l'on commence aujourd'hui `a ˆetre capables de mettre en ´evidence leurs processus ´evolutifs. En outre, certaines structures observ´ees, comme des anneaux brillants d'´emission, pourraient ˆetre en lien ´etroit avec le processus de formation plan´etaire. Le dernier chapitre est consacr´e `a l'´etude des perspectives scientifiques concernant l'observation en in- frarouge moyen depuis le sol en lien avec le domaine de la plan´etologie. Je montre qu'un instrument infrarouge moyen install´e sur un Extremely Large Telescope aura la capacit´e de d´etecter et de caract´eriser les plan`etes g´eantes extra-solaires les plus proches (d< ∼20 pc). En outre, un tel instrument pr´esentera des capacit´es uniques pour ´etudier la formation plan´etaire dans les disques protoplan´etaires.

The North Coast of Maceió has large areas of eco- systemic and land escape value. Currently the region is being often occupied by civil construction works. However, the developers of this sector are not concerned with the environmental questions, raising this way preoccupation and interest among scholars and researchers in finding solutions for the current and future problems of degradation. The neighborhoods of Jacarecica and Guaxuma, the object of this study, are inserted in this context because they are experiencing a period of crescent urban transformation. The various types of real estate may lead to local sustainability risk that has insufficient sanitary infrastructure to support the verticalization that is supposed to be installed. The increase in the urban exploration of intense concentration may harm the eco-balance as well as the local urban balance while the city of Maceió does not have urban policies addressed to protect this region, which in turn, is vulnerably exposed to degradation generated by the installations of the gated communities constructed by the sea side. In this context, this dissertation aims to study these neighborhoods, with the objective of analyzing the urban environmental quality vis a vis the process of accelerated and disorganized urban expansion. In order to do this, it was necessary to create the basis of the sustainability indicator, use-density and ground occupation, following the guidelines and norms offered by the Urban and Construction Code of Maceió, 2007 and the Master Plan of Maceió, 2005, creating a simulation of urbanization that enable the analysis of the demand estimates for water and sewage, that came out in this process of urban expansion. This way, some questions can be raised such as: quality of the urban environment and the forms of intervention compatible with the necessities of the region that enable appropriate investments to handle such infra-structure services, aiming the sustainable development of the region. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O litoral Norte de Maceió possui grandes áreas de valor ecossistêmico e paisagístico. Atualmente, as ocupações por obras da construção civil nessa região tornaram-se freqüentes, porém, os empreendedores deste setor, muitas vezes, não estão preocupados com a questão ambiental, despertando assim, preocupação e interesse entre os estudiosos e pesquisadores em buscar soluções para os problemas de degradação existentes e futuros. Os bairros de Jacarecica e Guaxuma, objetos desse estudo, se inserem neste contexto por se encontrarem num período de transformação urbana crescente. Os diversos tipos de empreendimentos podem pôr em risco a sustentabilidade do local que possui infra-estrutura sanitária insuficiente para suportar a verticalização que se pretende instalar. O aumento da exploração urbana de densificação intensa pode vir a prejudicar o equilíbrio ecológico e urbano local e a cidade de Maceió não dispõe de políticas urbanas voltadas à proteção dessa região, que se expõe vulneravelmente às degradações geradas pelas instalações de condomínios fechados construídos à beira mar. Neste contexto, esta dissertação propõe realizar um estudo destes bairros, visando analisar a qualidade ambiental urbana frente ao processo de expansão urbana acelerada e desordenada. Para tanto, buscou-se fundamentar o indicador de sustentabilidade, densidade-uso e ocupação do solo, e verificar as estratégias para o ordenamento do uso e ocupação do solo, seguindo as diretrizes e normas oferecidas pelo Código de Urbanismo e Edificações de Maceió de 2007 e o Plano Diretor de Maceió de 2005, realizando uma simulação de urbanização que possibilite a análise da estimativa das demandas por serviços de água e de esgoto, surgidas nesse processo de expansão urbana. Desta forma pode-se levantar questões como a qualidade do ambiente urbano e as formas de intervenção compatíveis com as necessidades da região que possibilitem os investimentos adequados para atender tais serviços de infra-estrutura, visando o desenvolvimento sustentável da região.

