This paper examines the innovative behavior of agri-food firms located in Central and Eastern Europe. In the literature, empirical analyses on innovation activities of firms focus on various case studies from around the world. However, very few studies explored the innovation of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) from Central and Eastern Europe’s agri-food sector. The analysis uses the logit estimation method and firm-level data, which are obtained from ERBD-World Bank Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS). Results suggest that firms that spent some proportion of their financial budget on research and development (R&D), had workforce training programs and bought fixed assets are more likely to launch product, process, organizational and marketing innovations.

Corporate entrepreneurship is dedicated to the continuous exploration of opportunities and leveraging innovation activities to achieve a competitive advantage, improved performance, and prosperity of companies. The problem is that the complex reality of multinational corporations is creating distinct obstacles for subsidiary managers who are attempting to develop and promote entrepreneurial activities. The purpose of this qualitative analytic autoethnographic study was to explore barriers and enablers for corporate entrepreneurship ‎practice by focusing on the individual and organizational processes, culture, and lessons learned from entrepreneurial activities that took place at the selected organization during the last decade. The interviews with 9 participants, who were involved in the activities covered by the study, served to reflect the researcher’s narrative and strengthen the reliability and trustworthiness of the results. The study results are based on the contextual data analysis and involved identified barriers in organizational, cultural, and business environments along with the specific manager’s actions and organizational processes for overcoming them. Findings showed that despite the obstacles in the subsidiary’s internal and external environments, one could achieve acknowledging the value of the subsidiary’s innovation activities and establish foundations for the practice of corporate entrepreneurship. The adaption of the study findings is expected to catalyze social change and strengthen the positive impact of entrepreneurial activities on employees’ motivation and job satisfaction, innovativeness, sustainability, and growth of companies and national economies.

This dissertation consists of three essays on firms' behaviors under staggered treatment adoption. The first essay draws information from a micro-lender and a credit bureau to identify the causal effects of small loans on the financial health of a group of small U.S. business owners. To achieve this, we exploit temporal variations in the loan disbursements and use an estimation strategy that controls for potential biases due to treatment effect heterogeneity. The results suggest that even small loans are effective in generating lasting positive impacts on widely accepted financial health indicators, such as Vantage Score (Credit Score), Debt-to-Income Ratio, and Credit Utilization Ratio. We obtain similar robust results for subprime and startup borrowers, who are known to face difficulties in securing credit. The second essay combines unionization data from the National Labor Relations Board and financial data from Compustat to examine the causal effects of unionization on the financing decisions of publicly traded firms in the United States. In this essay, I exploit temporal variations in the election date of unionization across firms and use a dynamic difference-in- difference estimation strategy to identify the effects of unionization on a range of financial indicators, including the Debt-to-Equity ratio, market leverage, book leverage, long-term book leverage, net leverage and cash to asset ratio. I find that unionization negatively affect firms' financing decisions. For example, after unionization, firms rely less on leverage to raise capital. At the same time, unionization offers incentive to firms to hold more cash in hand. My analysis also suggests that the effects of unionization vary according to the political and institutional structure of the states in which firms operate. For instance, the impacts on the outcome variables are more pronounced for the firms in democrat-led states and for firms which operate in states without right-to-work laws. The effects of unionization are also more noticeable for multi-establishment firms versus one-establishment firms. In addition, we find that the effects vary according to the margin of support for unionization within a firm. The third essay examines the causal effects of unionization on innovation activities of publicly traded firms in the United States. As in the case of chapters 1 and 2, the analysis uses a dynamic difference-in-difference estimation strategy on a dataset that is compiled using information on unionization data from the National Labor Relations Board, financial data from Compustat and KPSS patent data. My analysis encompasses a wide range of innovation indicators, including the number of patents, number of forward citations, market value of patents, average citations, number of patents to RandD expenditures ratio, number of citations to RandD expenditures ratio, number of patents per 1000 employees, capital expenditures to sales ratio and RandD expenditures to sales ratio. The findings suggest a small positive impact of unionization on most of these innovation indicators, with the exception of market value of patents and number of patents to RandD expenditures ratio. I also find that the effects