O incentivo fiscal à inovação (IFI) vem sendo utilizado intensamente nos últimos anos, tanto nos países da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) quando nos subdesenvolvidos, como importante instrumento da política tecnológica. Seu objetivo é auxiliar o estabelecimento de um ambiente competitivo e sistêmico e oferecer condições para que as firmas desenvolvam suas capacitações e aprimorem seus conhecimentos. O IFI utiliza as seguintes técnicas para induzir as inovações: deduções (simples ou especial), depreciação acelerada ou integral, e crédito fiscal. Ele pode ser aplicado verticalmente em setores, regiões ou determinadas firmas, inclusive novas e em situação de prejuízo. Sua aplicação é verificada em diversos países e especialmente no Brasil. O principal objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a Lei 11.196/05, a Lei do Bem (LB), que oferece auxílio fiscal para: despesas com Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D), aquisição de bens de capitais e intangíveis voltados à inovação, construção de instalações físicas voltadas à pesquisa, aquisição e cooperação para o desenvolvimento de P&D, registro e manutenção de patentes, marcas e cultivares e contratação de pesquisadores. A taxa real de variação de cada uma dessas atividades foi calculada em dois períodos; o primeiro antes da LB, de 1998 a 2005, e o segundo depois da LB, de 2006 a 2008. Evidenciou-se, com isso, a capacidade da LB de intensificar (ou não) a inovação. O Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística forneceu os dados da Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica, especialmente para este trabalho, apenas das empresas usuárias da LB. Apresentam-se também as informações da Lei do Bem contidas no Relatório Anual da Utilização dos Incentivos Fiscais, produzido pelo Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia. O resultado encontrado é o de que as empresas usuárias da LB ampliaram suas atividades de P&D, bem como intensificaram a formação de redes de cooperação entre os diversos agentes do Sistema de Inovação entre 2006 a 2008, o que indica acerto da LB. No entanto, não intensificaram a compra de máquinas e equipamentos e de bens intangíveis voltados para a inovação, a contratação de pesquisadores e o registro de marcas, patentes e cultivares. Contudo, a intensificação dos gastos com P&D interno e adquiridos externamente acelerou-se significativamente. / The tax incentives for innovation (IFI) have been used intensively in recent years, both in OCDE (Organization for the Economical Corporation and Development) countries and in underdeveloped ones, as an important instrument of technological policy. Its goals are to help establish a systemic and competitive environment and to provide conditions to firms to develop their skills and improve their knowledge. The IFI uses the following techniques to induce innovations: Deductions (simple or special), accelerated or full depreciation, and tax credit. It can be applied vertically into sectors, regions or certain companies, including in new and in situation of loss. Its application is analyise in several countries, mainly in Brazil. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyzed the Law 11.196/05, the Good Law (LB), which offers tax assistance for: expenditure on P&D, acquisition of capital and intangible assets focused on innovation, construction of physical facilities focused on research, acquisition and cooperation for the development of P&D, registration and maintenance of patents, trademarks and plant varieties and the hiring of researchers. The actual rate of variation of each of these activities was calculated in two periods: the first before the LB, 1998 to 2005, and the second after LB, 2006 to 2008. It was evident, therefore, the ability of LB to intensify (or not) the innovation. IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) provided the data from the Technological Innovation Survey, especially for this paper, only business users of LB. It is also presented information from the Good Law contained in the Annual Report of the Use of Tax Incentives, produced by the Ministry of Science and Technology. The outcome is that the companies which use the LB increased their P&D as well as enhanced the formation of networks of cooperation among the various agents of the Innovation System from 2006 to 2008, which indicates correctness of LB. However, they did not increase the purchase of machinery and equipment, and intangibles assets focused on innovation, the hiring of researchers, and the registration of trademarks, patents and plant variety. Nonetheless, the increase expenditure on internal P&D and acquired externally has accelerated significantly.