Sprängningar utförs ofta vid tunneldrivningar och som en följd av detta uppstår markvibrationer. Dessa vibrationer beror av flera faktorer och kan upplevas som störande för omgivningen och ge upphov till skador på närliggande byggnader. Markvibrationernas storlek begränsas enligt Svensk Standard, som har riktlinjer för maximalt tillåten svängningshastighet vid sprängningsarbeten i närheten av byggnader. För att prognostisera vibrationer vid sprängningsarbeten kan skallagssamband tillämpas. Det finns olika skallagssamband men vad de har gemensamt är att de uppskattar maximal svängningshastighet som funktion av en skalfaktor innehållande avstånd från sprängsalva till mätpunkt och samverkande laddningsmängd. I ett första steg har vibrationsmätvärden analyserats och sammanställts med avseende på berggrund och närliggande bergtunnel. Utifrån borrhålens dimensionering och sprängämnets densitet kan den samverkande laddningsmängden för varje salva beräknas och sammanställas med svängningshastigheten för en viss mätpunkt. Med utgångspunkt från dessa värden har empiriska konstanter tagits fram genom regressionsanalys och således har prognossamband för uppkomna markvibrationer vid byggnader grundlagda på olika berggrunder och närliggande bergtunnel bestämts. Med dessa prognossamband givna har ett beräkningsark och en standardrapport tagits fram som tillsammans utgör en grund för kommande undermarksprojekt. / Blasting is often performed during tunnel projects and as a result, ground vibrations will occur. These vibrations depend upon several factors and can be experienced as disturbing for the surrounding area and may cause damage to buildings nearby. The guidelines published by the Swedish Institute for Standards determine the permitted magnitude of such ground vibrations, by imposing a maximum oscillation speed for any blasting works that take place in proximity of buildings. To predict vibrations during blast work, scaled factor relations can be applied. There are different kinds of scaled factor relations, but what they have in common is that they estimate the maximum oscillation speed as a function of distance between the round and measuring point, and charge per delay. As a first step, the measured vibration value has been analysed and drawn up with respect to rock foundation and tunnel nearby. Based on the dimensions of the drillhole and the density of the explosive, the charge per delay can be calculated and compiled whit the oscillation speed at a specific measuring point. Based on these values, empirical constants have been produced through regression analysis, and therefore predictions for ground vibrations at buildings on different types of rock foundations and nearby tunnel can be determined. Given these predictions, a calculation sheet and a standard report have been produced which together form a basis for future underground projects.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20961号 / 理博第4413号 / 新制||理||1633(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中村 克樹, 准教授 宮地 重弘, 教授 友永 雅己 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Akutsjukvård bedrivs dygnet runt och inkluderar ett brett spann av olika åkommor vilka ej kan anstå. Smärta är mycket vanligt förekommande på en akutmottagning och är ofta underbehandlad. Bedömning av smärta genomförs medelst utförlig smärtanamnes samt självskattning av smärtan. Personcentrerad vård syftar till att se individens behov och ta tillvara dennes resurser för att gemensamt planera och genomföra vården, vilket utmynnar i ett partnerskap med två jämbördiga parter. Akutsjuksköterskan förväntas ta ett större ansvar för behandlingar och egna bedömningar kontra den grundutbildade sjuksköterskan. Akutsjuksköterskan ska kunna bedöma och initiera avancerad omvårdnad samt farmakologisk behandling. Sjuksköterskan är i regel den första professionen patienten möter på en akutmottagning och kan därför anses vara en lämplig initiativtagare till att påbörja smärtlindring. På flera platser i världen används protokoll med generella direktiv på smärtstillande läkemedel syftande till att användas för att minska patientens smärta och lidande innan dess att läkarbedömning har genomförts. Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att undersöka effekterna av sjuksköterskeinitierad smärtlindring.   Metoden som använts är en litteraturöversikt med ett systematiskt tillvägagångssätt. Totalt 15 artiklar inkluderades efter sökningar i databaserna CINAHL samt PubMed. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades och sammanställdes i en artikelmatris. En integrerad analys mynnade ut i fyra kategorier samt fem underkategorier. Resultatet visar att patienterna snabbare fick smärtlindring efter införande av sjuksköterskeinitierad smärtlindring. Fler patienter erhöll smärtstillande läkemedel och fler patienter inkluderades i sin vård genom ökad frekvens av smärtskattning. En ökad nöjdhet med behandlingen kunde ses, det fanns även tendenser till att fler patienter blev adekvat smärtstillade.  