of unionization vary according to political orientations of states, industry type, firm size and firm age. The results demonstrate that the effects on innovation are more pronounced for smaller and younger firms and for firms operating in democrat-led states as well as manufacturing firms. / Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis is a collection of three self-contained essays that examine the firms' behaviors in contexts where not all the units received the treatment at the same point in time. In the first essay, we investigate how small loans affect the financial health of small business owners. By analyzing data from a lender and credit bureau, we identify the causal effects of receiving loans on the financial health of borrowers. The results indicate that even small loans have a positive and lasting impact on credit scores, debt-to-income ratios, and credit utilization ratios. This research also sheds light on the effects of loans on borrowers with less favorable credit status or those starting a new business, who often face challenges in accessing credit. In the second essay, the focus shifts to the impact of unionization on the financing decisions of publicly traded firms in the United States. We examine the causal effects of unionization on various financial indicators. The findings reveal a negative effect of unionization on metrics such as debt-to-equity ratio, market leverage, and book leverage. However, cash holdings experience an increase. Furthermore, the effects of unionization vary based on the political and institutional structure of the states where firms operate, as well as the margin of support for unionization within a firm. The impact of unionization is more pronounced in democrat- led/without right-to-work law states, multi-establishment firms and when the support for unionization is stronger among employees. In the third essay, we investigate the effects of unionization on innovation activities within publicly traded firms in the United States. By analyzing unionization data, financial data, and patent data, the study examines the causal effects of unionization on various innovation indicators. The results reveal a small positive impact of unionization on most innovation indicators, such as the number of citations, number of patents per 1000 employees as well as ratio of number of citations to RandD expenditures. However, the effects on market value of patents and number of patent-to-RandD expenditure ratios are not statistically significant. Moreover, the analysis considers factors like political orientations of states in which the firms operate, industry type, firm size and firm age. The findings indicate that the effects on innovation outcomes are more pronounced for smaller firms, younger firms, firms operating in democrat-led states and manufacturing firms.

Economic growth is slowing in many countries. It leads to a discussion on what sources of growth should countries focus. For this purpose, EU created the concept of smart specialization, which puts an emphasis on the most efficient use of public financial resources dedicated to research and development. The aim of this thesis is to find out on what industry Germany as a leader of EU innovation and its individual regions specializes and to identify potential areas for targeting resources to innovation, research and development. This will be determined by using the patent network. The secondary objective is to interconnect findings of patenting and analysis of innovation activities in various regions of Germany with international trade and to determine whether there is a correlation between innovation activity in a particular sector and export of the sector's products abroad.

Today's business environment has become increasingly competitive, which is partly due to an expansion in globalization coupled with higher consumer demands. This places greater demands on flexibility and consciously of innovation. Traditional innovation measurement focuses on measuring output, which means that it can take years to evaluate and map the innovation process. The aim of the following project is to identify activities that enable companies to monitor and develop their innovative activities. The metrics are tools that help organizations control and develop innovations, to strengthen their innovation process. The study was initiated with a systematic literature review with the objective to highlight important aspects of innovation and innovation measurement. Empirical data was collected through the qualitative method, where 13 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Three of the interviews were with researchers that have knowledge in the field of innovation. The remaining interviews were conducted with employees at case company Dynapac. Based on the theoretical and empirical findings, a definition of innovation has been identified for the manufacturing sector. Within the case company, the challenge was to analyse the current metrics and develop future metrics. The researchers reveal the importance of implementing a measurement system that drives activities related to the development of innovative work and capabilities, to ensure continuity. Ten metrics have been identified for the innovation process. These have been categorized into input, process, and output to guide companies in the innovation process. The metrics were categorized by four types: capability, organization, market and financial. The objectives with the metrics are to capture the full range of the innovation process and the activities that are relevant to each metrics. The metrics are actively promoting keeping track or supporting reflection about innovation activities.