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCRJ_maio2018a.pdf: 2407404 bytes, checksum: fb577104c2622ea18c505f299487d9b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-04 / Esta tese de doutoramento se propõe a discutir qual o papel do governo na formulação e implementação da política pública de inovação tecnológica e os novos formatos organizacionais criados pela interação entre universidades, empresas e governo. A partir do referencial teórico da Hélice Tríplice é possível conceber a inovação tecnológica enquanto resultado da interação entre as hélices universidade, empresa e governo. Dessa interação resultam alterações no funcionamento de cada hélice e a criação de organizações híbridas no ponto de interseção trilateral. Foram estabelecidas três categorias empíricas para compreender o papel do governo na política de inovação: 1. Capacidade do governo de constituir-se como um Espaço de Consenso, 2. Análise dos programas estaduais para interação universidade-empresa e 3. Atuação de três tipos de organizações híbridas: Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica, incubadoras e parques tecnológicos. A pesquisa classifica-se como qualitativa, descritiva, exploratória e de estudo de caso, com as técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, observações e entrevistas. As políticas de inovação de três estados foram analisadas em profundidade: Amazonas, Pernambuco e Santa Catarina. O resultado indica que os governos avançaram na inclusão da temática da inovação nas agendas estaduais enquanto tema central para o desenvolvimento econômico e social, mas que esse avanço não se reverteu em maior envolvimento dos órgãos públicos sendo uma agenda quase totalmente conduzida pelas Secretarias Estaduais de Ciência e Tecnologia e Fundações de Amparo à Pesquisa. O governo age como Espaço de Consenso, tendo sua legitimidade para coordenar e implementar ações reconhecida pelos outros stakeholders afetos à temática da inovação, contudo falta clareza quanto a quais são os objetivos e setores prioritários da política. Em relação aos programas de fomento à inovação, os governos adotam estratégias de estímulo ao empreendedorismo como forma de contornar a dificuldade de interação com as empresas existentes. Já os programas para promoção de interação entre universidades e empresas esbarram em barreiras culturais e institucionais que o governo não consegue romper sem mudança de mentalidade dos representantes das outras hélices acerca da relevância dessas parcerias. / This doctoral thesis addresses the role of government in formulating and implementing technological innovation public policy, as well as new organizational formats generated from the interaction between universities, companies and government. According to the Triple Helix theory, technological innovation results from the interaction between helixes represented by universities, companies and government. This interaction causes changes to each helix’s functioning and the creation of hybrid organizations at their trilateral intersection point. Three empirical categories were established to understand the role of government in innovation policy: 1. The government's capacity to establish itself as a Space for Consensus; 2. State programs for university-company interaction; and 3. Performance of three types of hybrid organizations: technology transfer offices, incubators and science and technology parks. This is a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory case study research, using techniques of bibliographic and documentation research, observation and interviews. The innovation policies of three states were the subject of in-depth analysis: Amazonas, Pernambuco and Santa Catarina. The results indicate that while these states have moved forward with including innovation in their public agenda, as key to economic and social development, these advances have not entailed greater involvement of multiple public departments, with the agenda remaining mostly in the hands of the states’ Science and Technology Departments and public Research Support Foundations. The government acts as a Space for Consensus, with its legitimacy to coordinate and implement actions recognized by other stakeholders related to innovation; there remains, however, lack of clarity as to the policy’s goals and priority sectors. In relation to innovation-promoting programs, governments adopt strategies to bolster entrepreneurship as a way of dodging the difficult interaction with existing companies. On the other hand, programs developed to promote interaction between universities and companies face cultural and institutional barriers that the government cannot surpass without a shift in mindset from representatives of other helixes as to the relevance of these partnerships.