Inga patienter drabbades av några allvarliga biverkningar. Slutsatsen är att sjuksköterskeinitierad smärtlindring är ett bra verktyg specialistsjuksköterskan kan använda med flera positiva effekter och utan allvarliga negativa effekter för patienter. Smärtlindringen ges snabbare och till synes med god effekt. / Emergency care is provided around the clock and includes a wide range of different ailments which cannot wait to be treated. Pain is commonly present in an emergency department and is often undertreated. Assessment of pain is carried out by means of detailed pain medical history taking and self-assessment of the pain. Person-centered care aims to see the individual's needs and make use of his or her resources to jointly plan and implement the care, which results in a partnership with two equal parties. The specialist emergency nurse is expected to take greater responsibility for treatments and own assessments compared to a registered nurse. The specialist emergency nurse must be able to assess and initiate advanced care and pharmacological treatment. The nurse is usually the first profession the patient meets in an emergency department and can therefore be considered a suitable initiator to start pain relief. In several places in the world, protocols are used with general directives on painkillers intended to be used to reduce the patient's pain and suffering before a medical assessment by a doctor has been carried out. The aim of this literature review was to investigate the effects of nurse-initiated pain protocols in emergency departments. The method used is a literature review with a systematic approach. A total of 15 articles were included after searches in the databases CINAHL and PubMed. The articles were quality checked and compiled in an article matrix. An integrated analysis resulted in four categories and five subcategories. The results show that the patients received pain relief more quickly after the introduction of nurse-initiated pain relief. More patients received painkillers and more patients were included in their care through increased frequency of pain assessment. An increased satisfaction with the treatment could be seen, there were also tendencies towards more patients experiencing adequate pain relief. No patients suffered any serious side effects. The conclusion is that nurse-initiated pain protocols are a good tool the specialist nurse can use with several positive effects and without serious negative effects for patients. The pain relief is given more timely and seemingly with good effect.

Background: With a shift in psychiatric care where inpatient places have been reduced and the psychiatric care will increasingly take place in outpatient settings, patients are expected to take greater responsibility for their well-being. The difficulty for patients with serious and complex disease may be that they potentially be at risk of being refused admission when they seek help at an early stage. Therefore they might feel compelled to signal deterioration in one's health dramatic and in a destructive way, which can lead to compulsory psychiatric care with sometimes long periods of care. Aim: To explore patients experiences of the method brief admission in psychiatric care. Method: A literature study with 16 articles that were investigated using a qualitative approach and reviewed with thematic analysis. Result: The results are presented in three themes with two associated subthemes. The main finding was that the participants perceived brief admission as safe. The predictability and the increased control before and during hospitalization contributed to the participants becoming more responsible for their mental well-being, they were able to focus on their coping strategies and their recovery and experienced increased health. With increased responsibility, the care relationship changed to the nurse and became more equal. Conclusion: Brief admission increases participation, promotes self-care and changes the care relationship with the nurse. With Orem’s self-care theory, the nurse can promote cooperation with patients and contribute to increased quality of life.