Ce travail avait pour objectif principal l’étude par spectroscopie vibrationnelle Raman et IR, couplée à l’analyse statistique de type ACP, la détection des changements moléculaires induits par différentesclasses d’antibiotiques (ampicilline, céfotaxime,tétracycline et ciprofloxacine) vis-à-vis de deux bactéries modèles (E. coli et V. parahaemolyticus). Dans le cas d’E. coli, l’ampicilline et le céfotaxime ont provoqué une baisse des bandes protéiques en Raman et IR, une augmentation des carbohydrates en IR.L’addition de la tétracycline a entraîné une augmentation des acides nucléiques, une forte baisse de la phénylalanine en Raman, une diminution des bandes protéiques et une augmentation de l’ADN en Raman et IR. Concernant la ciprofloxacine, une augmentation des acides nucléiques en Raman, une augmentation des bandes protéiques et de l’ADN en IR ont été observées. Chez V. parahaemolyticus, le céfotaxime a provoqué une baisse des protéines en Raman et Infra-rouge, une augmentation des polysaccharides en Infra-rouge. L’addition de la tétracycline a entraîné une baisse de la phénylalanine en Raman, une baisse des protéines en Raman et Infra-rouge, une augmentation des polysaccharides en Infra-rouge. Concernant la ciprofloxacine, une augmentation des polysaccharides et une diminution des bandes protéiques en Raman et IR ont été détectées. Une nette discrimination entre les échantillons traités aux antibiotiques et le témoin a été enregistrée chez E. coli et V. parahaemolyticus. Pour cette dernière, le profil de résistance à l’ampicilline a aussi été observé. Ce travail jette les bases d’une compréhension des mécanismes d’antibio-résistance dans les systèmes bactériens. / The present study aimed to explore Raman and IR in combination with PCA to detect molecularchanges induced by different classes of antibiotics(ampicillin, cefotaxime, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin) against two bacterial models (E.coli and V. parahaemolyticus) In E. coli,ampicillin and cefotaxime treatments led to a decrease of protein bands in both Raman and IR,an increase of carbohydrates in IR. Tetracycline addition caused an increase of nucleic acids, a sharp decrease of phenylalanine in Raman, a decrease of protein bands and an increase of DNA in both Raman and IR. For ciprofloxacin, an increase of nuleic acids in Raman, an increase of protein bands and DNA in IR were observed. In V. parahaemolyticus, cefotaxime resulted in a decrease of protein bands in both Raman and IR,an increase of polysaccharides in IR. Tetracycline increase of polysaccharides and a decrease of proteins in both Raman and Infra-red were noticed. Clear discrimination of antibiotic-treated samples compared to the control was recorded for the three antibiotic classes in both E. coli and V. parahaemolyticus. For the latter, resistance pattern has also been observed for ampicillin. This work lays the foundations for an understanding of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in the bacterial systems.