Esta tese versa sobre uma das formas mais engenhosas de comércio internacional, embora seja egressa de antigas práticas do comércio em todo o mundo. Trata-se do intercâmbio compensado, um sistema muito utilizado, no século passado, nos países Cortina de Ferro, e que mais recentemente renasce nos países do Terceiro Mundo, onde socorrem países com escassez de divisas, substituindo moedas por countertrade. O objetivo principal desse trabalho é o de verificar as possibilidades da aplicação desse sistema de trocas compensadas no mercado da América Latina, como ênfase no mercado brasileiro e equatoriano. O levantamento bibliográfico apontou a existência de formas mais recentes de utilização de operações desse tipo no sofisticado mundo do comércio exterior atual. Os conceitos e as formas do intercâmbio compensado evoluíram fortemente nesses últimos anos e requereu o estudo de operações cometidas em várias partes do mundo, envolvendo desde empresas estatais a empresas de variados portes, inclusive de grandes multinacionais com operação ao redor de todo o mundo. Parece não haver impedimentos de qualquer natureza para países ou empresas privadas e públicas. Esse levantamento motivou o autor a desenvolver pesquisa qualitativa em amostra intencional, para conhecer o uso real e concreto dessas operações no Brasil e no Equador, com o objetivo de identificar barreiras e outras dificuldades à adoção dessas operações. O Brasil foi escolhido por apresentar uma economia multisetorial capaz de produzir uma oferta diversificada para os países Latino-Americanos e, de outro, o Equador país que necessita de altos volumes de importações, nos próximos anos, para conseguir imputar maior dinamismo a sua vida econômica. Foram realizadas 55 entrevistas com empresários brasileiros, localizados no Estado de São Paulo e o Brasil e 155 com empresários equatorianos, todos envolvidos com comércio internacional, sejam eles, industriais ou comerciantes. A análise dos resultados apontou para um desconhecimento quase completo desse sistema de trocas nos dois países, evidenciando ser esse o maior problema para a adoção das trocas compensadas. Por outro lado, as informações apresentadas sobre esse tema evidenciaram um entusiasmo inicial pelas perspectivas que oferecem para novos negócios com países da região, e revelam um interesse forte dos empresários em conhecer os procedimentos para realização dessas operações. Parece muito pertinente, portanto, que os dois governos locais precisem levar ao empresariado informações e disponibilizassem alguma forma de apoio a esse sistema de comércio que dispensa o uso de divisas, sejam elas quais forem. / This doctoral thesis deals is about one the most recent forms of international trade, although it comes from the oldest commercial philosophy. It is the compensated exchange, a system well-known in the Iron Curtain countries, but lately in the countries of the Third World where they are replacing the money by the countertrade. Its main objective was to verify if it is possible to be applied it in the Brazilian market, in the Ecuadorian market and in general in the Latin American market. As a first step, a bibliographical survey was made looking to understand, from its origin, the concepts of the new forms of exchange offset to its application from the experiences of multinational companies and countries that have used this new form of foreign trade. What was sought was to prove its effectiveness, the next step was to develop a quantitative research that takes us to the real, practical and concrete thinking about the use of the countertrade. Based on a questionnaire designed for this purpose, a pilot was carried out together with a population of 150 foreign trade entrepreneurs, traders and industrial entrepreneurs from Ecuador. As well as qualitative research with a population of 50 foreign trade entrepreneurs, traders and industrial entrepreneurs from Brazil, mostly from the State of São Paulo. After analyzing the results, we have been able to understand two important things. The first: that most entrepreneurs do not know the countertrade, therefore, it is important to start both in Brazil and Ecuador begin to disseminate this new form of international trade. And the second: surprisingly, the entrepreneurs who knew how the countretrade operates were very open to this new form of commerce

The European Union (EU) puts more emphasis on innovation as a key means for regaining and maintaining competitiveness, a trait it lags behind in when compared to its main global competitors. It therefore possesses a range of tools designed to support innovative activities of firms and to improve the overall environment of innovation in the European Union and Member States. This thesis outlines/describes the major milestones in the development of innovation policies in the Czech Republic and the EU and focuses on supporting innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Czech Republic via measures derived from the EU's financial tools. Special emphasis is applied to the Operational Programme Entrepreneurship and Innovation (OPIE) that in the Czech Republic is the main tool used to support innovation in firms. The main problem areas that may pose barriers to active impact for this support are identified on the basis of programme documents, assessment reports, statistical data on the programmes and qualitative information yielded from interviews with firm representatives experienced in this type of support. With regard to the findings of this assessment, the thesis attempts to frame suggestions that can eliminate the identified shortcomings and recommendations that can form the position of...