<p>Merenje inovativnih aktivnosti je važno da bi se moglo upravljati i uspe&scaron;nije poslovati preduzećem. Mnogi alati su se pojavili na trži&scaron;tu ali uglavnom svi su posmatrali uspe&scaron;nost preduzeća isključivo kroz finansijske aspekte. Model koji je uključivao sve aspekte u preduzeću, ne samo finansijsku komponentu i koji se pokazao kao efikasan alat je Balanced Scoredcard (BSC) model. Pojavom ovog modela stvara se sinergija na nivou celog preduzeća, jer pomoću ovog modela moguće je identifikovati strate&scaron;ke indikatore koje preduzeće treba da postigne da bi unapredilo svoje poslovanje. Ovaj rad posmatra trenutnu situaciju po pitanju inovacija i uvođenja inovativnih aktivnosti u poslovanje u preduzećima na teritoriji Republike Srbije, ali i to da li BSC model primenljiv za ocenu i praćenje inovativnih aktivnosti u preduzećima. Modifikovan BSC model uz pažljivo odabrane faktore sa fokusom na inovativne aktivnosti je dobar pomoćni alat za merenje i neprekidno praćenje performansi preduzeća. Primena ovakvih alata u malim i srednjim preduzećima bi unapredila i pobolj&scaron;ala njihovo poslovanje.</p> / <p>Measuring innovative activities is important in order to manage and operate the enterprise more effectively. Many tools appeared on the market, but most of them measured the business success based on financial results. The Balanced Scoredcard (BSC) model, however, included all the aspects of the company, not just a financial component, and it was proven to be an effective tool. The emergence of this model created synergy throughout the company, because this model enabled identification of the strategic indicators that the company should achieve in order to improve its business. This paper shows the current situation regarding to innovation and the introduction of innovative activities in business operations in the territory of the Republic of Serbia, but also explores whether the BSC model is applicable for the evaluation and monitoring of innovative activities in enterprises. A modified BSC model with very carefully selected factors with a focus on innovative activities is a good auxiliary tool for measuring and continuously monitoring the performance of the company. The application of such tools in small and medium-sized enterprises would improve their business.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAKES_Paulo_2015.pdf: 1766170 bytes, checksum: a22d7e4e9c47f17b2aba1641d59fa30f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / To compete globally, companies need to build and accumulate technological capabilities for operation activities and innovation activities. Despite the development of technological capability to innovate primarily take place within companies, other organizations in the innovation system may contribute to this process. In this sense, this study aimed to characterize the industrial innovation activities on a Local Innovation System (LIS) and analyze its fragmentation. The local innovation system of Sorocaba / SP was defined as an object of study. An integrated unique case study was conducted, the sample was composed of 43 companies from various sectors. It has been described the level of knowledge of the companies in relation to innovation legislation, the intention of investments in related technologies to market, management and production, the structure of Research and Development (R&D) and innovation management, relevant factors to the practice of innovation , partnerships for innovation, as well as the demand for technological services in Basic Industrial Technology. In addition, Data collected included the supply of technological services from 19 institutions of science, technology and innovation leading to a comparative analysis in relation to the services demanded by the local industry. Among the results, it was found: a) lack of knowledge about the innovation law; b) the intention of investments in technologies focuses on the areas of production and management c) about half of the companies has innovation management department or R & D department structured; d) interaction with STI public and private institutions has little relevance to the practice of innovation; e) the formation of partnerships to innovate occurs mainly with customers and suppliers; f) the interaction among industries and other institutions from the LIS suggests that the observed level of local interaction is reduced, so that the LIS appears as fragmented. / Para que possam competir globalmente, as empresas precisam construir e acumular suas capacidades tecnológicas, tanto para atividades de produção/operação, quanto para atividades de inovação. Apesar do desenvolvimento de capacidade tecnológica para inovar ocorrer primariamente dentro de empresas, as demais organizações do sistema de inovação podem contribuir com este processo. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa visou caracterizar as atividades inovativas da indústria em um Sistema Local de Inovação (SLI) e analisar suas interações com as Instituições de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (ICTIs) locais para obtenção de serviços tecnológicos. Tomou-se como objeto de estudo o SLI de Sorocaba/SP. Conduziu-se um estudo de caso, cuja amostra foi composta por 43 empresas de diversos setores. Caracterizou-se o nível de conhecimento das empresas quanto à legislação de inovação, a intenção de investimentos em tecnologias nas áreas de mercado, gestão e produção, a estruturação de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) e gestão da inovação, fatores relevantes à prática de inovação, formação de parcerias para inovar, bem como a demanda por serviços tecnológicos. Ademais, coletaram-se informações sobre a oferta de serviços tecnológicos junto a 19 instituições de ciência, tecnologia e inovação com vistas à análise comparativa em relação aos serviços demandados pela indústria local. Dentre os resultados, constatou-se que: a) o desconhecimento sobre a legislação de inovação é predominante; b) a intenção de investimentos em tecnologias se foca sobre as áreas de produção e gestão; c) cerca de metade das empresas possui departamento de gestão de inovação ou de P&D estruturados; d) a interação com instituições de ciência, tecnologia e inovação públicas e privadas é considerada pouco relevante à prática de inovação; e) a formação de parcerias para inovar ocorre principalmente com clientes e fornecedores; f) a interação entre as indústrias e demais organizações do SLI sugere que o nível de interação local é reduzido, de maneira que o SLI se apresenta como fragmentado.