Les cellules photoacoustiques sont des capteurs optiques qui utilisent l'absorption des photons par des molécules de gaz pour générer une onde de pression proportionnelle à leur concentration. Le signal photoacoustique est également inversement proportionnel au volume de la cellule. La miniaturisation de la cuve permet donc l’amélioration des performances du capteur. Le travail de cette thèse consiste en la conception, la réalisation et la caractérisation de cellules photoacoustiques résonantes différentielles d’Helmholtz (DHR) miniaturisées. Dans un premier temps, des simulations par la méthode des éléments finis de cellules à l'échelle millimétrique ont permis de montrer que la miniaturisation de ce type de résonateur est une voie prometteuse. Aussi, la réalisation ambitieuse d’une cellule DHR sur silicium a été engagée en utilisant les techniques de la microélectronique. Cependant, cette voie de miniaturisation extrême s'est heurtée à des difficultés de réalisation, qui n'ont pas permis d'obtenir des dispositifs fonctionnels. Une alternative de miniaturisation, à l'échelle centimétrique, utilisant des microphones MEMS du commerce, a donc été engagée. Trois cellules fabriquées par différentes méthodes ont été réalisées et testées pour la détection de méthane. La dernière génération a permis la détection d'environ 100 ppb de méthane avec un laser à cascade interbande commercial à 3,357 µm de longueur d’onde. Pour préparer la prochaine génération de cellules, l'optimisation de la géométrie a été effectuée par simulation. Cette optimisation permet d'envisager une augmentation de 43 % du signal par rapport à la cellule la plus performante. / Photoacoustic cells are optical sensors based on the absorption of photons by gas molecules. The pressure wave created by gas relaxation is proportional to the trace gas concentration. Furthermore the photoacoustic signal is inversely proportional to the cell volume. Thus cell miniaturization enables performances improvements. This work consists in designing, realizing and characterizing miniaturized photoacoustic cells, based on the differential Helmholtz resonator (DHR) principle. In a first phase, modeling by the finite element method of millimeter scale cells has shown that the miniaturization of this type of resonator should effectively improve the detection limit. Thus, the ambitious realization of a DHR cell on silicon by the use of microelectronic techniques has been attempted. However, this extreme miniaturization direction encountered design and fabrication difficulties which made the produced devices unusable. To overcome these difficulties, a miniaturization alternative, at the centimeter scale, using commercial MEMS microphones, has been carried out. Three cells have been built by different methods and have been tested for methane detection. The last cell generation can detect around 100 ppb of methane with a commercial interband cascade laser at 3.357 µm of wavelength. Finally, to anticipate the next cell generation fabrication, a geometry optimization has been performed by simulation. This optimization shows that a 43 % signal improvement, compared to the most performant cell already built.

L'ébullition est présente dans la vie de tous les jours et elle a été par conséquent le sujet de beaucoup d'études, mais pour la plupart en régimes stationnaires. Néanmoins, l'intérêt de connaître les caractéristiques de l'ébullition transitoire est aussi important notamment pour la prévention des accidents nucléaires majeurs. C'est justement dans l'optique de mieux comprendre les phénomènes d'ébullition qui se produisent lors d'un RIA (Accident d'Insertion de Réactivité) que cette thèse a été financée par l'IRSN. Le RIA est un accident qui peut résulter d'une défaillance du mécanisme de la grappe contrôlant la réaction nucléaire. La réaction s'emballe pendant quelques dizaines de millisecondes (pulse de puissance) provoquant une augmentation rapide de la température du crayon de combustible et donc l'évaporation du liquide qui l'entoure. Des tests ont été faits par le passé soit sur des crayons de combustibles, soit sur des tubes chauffés ayant les mêmes dimensions qu'un crayon, afin d'améliorer la connaissance de ce phénomène. Par contre, les mesures étaient entachées d'incertitudes importantes, dues à des techniques de mesure non appropriées à des phénomènes si rapides. L'objectif de ce travail a été de concevoir et mettre en place une expérience capable de simuler un RIA à petite échelle, pour mieux comprendre les caractéristiques de l'ébullition lorsque la paroi monte en température très rapidement. De plus, ce dispositif expérimental devait être apte à étudier des montées en température moins violentes pour améliorer la connaissance de l'ébullition transitoire en général. Cette expérience a été conçue à l'Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse. Elle est constituée d'une feuille métallique d'acier de 50µm d'épaisseur, formée en demi cylindre (8mm de diamètre et 200mm de longueur) et chauffée par effet Joule. Elle est entourée par du fluide réfrigérant HFE7000, qui permet de travailler en similitude par rapport au cas réel en eau. Le fluide est confiné par un deuxième demi cylindre en verre, ayant 34mm de diamètre. Les expériences peuvent être en vase ou avec écoulement, écoulement qui a été caractérisé par des mesures PIV. Plusieurs débits peuvent donc être employés et le sous-refroidissement du liquide est aussi ajustable. L'emploi d'une alimentation pilotable et très flexible permet d'obtenir des chauffages du métal jusqu'à 2500K/s, mais aussi des montées en température plus faibles, pour tracer des courbes d'ébullition stationnaires ou faiblement transitoires. La température de la paroi est mesurée grâce à une caméra infrarouge, couplée à des visualisations rapides et à des mesures de pression et température dans le liquide. / Boiling phenomena can be found in the