Innovation Parks in Canada / Innovation Parks became an innovation and economic development policy instrument in the Western world more than two decades ago. While Canada was slow to catch up to this phenomenon, it did eventually join the trend. This study analyzes the policy rationales for innovation parks in Canada through a national and sub-national lens. For this purpose, Ontario and Saskatchewan are chosen as comparative points. It compares the Saskatchewan Innovation Place (SIP), McMaster Innovation Park (MIP), and David Johnston Research and Technology Park (DJRTP). The study develops a three-pronged analysis of institutions, interests and ideas to explain why governments support innovation parks as a policy instrument. It is argued that the continued support of these initiatives is largely a function of institutional path-dependence and policy lock-ins manifest through sunk infrastructure investments, desire to balance different interest groups – mainly the commercial real estate sector and the organizations representing the research parks. These institutional and structural struggles are underpinned by the ideational frames of economic development and knowledge-based economic growth. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

[ES] La teoría y las políticas de innovación son más beneficiosas cuando reflejan cambios en las prioridades sociales. Centradas tradicionalmente e inicialmente en el cambio tecnológico, vemos que las políticas de innovación actualmente enfrentan la tarea cada vez más necesaria de abordar las externalidades negativas, especialmente en el contexto de la sostenibilidad social y ambiental. Esto se materializa mejor en el caso de ejemplo de la política de innovación de especialización inteligente en Europa. Como contribución al debate actual en el campo sobre la intersección de la innovación y la sostenibilidad, esta tesis aborda tres preguntas de investigación diferentes centradas en cómo se pueden aprovechar las políticas de innovación para lograr la igualdad, la sostenibilidad y la inclusión. Cada capítulo plantea una pregunta única, se embarca en una revisión de la literatura específica y emplea una metodología personalizada para responder la pregunta en cuestión y, en consecuencia, contribuir a nuestra comprensión del amplio tema de la innovación para la sostenibilidad. La tesis finaliza con la literatura y las contribuciones metodológicas de las preguntas de investigación, además de las recomendaciones de políticas a nivel de empresa, nivel regional y nivel de diseño e implementación de políticas. / [CA] La teoria i la política de la innovació són més beneficioses quan reflecteixen canvis en les prioritats de la societat. Tradicionalment i inicialment centrada en el canvi tecnològic, veiem que la política d'innovació s'enfronta actualment a la tasca cada vegada més necessària d'abordar les externalitats negatives, especialment en el context de la sostenibilitat social i ambiental. Això s'incorpora millor en l'exemple de cas de la política d'innovació d'especialització intel·ligent a Europa. En contribució al debat actual sobre la intersecció de la innovació i la sostenibilitat, aquesta tesi s'adreça a tres qüestions de recerca diferents centrades en com es pot aprofitar la política d'innovació per aconseguir la igualtat, la sostenibilitat i la inclusió. Cada capítol fa una pregunta única, s'embarca en una revisió bibliogràfica específica i utilitza una metodologia personalitzada per respondre a la pregunta en qüestió i, per tant, contribuir a la nostra comprensió de l'ampli tema de la innovació per a la sostenibilitat. La tesi acaba amb la literatura i les contribucions metodològiques de les qüestions de recerca, a més de les recomanacions polítiques a nivell de firma, regional i de disseny i implementació de polítiques. / [EN] Innovation theory and policy are most beneficial when they reflect shifts in societal priorities. Traditionally and initially focused on technological change, we see innovation policy currently grappling with the increasingly necessary task of addressing negative externalities, especially in the context of social and environmental sustainability. This is best embodied in the case-example of the Smart Specialization innovation policy in Europe. In contribution to the current debate in the field on the intersection of innovation and sustainability, this thesis targets three different research questions focused on how innovation policy can be leveraged to achieve equality, sustainability, and inclusivity. Each chapter asks a unique question, embarks on a specific literature review, and employs a tailored methodology to answer the question at hand and accordingly contribute to our understanding of the broad theme of innovation for sustainability. The thesis ends with the literature and methodological contributions of the research questions in addition to the policy recommendations at the firm level, regional level and policy design and implementation level. / Moujaes, G. (2024). Focusing on the Bright Sides of Innovation: Three essays on the role of National Knowledge Dynamics, Inclusive Innovation Teams and Policy Monitoring [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203886