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka barnens inflytande i den barninitierade leken utifrån deras perspektiv för att uppmärksamma barnens inflytande i förskolans verksamhet. Frågeställningarna är; Vad uppfattar barn som barninitierad lek i förskolan? och Hur uppfattar barn sitt inflytande över den barninitierade leken? Den barninitierade leken innefattar att barnen fritt får styra sin egen lek utan pedagogers medverkan. Studien tar sitt avstamp i en fenomenografisk ansats, vilket innebär att ta del av individers uppfattningar om fenomen. Studien använder sig av semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta verksamma förskolebarn i åldrarna tre till fem år. Resultatet och analysen är indelat i ett kategorisystem som presenterar barns uppfattningar om deras inflytande i den barninitierade leken utifrån åtta olika kategorier. Slutsatsen i studien visar att det finns olika betydelsefulla aspekter för den barninitierade leken. Däremot får barnen inte tillräckligt med inflytande för att kunna påverka leken eftersom det finns regler och rutiner, vilket barnen uttryckte att de vill få mer inflytande kring. / The purpose of the study is to investigate the children's influence in the child-initiated play from their perspective in order to draw attention to the children's influence in the preschool's activities. The questions are; What do children perceive as child-initiated play in preschool? and How do children perceive their influence over child-initiated play? The child-initiated play includes that the children can freely control their own play without the involvement of educators. The study is based on a phenomenographic approach, which means taking part in individuals' perceptions of phenomena. The study uses semi-structured interviews with eight active preschool children aged three to five years. The results and analysis are divided into a category system that presents children's perceptions of their influence in child-initiated play based on eight different categories. The conclusion of the study shows that there are various important aspects for child-initiated play. However, the children do not get enough influence to be able to influence the game because there are rules and routines, which the children expressed that they want to have more influence around.

Denna studie diskuterar och problematiserar kring hur deltagare i en konstnärlig kurs involverar och delar med sig av personliga erfarenheter och intressen. Studien intresserar sig särskilt för olika sätt som kursdeltagare delar med sig på och vilka förhållanden och förutsättningar som upplevs påverka möjligheterna till detta. Studien bygger på en pragmatisk teoretisk grund och ser därför kommunikationen mellan individer och mellan individer och miljöer i olika sammanhang som det som skapar den gemensamma kunskapen och verkligheten. Till studiens teoretiska ramverk hör också ett relationellt perspektiv som visar på relationerna mellan människor som väsentligt för hur vi upplever och skapar identitet och kunskap. Studieobjektet är en nystartad folhögskolekurs och med hjälp av det teoretiska ramverket och kvalitativa intervjuer med kursdeltagare visar studiens resultat fram ett antal sätt och ett antal förhållanden som hänger samman med kursdeltagares delande av erfarenheter och intressen. En produktiv gemenskap i gruppen både skapas av och ger upphov till många och gränsöverkridande samtal mellan deltagarna som på detta sätt skapar ett gemensamt meningsfullt innehåll. Den produktiva gemenskapen i gruppen, det utbredda samtalen mellan deltagare och en tydlig frivillighet som genomsyrar kursen, som delvis kan antas härstamma ur själva skolformen folkhögskola, är de kategorier som sammanfattar studiens resultat.

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La maladie de Parkinson (MP) est la deuxième maladie neurodégénérative la plus commune. Les symptômes principalement observés chez les patients atteints de la MP sont la rigidité, les tremblements, la bradykinésie et une instabilité posturale. Leur sévérité est souvent asymétrique. La cause principale de ces symptômes moteurs est la dégénérescence du circuit dopaminergique nigro-striatal qui mène à un débalancement d’activité du circuit cortico-striatal. Ce débalancement de circuits est le point essentiel de cette thèse. Dans les protocoles de recherche décrits ici, des patients atteints de la MP (avant et après une dose de levodopa) et des participants contrôles sains ont effectué des mouvements auto-initiés ou en réponse à des stimulis externes pendant que l’on mesurait leur activité cérébrale en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf). Dans cette thèse, nous abordons et mettons en évidence quatre (4) points principaux. En première partie (chapitre 2), nous présentons un recensement de la littérature sur les cicruits cortico-striataux et cortico-cérébelleux dans la MP. En utilisant des méthodes de neuroimagerie, des changements d’activité cérébrale et cérébelleuse ont été observés chez les patients atteints de la MP comparés aux participants sains. Même si les augmentations d’activité du cervelet ont souvent été attribuées à des mécanismes compensatoires, nos résultats suggèrent qu’elles sont plus probablement liées aux changements pathophysiologiques