everyday life, thus a lot of studies are devoted to them, especially in steady state conditions. Transient boiling is less known but still interesting as it is involved in the nuclear safety prevention. In this context, the present work was supported by the French Institute of Nuclear Safety (IRSN). In fact, the IRSN wanted to clarify what happens during a Reactivity-initiated Accident (RIA). This accident occurs when the bars that control the nuclear reactions break down and a high power peak is passed from the nuclear fuel bar to the surrounding fluid. The temperature of the nuclear fuel bar wall increases and the fluid vaporises instantaneously. Previous studies on a fuel bar or on a metal tube heated by Joule effect were done in the past in order to understand the rapid boiling phenomena during a RIA. However, the measurements were not really accurate because the measurement techniques were not able to follow rapid phenomena. The main goal of this work was to create an experimental facility able to simulate the RIA boiling conditions but at small scale in order to better understand the boiling characteristics when the heated-wall temperature increases rapidly. Moreover, the experimental set-up was meant to be able to produce less-rapid transients as well, in order to give information on transient boiling in general. The facility was built at the Fluid-Mechanics Institute of Toulouse. The core consists of a metal half-cylinder heated by Joule effect, placed in a half-annulus section. The inner half cylinder is made of a 50 microns thick stainless steel foil. Its diameter is 8mm, and its length 200mm. The outer part is a 34mm internal diameter glass half cylinder. The semi-annular section is filled with a coolant, named HFE7000. The configuration allows to work in similarity conditions. The heated part can be place inside a loop in order to study the flow effect. The fluid temperature influence is taken into account as well. A flexible power supply that can generate a free-shape signal, allows to get to a wall-temperature increase rate up to 2500 K/s but also to obtain lower rates, which permits to study weaker transients and steady state conditions. The thermal measurements are realised by means of an infra-red camera and a high-speed camera is employed in order to see the boiling phenomena at the same time. From the voltage and current measurements the heat flux that is passed to the fluid is known.

Este trabalho consiste em uma leitura da formação e da expansão da cidade de São Paulo. Aborda diferentes tipos de vias públicas, originados de um processo de formação planejada, sob a ótica do projeto como instrumento qualificador e renovador da cidade, no período entre 1898 e 1945. Em seu desenvolvimento, o trabalho considera não só o conhecimento técnico empregado na construção das vias, ligado aos processos de circulação, mas também sua integração com outras questões urbanas prioritárias, como saneamento, transformação estética e forma de expansão territorial. Estrutura-se na coleta, organização e interpretação de dados, pautados sobre os planos urbanos existentes no período e fundamentados em critérios técnicos, legais e normativos, assim como na análise de destacados projetos urbanos, executados durante os anos de afirmação da cidade. A pesquisa identifica ainda dois tipos distintos de vias públicas projetadas na cidade e os exemplifica por meio do conhecimento técnico acumulado por seus autores e por meio do modelo de construção da Avenida Nove de Julho, como integrante do Sistema Y e eixo de expansão à região sudoeste da cidade. A perspectiva aqui exposta é a da formação de um repertório de ações e critérios de projeto quando do tratamento do espaço público, apoiada na observação da produção das gerações precedentes. Pretende com isto avaliar as condições de formação da estrutura viária paulistana a fim de estabelecer uma contribuição para as vias a serem recuperadas ou mesmo projetadas, identificando suas características qualitativas. O conhecimento sobre a forma do espaço e a reconstrução de sua história constitui, portanto, uma das maneiras de orientar a atual ação de projeto sobre a cidade contemporânea. / This work intends to look at the formation and expansion of São Paulo city. It addresses different types of streets and avenues, originated from a process of planed formation, with focus on project as an instrumente that brings quality and innovation to the city, in the period from 1898 to 1945. In its development, the work considers not only the technical knowledge employed on the public ways - linked to the process of circulation - but also its integration with other prioritary urban issues such as sanitation, aesthetic transformations and options of territorial expansion. It is structured in data collection, organization and interpretation, based on the existing urban plans from that period and on technical, legal and regulatory criteria as well as on the analysis of important urban projects, executed during the years of the citys consolidation. The research also identifies two different types of public ways projected in the city, and exemplifies them by means of the authors accumulated knowledge and by the model of construction of the Nove de Julho Avenue, as an integrant of the Y system and axis of expansion to the southwest of the city. The perspective herein exposed is of the formation of a series of actions and project criteria for the treatment of the public space based on the observation of the production of the previous generations. The intention is to evaluate the conditions of way structure formation in São Paulo in order to establish a contribution to new public ways that will be projected or recovered, identifying its qualitative characteristics. The knowledge about the shape of the space and the reconstruction of its history is, therefore, one way of orienting the current projects of the contemporary city.

