Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka möjligheter till lärarinitierad muntlig interaktion som ges eleverna i två klasser i årskurs 5 och 6 samt att pröva ett tidigare utvecklat observationsverktyg. För att uppfylla studiens syfte användes systematiska observationer som utfördes under totalt fyra lärtillfällen. Till hjälp användes observationsverktyget som innehåller 44 faktorer, fördelade i kategorierna lärmiljö, lärtillfälle och interaktioner. Resultatet som analyseras utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv visar att de observerade lärmiljöerna, lärtillfällena och lärarledda interaktionerna ger eleverna goda förutsättningar till utvecklande av muntliga interaktioner men även att observationsverktyget som användes kan behöva en anpassning om det ska lämpa sig optimalt för observationer på mellanstadiet.

The overarching aim of the present thesis is to gain knowledge about how Rwandan university students understand and practice group-based learning. Specifically, this research takes a social constructivist perspective when examining how second year students within the area of Modern Languages reflect on collaborative writing and peer assessment as means to promote academic writing and active learning. Four studies make up this research. Thus, Study I examines how students carry out self-directed group work in writing. Study II investigates how instructor-guided writing groups can help promote students’ collaborative learning. Study III explores in what ways process writing as instruction method can help develop students’ academic writing abilities and Study IV focuses on how students experience peer assessment and peer feedback on group writing. The data, which are qualitative, were collected by means of interviews carried out with groups of students. The findings show that students perceive and conduct group-based learning in different ways, which can impact the quality of their learning. Also, based on initial support and guidance from the course instructor, most students acknowledged having been able to take stock of their common writing abilities and understand in what ways peer assessment and peer feedback can help them improve, and thus enrich their learning. A few students considered the common writing process time consuming though. In conclusion, some strategies are suggested to further improve group-based learning. / Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är att söka kunskap om hur universitetsstudenter i Rwanda förstår och praktiserar gruppbaserat lärande. Teoretiskt utgår den från ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv med särskilt fokus riktat mot hur studenter inom ämnesområdet moderna språk reflekterar över kollaborativt skrivande och inbördes bedömning som ett sätt att främja akademiskt skrivande och aktivt lärande. Avhandlingen består av fyra studier. I studie I undersöks studenters reflektioner över hur deras självstyrda skrivande i grupp genomförs. Studie II belyser lärarens roll i lärarlett skrivande i grupp och hur det kan påverka studenters kollaborativa lärande. I studie III studeras på vilket sätt metoder som synliggör skrivprocessen kan stödja studenters utveckling inom akademiskt skrivande. Studie IV fokuserar hur studenter erfar inbördes bedömning av skrivande i grupp. Data består av kvalitativa intervjuer genomförda med grupper av studenter under deras andra högskoleår Resultaten visar att studenterna uppfattar och genomför gruppbaserat lärande på olika sätt vilket kan påverka kvaliteten på deras lärande. Givet ett initialt stöd och vägledning från läraren som grund, bekräftade de flesta studenterna att de i grupparbetet kunde utnyttja sin gemensamma skrivförmåga och förstå på vilket sätt inbördes utvärdering kan hjälpa dem att förbättra sitt skrivande och därmed berika deras lärande. Vissa ansåg dock att den gemensamma skrivprocessen var tidsödande. Avslutningsvis föreslås strategier som kan användas för att ytterligare förbättra ett gruppbaserat lärande.