de la MP et à la perturbation du circuit cortico-cérébelleux. En général, nous suggérons (1) que le circuit cortico-cérébelleux est perturbé chez les patients atteints de la MP, et que les changements d’activité du cervelet sont liés à la pathophysiologie de la MP plutôt qu’à des mécanismes compensatoires. En deuxième partie (chapitre 3), nous discutons des effets de la levodopa sur les hausses et baisses d’activité observés chez les patients atteints de la MP, ainsi que sur l’activité du putamen pendant les mouvements d’origine interne et externe. De nombreuses études en neuroimagerie ont montré une baisse d’activité (hypo-activité) préfrontale liée à la déplétion de dopamine. En revanche, l’utilisation de tâches cognitives a montré des augmentations d’activité (hyper-activité) corticale chez les patients atteints de la MP comparés aux participants sains. Nous avons suggéré précédemment que ces hypo- et hyper-activités des régions préfrontales dépendent de l’implication du striatum. Dans cette thèse nous suggérons de plus (2) que la levodopa ne rétablit pas ces hyper-activations, mais plutôt qu’elles sont liées à la perturbation du circuit méso-cortical, et aussi possiblement associées à l’administration de médication dopaminergique à long terme. Nous montrons aussi (3) que la levodopa a un effet non-spécifique à la tâche sur l’activité du circuit cortico-striatal moteur, et qu’elle n’a pas d’effet sur l’activité du circuit cortico-striatal cognitif. Nous montrons enfin (chapitre 4) que la levodopa a un effet asymétrique sur les mouvements de la main droite et gauche. À peu près 50% des patients atteints de la MP démontrent une asymétrie des symptômes moteurs, et ceci persiste à travers la durée de la maladie. Nos résultats suggèrent (4) que la levodopa pourrait avoir un plus grand effet sur les patrons d’activations des mouvements de la main la plus affectée. / Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, mainly manifested by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability, and often an asymmetry of symptom severity of the left and right sides of the body. The depletion of dopamine of the nigrostriatal pathway is the primary cause of the motor symptoms observed in patients with PD, leading to an imbalance in basal-ganglia prefrontal circuits. In the protocols described here, patients with PD before and after levodopa administration and healthy participants performed self-initiated (SI) and externally triggered (ET) movements with the left and right hand during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the chapters of this thesis, we argue and provide evidence for four main points. The first portion (chapter 2) provides a literature review on cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar circuit disruption in PD. Using neuroimaging techniques, changes in cerebral and cerebellar activity have been observed in patients with PD compared with healthy participants. Although increases in activity in the cerebellum have often been interpreted as compensatory mechanisms, we provide evidence that they are more likely to be related to pathophysiological changes of the disease, and the disruption of the cortico- cerebellar circuit. In general, we argue (1) is that activity in the cerebellum is linked to the pathophysiology of PD. In the second section (chapter 3) we discuss the effect of levodopa on the patterns of cortical hypo- and hyper-activity in PD, as well as the activity of the putamen in SI and ET movements. Many studies have shown cortical hypo-activity in relation to nigrostriatal dopamine depletion. In contrast, some cognitive studies have also identified increases in cortical activity in patients with PD as compared with healthy control participants. We have previously suggested that cortical hypo- and hyper-activations depend on striatal recruitment. In this thesis, we further show that hyper-activations in the prefrontal cortex are not reestablished with levodopa administration. We suggest (2) that they are rather associated with mesocortical dopamine circuit dysfunction, and perhaps linked with long- term dopaminergic medication administration. Furthermore, we show (3) that levodopa has a non-task specific effect on the motor cortico-striatal loop, but does not affect the cognitive cortico-striatal circuit. Finally (chapter 4), we show that the effect of levodopa on movements of the left and right hands is not symmetrical. Previous studies have shown that in about 50% of patients, one side of the body is more severely affected, and this asymmetry persists throughout the duration of the disease. Our results suggest (4) that levodopa may have stronger effects on the cerebral hemodynamic patterns related to the movements of the more affected hand than on those of the less affected hand.