知識經濟時代與全球化潮流下，創新是廠商提升自我競爭力的重要途徑。創新乃原始概念到將知識商業化的一連串過程，而過去探討廠商創新的研究取向多元，研究觀點則以經濟地理學、企業管理學為主，綜合相關研究，大致可將影響廠商創新的因素歸類為三大面向：廠商內部屬性、對外網絡連結關係、廠商所處地區的環境條件。其中，創新氛圍乃是特定地區的行動者透過偕同作用及集體學習過程所產生的社會關係，提升了地區的創新能力，同時提供有利於廠商創新的環境條件，是近來區域發展的重要議題。本研究即綜合上述三大面向因素來探討廠商創新活動(研發投入與研發合作)與創新成效之影響因素。 創新氛圍理論從早期”某種東西之地方化”的探討，演變到後期關注於地方生產系統的運作是受到地區創新氛圍的影響所致；其中，創新氛圍量化指標的缺乏、探討領域的侷限，乃是本研究所要突破之處。本研究以工業區分佈情形、自然與人文界線、通勤圈範圍等原則，先將台灣地區分為46個地區分析單元，再參酌地方生產系統概念，以兩個指標：LQ大於1與製造業就業員工數大於50000人，篩選出26個地區作為研究範圍，最後以科技與傳統產業LQ大於1指標，區別出9個科技產業群聚地區、17個傳統產業群聚地區，藉以比較不同產業領域、地區發展程度不同之創新氛圍。準此，本研究以8個創新氛圍的相關指標，經過因素分析後萃取出2個創新氛圍因素：「創新綜效」、「創新成效」；藉此將台灣46個地區劃分為4種創新氛圍類型：創新氛圍、有創新無氛圍、有氛圍與創新、無創新無氛圍。 於廠商創新活動與成效實證分析方面，本研究採取兩個階段進行，分別皆以三個面向因素(廠商內部屬性、研發合作、地區創新氛圍)的影響因素來探討廠商創新活動與成效之差異。針對創新氛圍方面，於第一階段以不同產業群聚地區的虛擬變數作為隱含地區創新氛圍的概念，測試其對廠商創新活動與成效的影響，第二階段則以地區創新氛圍因素(創新綜效、創新成效)進行科技與傳統產業群聚地區的廠商創新成效之測試。整體研究結果顯示，科技產業群聚地區的廠商傾向自身的研發投入，而傳統產業群聚地區的廠商則多以研發合作居多，但科技產業群聚地區的廠商創新成效較佳；地區創新氛圍確實對於廠商的創新活動與成效有顯著的影響，尤其對於科技產業群聚地區的廠商創新成效更有顯著的貢獻；而研發合作對於廠商創新成效的影響則不如預期。因此，從基礎產業發展環境、知識設施的聚集、地區網絡的建構等方面，來促使各地區創新氛圍之形塑，將有利於地區廠商的創新，特別應加強傳統產業群聚地區的創新氛圍；此外，提倡廠商強化內部基本體質亦是促進廠商創新效率之關鍵所在。 / Under the wind of the knowledge-based economics and globalization, innovation is an important way for firms to increase their own competitiveness. Innovation is the process from original concept to business. The past researches on firm innovation branch widely, most focus on economic geography and corporation management. From those related researches, we can simplify the elements which can influence the innovation of the firm into three: firms’ inner attributes, relation of the connection to outside network, and the environment of the area which firms located. Innovation milieu is the social relationship which actors in the area could make it happen through interactions and group learning, which can advance the area’s innovation ability, and give the good environment condition for firms to innovate. Innovative milieu is the important issue in the present regional development researches, this research will integrate the three elements to discuss the influence on firms innovation activities and innovation success. The theory of the innovative milieu have transformed from discussion of “the localization