Cette thèse rapporte le greffage chimique de brosses de polymères neutres de poly(acrylate de tert-butyle) (PtBA) et de brosses chargées d’acide polyacrylique (PAA) sur des substrats de mica afin d’étudier leur conformation en fonction de la densité de greffage, du pH et de la force ionique. Le greffage est réalisé par polymérisation contrôlée par transfert d’atome (ATRP) initiée depuis la surface de mica afin de contrôler la croissance du polymère et sa densité de greffage. L’étude de la conformation des brosses de PtBA et de PAA a été menée avec la technique AFM en mesurant les épaisseurs des films à sec et gonflés sous différentes conditions de solvant, de pH et de force ionique. Une monocouche d’amorceurs est tout d’abord greffée sur du mica porteur de groupes hydroxyles créés par plasma (Ar/H2O). Cette couche a été caractérisée par des mesures d’angle de contact et par la technique TOF-SIMS. L’amorceur greffé a ensuite permis d’initier l’ATRP directement depuis la surface pour former des brosses neutres de PtBA liés de façon covalente au mica. La croissance linéaire de l’épaisseur du film avec la masse molaire du polymère en solution et le taux de conversion montre que la polymérisation est contrôlée. De plus, la ré-initiation des chaînes greffées atteste du caractère vivant de la polymérisation. L’hydrolyse des brosses de PtBA, confirmée par des mesures d’angle de contact, d’épaisseur et par FT-IR, conduit à des brosses de PAA. Les différentes couches greffées sont stables à l’air, en milieu organique et en milieu aqueux et leur gonflement est réversible. Le degreffage de la couche de PAA est observé suite à une longue exposition à pH basique. Cette étude représente le premier exemple de brosses greffées chimiquement sur du mica par polymérisation initiée depuis la surface. La variation des paramètres de la réaction de greffage de l’amorceur, tels que la concentration et la durée de réaction, a permis de contrôler le taux de recouvrement de l’amorceur et la densité de greffage du polymère. Une grande gamme de taux de recouvrement de l’amorceur est accessible et se traduit par un intervalle de densités de greffage allant de faibles à élevées (e.g. 0,04 chaîne/nm2 à 0,5 chaîne/nm2). L’étude de la conformation des chaînes de PtBA dans le DMF montre que cet intervalle de densités recouvre le régime crêpe au régime brosse. Le gonflement de brosses de PAA et la variation de la hauteur de la brosse L ont été étudiés en fonction de la densité de greffage, du pH et du sel ajouté cs (NaCl). Une transition brusque de collapsée à étirée est observée avec l’augmentation du pH, indépendamment de la densité de greffage. A pH neutre, les brosses sont collapsées et se comportent comme des brosses neutres en mauvais solvant. A pH basique, les brosses sont gonflées et chargées et se trouvent dans un régime de Pincus caractéristique des polyélectrolytes forts. En présence de sel, les charges sont partiellement écrantées et les répulsions électrostatiques dominent toujours dans la brosse. Cette étude contribue à une meilleure compréhension du comportement complexe des brosses de polyélectrolytes faibles et apporte un soutien expérimental à la théorie sur le comportement de ces brosses. / Neutral polymer brushes of poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) and polyelectrolyte brushes of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were chemically grafted on mica in order to study their conformation as a function of grafting density, pH and ionic strength. The brushes were prepared via surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). This approach allows the control of the polymer growth and of the polymer grafting density. The study of brush conformation was investigated by measuring the dry and the swollen film thicknesses by Atomic Force microscopy (AFM) under various environmental conditions. Mica substrates were activated by a plasma method leading to OH-functionalized surfaces to which a radical initiator was covalently bound using standard siloxane protocols. The initiator grafting on the mica substrate was confirmed by water contact angle measurements and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The covalently immobilized initiator successfully underwent SI-ATRP with tert-butyl acrylate, yielding end-grafted PtBA brushes that are covalently linked to mica. A linear relationship of the polymer thickness with respect to the molecular weight of the free polymer and with respect to the monomer conversion is obtained confirming that SI-ATRP is well controlled. The PtBA brushes were then hydrolyzed to PAA as confirmed by water contact angle measurements, polymer thickness measurements and FT-IR. The grafted layers show a good stability in air, organic solvent and aqueous solution and a reversible swelling. Film cleavage is observed for long exposure time in basic solution. This study represents the first example of chemically grafted brushes on mica via SI-ATRP. The polymer grafting density of poly(tert-butyl acrylate) was controlled by tuning the initiator surface coverage. By adjusting parameters such as the immobilization reaction time and concentration of the initiator, a wide range of initiator surface coverages and hence polymer densities on mica were possible ranging from 0.04 chain/nm2 to 0.5 chain/nm2). The swelling behavior of PAA brushes was investigated as a function of the polymer grafting density, pH and ionic strength cs (NaCl). A sharp transition from collapsed to stretched conformation was found with increasing pH. At neutral pH, the brushes are collapsed and behave like neutral brushes in poor solvent. At high pH, the brushes are swollen and charged and belong to the Pincus regime. In the presence of salt, the Coulombic repulsions are screened. The observed behavior of PAA brushes resembles the one of strong polyelectrolyte brushes. This study contributes to a better understanding of the complex behaviour of weak polyelectrolyte brushes and brings experimental support to theoretical studies.