A internet das coisas é considerada um novo sistema de comunicação que promete otimizar e melhorar diferentes áreas de aplicação com base em módulos sensores e objetos unicamente interligados através da internet. Em aplicações de redes de sensores sem fio em larga escala, as redes possuem características peculiares, como grande quantidade de módulos sensores de baixa potência, consumo limitado e perdas de comunicação intermitentes. Estas redes precisam operar com protocolos escaláveis e eficientes em termos de consumo de energia. Desta forma, esta tese propõe um protocolo multicanal assíncrono iniciado pelo receptor de acesso ao meio para redes de sensores sem fio de baixa potência para aplicações de internet das coisas. Através de uma comparação com soluções já existentes, o protocolo apresentado procura mitigar a colisão de mensagens e as perdas de energia com ociosidade na espera pela comunicação de um transmissor, através de um mecanismo de reconhecimento inicial eficiente. Adicionalmente, é proposto um diagnóstico efetivo de detecção de falha na comunicação ainda no ciclo de comunicação, de forma a auxiliar a economia de energia. Complementarmente, é proposto um mecanismo multicanal baseado no conhecimento do canal da vizinhança, além de serviços de inicialização e manutenção da rede. Para validação da proposta, o protocolo proposto foi comparado tanto com protocolos assíncronos multicanais iniciado pelo receptor quanto com protocolo síncrono relevantes na literatura científica. Os critérios de avaliação utilizados foram medição do consumo, latência e taxa de entrega da rede em diferentes cenários. Os resultados mostraram que o protocolo proposto minimiza o consumo de energia em relação aos protocolos assíncronos, além de melhorar a comunicação quando comparado aos protocolos analisados. Na comparação com o protocolo síncrono, demonstrou desempenho e consumo compatíveis, quando em período de trabalho menor, e consumo reduzido com períodos de trabalho maiores. / The Internet of Things is considered a new communication system that promises to optimize and improve different application areas. It is based on sensor modules and intelligent objects only interconnected through the internet. In large-scale wireless sensor network applications, networks have own specific characteristics such as many low-power, limited-power sensor modules with intermittent communication losses. These networks need to operate with scalable, energy-efficient protocols. Thus, this thesis proposes an asynchronous multichannel receiver-initiated MAC protocol for low power wireless sensor networks and internet of things applications. Through a comparison with already existing solutions, the proposed protocol tries to mitigate message containment and the effect of idle listening through an efficient initial recognition mechanism. It is also proposed an effective diagnosis of communication failure detection in the communication cycle, which also helps to save energy. In addition, a multichannel mechanism is proposed based on the knowledge of the neighborhood channel in addition to services of initialization and maintenance of the network. To validate the proposed protocol, evaluations were made for the consumption of each node sensor, the network traffic for each link, the latency and the network delivery rate in a web application. Tests were performed using asynchronous multichannel receiver-initiated and synchronous protocols based on literature scientific. The results show that the proposed protocol minimizes the energy consumption in relation to the asynchronous protocols, besides improving the communication when compared to the analyzed protocols. In the comparison with the synchronous protocol the proposed protocol showed performance and consumption compatible, when in a smaller duty cycles, and reduced consumption with longer duty cycles.

The objective of this research is to develop and apply a HILIC UHPLC stationary phase that allows for separation of intact glycoproteins. In Chapter 1 I give an overview of the problems of current glycosylation profiling with regards to biotherapeutics, and my strategy to separate the intact glycoprotein with HILIC. Chapter 2 describes the methods used to produce the nonporous packing material and stationary phase. In Chapter 3 I describe previous work in developing a HILIC polyacrylamide stationary phase, and further improvements I have made. Chapter 4 describes development of an assay in collaboration with Genentech of therapeutic mAb glycosylation. In Chapter 5, I show HILIC-MS of digested ribonuclease B as a beginning step to analyze glycosylated biomarkers.