of something” to focus on the relation of the work of the regional production system and the local innovative milieu. But, the lack of the quantification indicator, and the territory of the research field still need to break through, and is the focus of this research. This research divide Taiwan into 46 analysis area unit, then bring into the concept of the local production system, use two indicators to choose 26 elements as the scope of the research, and farther define 26 analysis area unit into 9 technology industry cluster area, and 17 traditional industry cluster area, to compare the differences of the industry field and the level of the development of the innovation milieu. This research take 8 innovative milieu related indexes, and compress into 2 indexes: “innovation synergy” and “innovation success” through the content analysis; this research use these two indexes to divide 46 areas of Taiwan into 4 types of innovation milieu: innovative milieu, no innovative milieu, innovation but without milieu, and milieu but without innovation. On the analysis of the firms’ innovation activities and the success, this research take two steps to discuss. At the first step, this research use the dummy variables of the different industry cluster area as the concept of the regional innovative milieu, to check the influence it could make on the firms innovation activities and the success; At the second step, this research use regional innovative milieu indexes to check the firms’ innovation success of the traditional and technology industry cluster area. The whole research shows that the firms of technology industry aggregation area are tend to invest on their own R&D, which the firms of traditional industry aggregation area often do their R&D by cooperating with others, and the innovation outcome of firms of the technology industry aggregation area is better. The regional innovative milieu has the conspicuous influence on the firms innovation activities and the success, especially to the technology industry cluster area, but the influence which the R&D cooperation could make on the innovation outcome is not good as expect. Thus, the making of the basic environment