This critical review summarizes recent developments in the fabrication of patterned polymer brushes. As top-down lithography reaches the length scale of a single macromolecule, the combination with the bottom-up synthesis of polymer brushes by surface-initiated polymerization becomes one main avenue to design new materials for nanotechnology. Recent developments in surface-initiated polymerizations are highlighted along with diverse strategies to create patterned polymer brushes on all length scales based on irradiation (photo- and interference lithography, electron-beam lithography), mechanical contact (scanning probe lithography, soft lithography, nanoimprinting lithography) and on surface forces (capillary force lithography, colloidal lithography, Langmuir–Blodgett lithography) (116 references). / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

La maladie de Parkinson (MP) est la deuxième maladie neurodégénérative la plus commune. Les symptômes principalement observés chez les patients atteints de la MP sont la rigidité, les tremblements, la bradykinésie et une instabilité posturale. Leur sévérité est souvent asymétrique. La cause principale de ces symptômes moteurs est la dégénérescence du circuit dopaminergique nigro-striatal qui mène à un débalancement d’activité du circuit cortico-striatal. Ce débalancement de circuits est le point essentiel de cette thèse. Dans les protocoles de recherche décrits ici, des patients atteints de la MP (avant et après une dose de levodopa) et des participants contrôles sains ont effectué des mouvements auto-initiés ou en réponse à des stimulis externes pendant que l’on mesurait leur activité cérébrale en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf). Dans cette thèse, nous abordons et mettons en évidence quatre (4) points principaux. En première partie (chapitre 2), nous présentons un recensement de la littérature sur les cicruits cortico-striataux et cortico-cérébelleux dans la MP. En utilisant des méthodes de neuroimagerie, des changements d’activité cérébrale et cérébelleuse ont été observés chez les patients atteints de la MP comparés aux participants sains. Même si les augmentations d’activité du cervelet ont souvent été attribuées à des mécanismes compensatoires, nos résultats suggèrent qu’elles sont plus probablement liées aux changements pathophysiologiques de la MP et à la perturbation du circuit cortico-cérébelleux. En général, nous suggérons (1) que le circuit cortico-cérébelleux est perturbé chez les patients atteints de la MP, et que les changements d’activité du cervelet sont liés à la pathophysiologie de la MP plutôt qu’à des mécanismes compensatoires. En deuxième partie (chapitre 3), nous discutons des effets de la levodopa sur les hausses et baisses d’activité observés chez les patients atteints de la MP, ainsi que sur l’activité du putamen pendant les mouvements d’origine interne et externe. De nombreuses études en neuroimagerie ont montré une baisse d’activité (hypo-activité) préfrontale liée à la déplétion de dopamine. En revanche, l’utilisation de tâches cognitives a montré des augmentations d’activité (hyper-activité) corticale chez les patients atteints de la MP comparés aux participants sains. Nous avons suggéré précédemment que ces hypo- et hyper-activités des régions préfrontales dépendent de l’implication du striatum. Dans cette thèse nous suggérons de plus (2) que la levodopa ne rétablit pas ces hyper-activations, mais plutôt qu’elles sont liées à la perturbation du circuit méso-cortical, et aussi possiblement associées à l’administration de médication dopaminergique à long terme. Nous montrons aussi (3) que la levodopa a un effet non-spécifique à la tâche sur l’activité du circuit cortico-striatal moteur, et qu’elle n’a pas d’effet sur l’activité du circuit cortico-striatal cognitif. Nous montrons enfin (chapitre 4) que la levodopa a un effet asymétrique sur les mouvements de la main droite et gauche. À peu près 50% des patients atteints de la MP démontrent une asymétrie des symptômes moteurs, et ceci persiste à travers la durée de la maladie. Nos résultats suggèrent (4) que la levodopa pourrait avoir un plus grand effet sur les patrons d’activations des mouvements de la main la plus affectée. / Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, mainly manifested by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability, and often an asymmetry of symptom severity of the left and right sides of the body. The depletion of dopamine of the nigrostriatal pathway is the primary cause of the motor symptoms observed in patients with PD, leading to an imbalance in basal-ganglia prefrontal circuits. In the protocols described here, patients with PD before and after levodopa administration and healthy participants performed self-initiated (SI) and externally triggered (ET) movements with the left and right hand during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the