Com maior vigor nas últimas décadas do século XX, a eficiência das atividades estatais passou a ser contestada por múltiplos atores sociais, que tomam como paradigma de gestão os resultados alcançados pelo setor privado. Nesse novo cenário, emergiram movimentos globais de reforma do aparelho estatal, a fim de impor às atividades públicas a eficiência com que supostamente atua o mercado, uma vez que o debate acerca da eficiência do capital público é uma questão de grande relevância para o campo de estudo relativo às diversas áreas do conhecimento, às atividades macro e microeconômicas e à própria dinâmica social. Conseqüência dessa atenção crescente destinada à análise, e contestação, da eficiência do gasto público e das atividades a ele imbricadas, é a histórica institucionalização, pela legislação brasileira, da eficiência como um dos princípios fundamentais da administração pública, como propõem o decreto-lei n. 200/67 e a emenda constitucional n. 19/98. Nesse cenário, em que a eficiência das atividades públicas é crescentemente almejada e refutada, tomam projeção e relevância métodos e técnicas que tratam desse aspecto. Adquire importância, por conseqüência lógica, pesquisas destinadas a sistematizar as contribuições e experiências sobre a utilização de tais métodos. Entretanto, poucos trabalhos extrapolam o caráter meramente aplicativo das técnicas, explicitando-se a carência por bibliografia que sistematize, sob diversos aspectos, as aplicações já realizadas, nesse campo do conhecimento. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa objetiva identificar e sistematizar os métodos existentes para avaliar a eficiência dos investimentos públicos em infra-estrutura na literatura internacional e nacional. Contribui-se, portanto, com subsídios teóricos e analíticos para pesquisadores em gestão pública, administradores estatais e cidadãos que se ocupam com a análise da eficiência das atividades públicas, principalmente em infra-estrutura. / With larger energy in the last decades of the 20th century, the efficiency of the state activities passed to be answered by multiple social actors, that you/they take as administration paradigm the results reached by the private section. In this new scenery, global movements of the state\'s reform apparel emerged, in order to impose to the public activities the efficiency where supposedly the market acts, once the debate concerns the efficiency of the public capital is a subject of great relevance for the field of relative study to the several areas of knowledge, to activities macro and microeconomics and to the own social dynamics. The consequence of this growing attention destined to the analysis, and reply, the efficiency of the public expense and of those activities, that\'s the historical institutionalization, which for the brazilian legislation, of the efficiency as one of the fundamental beginnings in public administration, as they propose the law n. 200/67 and the constitutional amendment n.19/98. In this scenery, in what the efficiency of the public activities is increasingly longed for and refuted, they take projection and relevance methods and techniques that treat that aspect. It acquires importance, for logical consequence, researches destined to systematize the contributions and experiences about the use of such methods. However, few works extrapolate the character merely application of techniques, explicated if the lack for bibliography that systematizes, under several aspects, the applications already accomplished, in the field of knowledge. In that way, this objective research to identify and to systematize the existent methods to evaluate the efficiency of the public investments in infrastructure of the international and national literature. It is contributed, therefore, with theoretical and analytical subsidies for researchers in public administration, state administrators and citizens that are in charge with the analysis of the efficiency of the public activities, mainly in infrastructure.