of the industry development, the aggregation of the knowledge facilities, and the build of the local network is the good impact for local firms to innovate, especially for the traditional industry aggregation area ones. At the same time, to reinforce the firms’ inner constitution is also the key to promote the firms innovation.

論文摘要 本研究所選取的產業為航太業與電子特化業，之所以會選取這兩個產業有下列幾個原因：（1）廠商本身都面臨著產業升級（精密機械□航太，化學/化工□電子特化品）與技術提昇（更高的品質要求，更快速的技術變遷）的壓力（2）在廠商能耐成長的過程中，研發機構（工研院、中科院）在此都扮演著舉足輕重的角色（3）這些廠商在過去的本業中，都有著優良的表現，廠商的核心能耐持續不斷地成長著，績效卓著。 本研究主要是以Leonard-Barton (1995)『知識創新之泉』一書為主軸架構，以個案訪談的方式進行。Leonard-Barton (1995)認為公司未來所需的知識，都係由下列四項主要的學習性活動加以創造及控制。這四項活動分別是（1）有創意地共同解決目前產品所產生的問題（2）採用及整合新方法與工具，以提高內部的作業效能（3）進行正式與非正式的實驗，以建立未來能力（4）從外部尋找專門技術。本研究主要是技術特質對知識創新活動的影響作為探討對象。研究發現如下： （一）、技術知識複雜性越高，響團隊成員的異質性越高，反之，越低。 本研究發現當技術知識的複雜性越低，團隊成員的異質/多元化越低，不需要太多的異業學門知識的挹注，成員的同質性高。反之，技術知識的複雜度越高，團隊成員的異質/多元程度也就越高，成員組成較為多樣。 （二）、技術專屬性越高，內部使用者參與的程度越高，反之，越低。 本研究發現當技術知識的專屬性越高，公司內部越傾向於自行開發新工具/程序，成為廠商專屬的技術能耐（firm-specific），使用者知識整合程度高。反之，當技術知識的專屬性越低，公司傾向於直接自外部買入新設備/儀器，不會自行開發，使用者知識整合程度低。 （三）、技術知識的不確定性越高，越會鼓勵成員做多方嘗試，失敗是必然的；反之，失敗是盡量避免的，不鼓勵團隊成員做無謂的嘗試。 本研究發現當技術知識的不確定越高，越會鼓勵團隊成員作多方常識，容許「智慧型失敗」，失敗是必經之路；對於原型，廠商會先動態地試一個出來，先用一個Idea試試看，粗略一點沒關係。反之，當技術知識的不確定性越低，公司內部比較不會鼓勵團隊成員作『無謂的嘗試』，失敗是要盡量避免的；對於原型，往往是一次就meet客戶的需求，要求精準、盡量完美。 （四）、技術知識變動越快，與下游廠商的網路關係越鬆散，反之，越緊密。 本研究發現，技術知識變動越慢，與下游廠商的關係越是長久且穩定，往來的重點在於品質的確保，而非價格的高低。反之，技術知識變動越快，與下游廠商的關係越偏向於單純的市場交易，合作時間不長，且會常常更換。 （五）、技術知識變動越快，知識吸收介面越廣泛，反之越集中。 本研究發現，技術知識變動越慢，吸收介面越為集中，資訊會特別集中在某幾個人身上。反之，技術知識變動越快，吸收介面越為廣泛，資訊取的管道較為多樣。 （六）、廠商會依循著特定的路徑去累積其特有的動態能耐 （七）、廠商在轉型的過程中，各個能耐構面均有長足的進步 章節目錄 第一章 序論 1-1 第一節 研究動機 1-1 第二節 研究目的 1-2 第三節 研究問題 1-3 第二章 文獻探討 2-2 第一節 知識的內涵與創造 2-2 壹、知識的定義與分類 2-2 一、人力資本 2-3 二、結構資本 2-4 三、顧客資本 2-5 貳、知識的轉換 2-6 參、知識創造過程 2-7 第二節 知識創新活動 2-10 壹、問題解決（Problem Solving） 2-11 一、Leonard-Barton (1995) 2-11 二、Tushman and O’Reilly（1996） 2-12 三、Clark & Wheelwright（1993） 2-13 四、Iansiti & Clark（1994） 2-15 貳、實做與整合（Implementing and Integrating） 2-17 Leonard-Barton（1995） 2-17 參、實驗與原型（Experimenting and Prototyping） 2-20 一、Maidique & Zirger（1985）□『從錯誤中學習』 2-20 二、Leonard-Barton (1995)□『向前失敗』 2-21 三、Tushman and O’Reilly（1996）□『犯錯許可證』 2-23 四、John Kao□『即興創意』 2-24 五、Clark & Wheelwright（1992） 2-24 肆、輸入知識（Importing