chapters of this thesis, we argue and provide evidence for four main points. The first portion (chapter 2) provides a literature review on cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar circuit disruption in PD. Using neuroimaging techniques, changes in cerebral and cerebellar activity have been observed in patients with PD compared with healthy participants. Although increases in activity in the cerebellum have often been interpreted as compensatory mechanisms, we provide evidence that they are more likely to be related to pathophysiological changes of the disease, and the disruption of the cortico- cerebellar circuit. In general, we argue (1) is that activity in the cerebellum is linked to the pathophysiology of PD. In the second section (chapter 3) we discuss the effect of levodopa on the patterns of cortical hypo- and hyper-activity in PD, as well as the activity of the putamen in SI and ET movements. Many studies have shown cortical hypo-activity in relation to nigrostriatal dopamine depletion. In contrast, some cognitive studies have also identified increases in cortical activity in patients with PD as compared with healthy control participants. We have previously suggested that cortical hypo- and hyper-activations depend on striatal recruitment. In this thesis, we further show that hyper-activations in the prefrontal cortex are not reestablished with levodopa administration. We suggest (2) that they are rather associated with mesocortical dopamine circuit dysfunction, and perhaps linked with long- term dopaminergic medication administration. Furthermore, we show (3) that levodopa has a non-task specific effect on the motor cortico-striatal loop, but does not affect the cognitive cortico-striatal circuit. Finally (chapter 4), we show that the effect of levodopa on movements of the left and right hands is not symmetrical. Previous studies have shown that in about 50% of patients, one side of the body is more severely affected, and this asymmetry persists throughout the duration of the disease. Our results suggest (4) that levodopa may have stronger effects on the cerebral hemodynamic patterns related to the movements of the more affected hand than on those of the less affected hand.

Tolkens uppgift är att överföra budskapet från ett språk till ett annat på ett ekvivalent sätt. För att göra det måste tolken koordinera samtalet. Tolkens koordineringsarbete och tolkens förmåga att navigera mellan de olika modaliteterna där talad svenska och teckenspråk förekommer är avgörande för en funktionell tolkning. Den här uppsatsen har fokuserat på sekvenser där tolken i sitt koordineringsarbete ägnar sig åt att förflytta sig mellan olika samtalsramar. Detta kallas för change of footing (sv. tolkens fotombyte). I det filminspelade materialet har fyra kategorier av change of footing påträffats. Den första handlar om den förändrade deltagarstatusen som uppstår när tolken från väntläge går in i rollspelet. Den andra kategorin handlar om tolkens självpresentation som för teckenspråkstolkar innebär att hantera en oväntad direkt fråga. Den tredje kategorin handlar om när tolken själv tar initiativ till omfrågning för att försäkra sig om innehållet och/eller innebörden av det som yttrats. Den fjärde och sista kategorin handlar om den förändrade deltagarstatusen som tolken förflyttar sig till när rollspelet avslutas. Just avrundning av pågående samtal är ofta en process som kan pågå i flera minuter där både de primära parterna och tolken signalerar detta på en rad olika sätt. / The task of an interpreter is to convey the message from one language to another in an equivalent way. In order to do that the interpreter needs to coordinate the interaction. The coordination and the ability to navigate between the different modalities that spoken Swedish and Swedish sign language are part of is decisive to achieve a functional interpretation. This thesis has focused on sequences where the interpreter in her work moves between different interactional frames. This movement is called change of footing. In the film-recorded data, four different categories of change of footing have been found. The first one concerns the changes in participation status, which occur when the interpreter moves from a “waiting position” into the roleplay. The second category is about the interpreters’ self-presentation, which for sign language interpreters is an unexpected direct question to handle. The third category deals with an interpreter-initiated repair in order to make sure the meaning of an utterance or a word is correctly understood. The fourth and final category is about the changed participation status when the interpreter moves out of ongoing roleplay as it ends. Finishing an ongoing interaction is often a process that might go on for several minutes and that is signalled by both the primary parties and the interpreter in a number of different ways.

Submitted by Alessandra Sabatelli (sabatellialessandra@gmail.com) on 2017-10-25T11:55:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 THESIS-Alessandra Sabatelli-FGVmodel PDF.pdf: 887264 bytes, checksum: 5a262b2f5466fa81f851d2326714879a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2017-10-25T11:59:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 THESIS-Alessandra Sabatelli-FGVmodel PDF.pdf: 887264 bytes, checksum: 5a262b2f5466fa81f851d2326714879a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-25T12:22:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THESIS-Alessandra Sabatelli-FGVmodel PDF.pdf: 887264 bytes, checksum: 5a262b2f5466fa81f851d2326714879a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / The goal of this dissertation is to expand our understanding about generation Y, more specifically, self-initiated expatriated (SIE) - people who spontaneously decide to go abroad and look for new challenges. Those people present a 'large but untapped pool of skilled international workforce' (Ceric & Crawford, 2016, p.137) with a high potential impact in terms of business and local growth. Therefore, the purpose was to analyse different personality traits and understand how they affect individuals in their job perspective. In order to respond to this question, a field study was conducted and data was collected from a convenience sample of 366 adults where the majority were postgraduate students with an average age of 25 years who have at least experienced studying abroad. The results of the conducted analysis can be summed up in the finding that it didn’t exist a significant connection between personality traits of Generation Y SIE’s and organizational characteristics. In praxis that means that companies do not appeal individuals with a certain personality of this sample by projecting a certain image and, therefore, an individual approach seems to be more appropriate than group targeting. / O objetivo desta dissertação é expandir o entendimento sobre a geração Y, mais especificamente, auto-iniciados expatriados (SIE) - pessoas que, espontaneamente, decidem ir no exterior e procurar novos desafios. Essas pessoas apresentam um 'grande grupo de mão- de-obra internacional qualificada' (Ceric & Crawford, 2016, p.137) com um alto impacto potencial em termos de crescimento comercial e local. Portanto, o objetivo é analisar diferentes traços de personalidade e entender como eles afetam os indivíduos na perspectiva de trabalho. Para responder a esta questão, realizou-se um estudo de campo e foram coletados dados de uma amostra de conveniência de 366 adultos, onde a maioria eram estudantes de pós-graduação com idade média de 25 anos que pelo menos tinha feito uma experiência estudando exterior. Os resultados da análise conduzida podem ser resumidos na descoberta de que não existe uma conexão significativa entre os traços de personalidade da Geração Y SIE e as características organizacionais. Na prática, isso significa que as empresas não apelam indivíduos com uma certa personalidade dessa amostra projetando uma determinada imagem e, portanto, uma abordagem individual parece ser mais apropriada do que a segmentação por grupo.

No description available.