knowledge） 2-26 一、Leonard-Barton (1995) 2-26 二、李仁芳，黃仁宏（民86） 2-28 三、Tripsas, Mary（1997） 2-29 四、Cohen and Levinthal(1990) 2-31 第三節 技術特質 2-32 一、技術知識的複雜性 2-32 二、技術知識的專屬性 2-32 三、技術知識內隱程度 2-35 四、技術的不確定性 2-37 五、技術知識變動程度 2-41 六、技術路徑相依度 2-42 第三章 研究方法 3-1 第一節 研究架構 3-1 第二節 研究變項說明 3-3 壹、技術知識特質 3-3 一、技術知識的複雜度 3-3 二、技術知識專屬性 3-3 三、技術知識不確定性 3-4 四、技術知識變動快慢 3-5 貳、知識創新活動 3-6 一、共同解決問題 3-6 二、執行與整合新工具 3-6 三、實驗與原型試製 3-7 四、外部輸入知識 3-7 第三節 研究設計與資料蒐集 3-8 壹、研究對象選取 3-8 貳、資料收集方式 3-9 一、初級資料 3-9 二、次級資料 3-11 三、個案撰寫 3-11 第四節 研究限制 3-11 第四章 研究個案彙整 4-1-1 第一節 三通航太 4-1-1 第二節 元富鋁業 4-2-1 第三節 利翔航電 4-3-1 第四節 長興化工 4-4-1 第五節 信通公司 4-5-1 第六節 永光化學 4-6-1 第五章 個案分析與研究發現 5-3 第一節 技術知識複雜度與知識創造活動關連 5-3 【個案驗證1-1】 5-4 【個案驗證1-2】 5-6 【次級個案一】 5-7 【綜合整理】 5-8 【異質性該如何管理】 5-9 第二節 技術知識專屬性與知識創造活動關連 5-11 【個案驗證2-1】 5-13 【個案驗證2-2】 5-15 【次級個案二】 5-16 【綜合整理】 5-16 第三節 技術不確定性與知識創造活動關連 5-18 【個案驗證3-1】 5-20 【個案驗證3-2】 5-22 【綜合整理】 5-24 【個案驗證3-3】 5-26 【綜合整理】 5-28 第四節 技術知識變動快慢與知識創造活動關連 5-29 【個案驗證4-1】 5-31 【個案驗證4-2】 5-32 【綜合整理】 5-33 【個案驗證4-3】 5-35 【個案驗證4-4】 5-36 【綜合整理】 5-37 第五節 其他研究發現 5-38 【個案驗證5-1】 5-39 【次級個案三】 5-48 【個案驗證5-2】 5-50 【個案_三通航太□核心能耐的轉變】 5-50 【個案_元富鋁業□核心能耐的轉變】 5-53 【個案_長興化工□核心能耐的轉變】 5-56 【個案_永光化學□核心能耐的轉變】 5-62 【個案_信通公司□核心能耐的轉變】 5-65 【次級個案四】 5-68 第六章 結論與研究建議 6-1 第一節 研究結論 6-1 第二節 研究建議 6-7 壹、對於廠商的建議 6-7 貳、對於後續研究的建議 6-11

本研究主要透過新產品的開發專案，探討技術知識特質對組織知識創造平台的影響。研究範圍以台灣電腦網路廠商為主，針對其產品創新表現優秀的企業為主，深入訪談其產品開發專案負責人與核心成員，瞭解其產品開發的過程，與組織知識的創新平台。本研究結果顯示如下： 一、技術知識特質會影響台灣電腦網路廠商之知識創造平台 （一）技術知識路徑相依度低之產品開發專案，CEO在概念與生成及發展扮演重要角色。技術路徑相依度高的開發專案，概念的生成主要來自於各功能性部門。 （二）技術知識路徑相依度低的專案，與上游技術網路的成員保持較緊密的關係。技術知識路徑相依度高的專案，與上游技術網路成員保持較鬆散的關係。 （三）當組織開發的產品為新產品線的研究發展時，團隊管理者偏向「專案管理型」的角色，與市場方面的連結則以PM/行銷/銷售部門為主。當組織開發的產品為擴展公司現有產品線的深度時，團隊管理者偏向「總經理型」的角色。當組織開發的產品為改良或修正現有產品時，團隊管理者偏向「企劃型」的角色。 （四）當組織開發的產品為新產品線的研究發展時，組織傾向於使用「自主型團隊」來進行產品開發。當組織開發的產品為擴展公司現有產品線的深度時，組織傾向於使用「重型團隊」來進行產品開發。當組織開發的產品為改良或修正現有產品時，組織傾向於使用「輕型團隊」來進行產品開發。 （五）技術知識複雜度高，則技術網路成成員種類較多。技術知識複雜度低，則技術網路成員種類較少。 （六）技術知識複雜度愈高，組織溝通方式傾向以整合問題解決模式，若生產在專案過程參與較少，則研發與生產之間會透過產品工程做連結。 （七）技術知識複雜度高，則團隊成員組成多元程度較高。技術知識複雜度低，則團隊成員組成多元程度較低。 二、台灣電腦網路廠商知識創造平台的特性 （一）在組織知識創造的場域（Ba）中，對組織成員適度的關懷（Care）是台灣優秀電腦網路廠商的特色。 （二）在Dialoing Ba中，正式與非正式的溝通同樣為外化過程中不可或缺的方式。 （三）台灣優秀的電腦網路廠商的創新類型偏重於架構式創新，並與國外技術提供者保持適度的跨組織的知識交流。 （四）技術知識特質對組織知識創造的場域（Ba）的影響並不明顯。