A internet das coisas é considerada um novo sistema de comunicação que promete otimizar e melhorar diferentes áreas de aplicação com base em módulos sensores e objetos unicamente interligados através da internet. Em aplicações de redes de sensores sem fio em larga escala, as redes possuem características peculiares, como grande quantidade de módulos sensores de baixa potência, consumo limitado e perdas de comunicação intermitentes. Estas redes precisam operar com protocolos escaláveis e eficientes em termos de consumo de energia. Desta forma, esta tese propõe um protocolo multicanal assíncrono iniciado pelo receptor de acesso ao meio para redes de sensores sem fio de baixa potência para aplicações de internet das coisas. Através de uma comparação com soluções já existentes, o protocolo apresentado procura mitigar a colisão de mensagens e as perdas de energia com ociosidade na espera pela comunicação de um transmissor, através de um mecanismo de reconhecimento inicial eficiente. Adicionalmente, é proposto um diagnóstico efetivo de detecção de falha na comunicação ainda no ciclo de comunicação, de forma a auxiliar a economia de energia. Complementarmente, é proposto um mecanismo multicanal baseado no conhecimento do canal da vizinhança, além de serviços de inicialização e manutenção da rede. Para validação da proposta, o protocolo proposto foi comparado tanto com protocolos assíncronos multicanais iniciado pelo receptor quanto com protocolo síncrono relevantes na literatura científica. Os critérios de avaliação utilizados foram medição do consumo, latência e taxa de entrega da rede em diferentes cenários. Os resultados mostraram que o protocolo proposto minimiza o consumo de energia em relação aos protocolos assíncronos, além de melhorar a comunicação quando comparado aos protocolos analisados. Na comparação com o protocolo síncrono, demonstrou desempenho e consumo compatíveis, quando em período de trabalho menor, e consumo reduzido com períodos de trabalho maiores. / The Internet of Things is considered a new communication system that promises to optimize and improve different application areas. It is based on sensor modules and intelligent objects only interconnected through the internet. In large-scale wireless sensor network applications, networks have own specific characteristics such as many low-power, limited-power sensor modules with intermittent communication losses. These networks need to operate with scalable, energy-efficient protocols. Thus, this thesis proposes an asynchronous multichannel receiver-initiated MAC protocol for low power wireless sensor networks and internet of things applications. Through a comparison with already existing solutions, the proposed protocol tries to mitigate message containment and the effect of idle listening through an efficient initial recognition mechanism. It is also proposed an effective diagnosis of communication failure detection in the communication cycle, which also helps to save energy. In addition, a multichannel mechanism is proposed based on the knowledge of the neighborhood channel in addition to services of initialization and maintenance of the network. To validate the proposed protocol, evaluations were made for the consumption of each node sensor, the network traffic for each link, the latency and the network delivery rate in a web application. Tests were performed using asynchronous multichannel receiver-initiated and synchronous protocols based on literature scientific. The results show that the proposed protocol minimizes the energy consumption in relation to the asynchronous protocols, besides improving the communication when compared to the analyzed protocols. In the comparison with the synchronous protocol the proposed protocol showed performance and consumption compatible, when in a smaller duty cycles, and reduced consumption with longer duty cycles.

Observations of young children are conducted in an educational setting by practitioners to plan and assess activities based on the individual development and needs of the child. Challenges include: recording, how to be an observer rather than a participant, and connecting developmental theory to observable behaviour.Several projects have simulated children in their learning environments, aimed mainly at pre-service teachers, but these have neither been for young children where the activity is play-based nor where the adult is supportive of the child's interests. Some simulations have used 3D graphics to represent a child via a role-playing adult but there have been few attempts to use autonomous characters.A novel real-time interactive 3D graphical simulation—Observation—was developed, providing a physical sandbox for users to: add autonomous characters (representing children), add objects, and customise the play-based environment. The definitions of the characters were informed by the findings from early childhood research. The simulation was evaluated using two complementary serious game frameworks and its utility was evaluated by professionals within the field of early childhood education comprising university students and educators, and local education authority advisors. An explorative, mixed methods approach was taken, triangulating across: a pilot study and a main study; different research instruments (simulation activity plus questionnaire, focus groups, interviews); and a range of participants. The simulation has utility because: it is an interesting way to explore the behaviours of young children, the theoretical understanding behind children's play can be deepened, and observational skills can be developed. The simulation has wide appeal because the perceived utility of the simulation is not influenced by: professional experience, number of real-life observations of young children, or time spent playing video games. Age is considered to be the most important omission from the abstract character in the simulation.