This thesis examines Google’s Executive Chairman Eric E. Schmidt’s speech at the European Innovation Convention 2011 from the perspectives of Kenneth Burke’s dramatism and identification theories. In the wider context it aims to contribute to the analyses of human progress traced through the history of our technologies and inventions. These breakthroughs do not happen or spread without beneficial influences from societal institutions in spheres like culture, philosophy, politics and law. Language is the creator and carrier of these institutions. A complicated “ecosystem” of culture, science, financing, laws and regulations, affects the possibilities for economic growth through innovation. Perhaps due to the contested legitimacy of corporations in the democratic process, the study of the messages of corporate entities in the political arena seems to be a fairly unexplored dimension of traditional rhetorical analysis of politics. Through rhetorical criticism the author seeks to better understand Google’s communication in this area, and to gain further insights into the communication strategies that companies may use to influence such complex fields of politics as Innovation Policy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Schrot da Silva.pdf: 3395602 bytes, checksum: ee5008fd67ccfdb0aa92101917b2e165 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-04 / Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / This work consists of a systematic review of legislation regulating and structure the innovation theme, presenting the concept, characteristics, types, principles, scope, system adopted and how they are interpreted and applied by the various standards bodies that oversee this subject in the country. Deepening of the subject, it was observed that innovation transcends technological issue and reflects aspects involving the political and economic rights such as legal certainty, state intervention, economic domain, culture aspects and social values. Thus, when confronted with the concept of innovation to Article 17 of Law no 11.196/2005. This is not possible to study it without reflecting on legal certainty, the same is repeated when studying the Brazilian System of Innovation that relies on the principle of effectiveness of Article 37, caput, of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988 and the guiding principles of innovation, Articles 218 and 219 of the same legislative instrument, especially when compared with other countries, in the view of interventionist government actions and economic dominance the issue of industrial privileges and incentives. In the economic field there are questions about intervention, economic structuralism, economic dominance through innovation, industrial privileges and tax breaks are presented, which always supported by reviews of their subjects, whose perspective involves literature review, research with official sites, administrative and judicial decisions. / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise sistemática da estrutura e da legislação que regulamenta o tema inovação no país. Na pesquisa, denota-se que a inovação é um tema transversal e reflete questões políticas, jurídicas, econômicas e sociais como democracia, domínio econômico, intervenção estatal, segurança jurídica, tecnologia, cultura e valores sociais, sendo todos devidamente trabalhados de maneira aprofundada e entrelaçada nos capítulos do presente estudo. Ao se defrontar, por exemplo, com o conceito de inovação do artigo 17, da Lei no 11.196/2005, estuda-se a sua indeterminação, o que traz à baila reflexões pontuais e inéditas sobre sua segurança jurídica. Outrossim, quando se retrata os resultados atuais das políticas e estruturas adotadas no país para o assunto, exige-se um aprofundamento sociológico da cultura de inovação existente e do papel dos agentes da inovação como Governo, Universidades, Centros de Pesquisas, Empresas e Movimentos Sociais em sua disseminação. Também são retratados neste ponto, os artigos 218 e 219 da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988; princípio da eficiência do artigo 37°, caput, do mesmo diploma normativo, com método comparativo com outros países; e, princípio democrático inspirando as políticas e decisões dos órgãos de inovação do país. No campo econômico são apresentadas questões sobre intervenção, estruturalismo econômico, domínio econômico pela inovação, privilégios industriais e incentivos fiscais, cuja ótica envolve revisão bibliográfica, consulta a sítios oficiais de pesquisa, decisões administrativas e judiciais inerentes.

<p>This thesis begins by making two observations. First, that the regional economic landscapes in which we all live our daily lives, and which provide the basis for employment and prosperity, are constantly changing. Second, that one of the most popular strategies currently pursued by regions and nations for coping with such change, relies heavily on innovation within a few high-tech industries, biotech being one prominent example. The thesis is an investigation into the potential – and limits – of biotech-based development policies for creating renewal and economic growth at the local, regional or national scales. How does it really work when a team of biotech researchers develops a new invention? How can a small Swedish town manage to attract large foreign direct investments and stay competitive in the global biotech landscape? How is the performance of biotech knowledge workers affected by the places they live in, go to, leave, and make up? What impact can a biotech firm have on the local economic landscape in which it is located? These are the kind of questions that are studied in the four papers that make up this thesis. The thesis develops a conceptual framework within which we can better understand the extent to which mono-territorial actors, like regional and national policymakers, can influence high-tech sectors like biotech; sectors that are polycentric in nature and only partly take place in, or pass through, regional and national territories.</p>

This thesis begins by making two observations. First, that the regional economic landscapes in which we all live our daily lives, and which provide the basis for employment and prosperity, are constantly changing. Second, that one of the most popular strategies currently pursued by regions and nations for coping with such change, relies heavily on innovation within a few high-tech industries, biotech being one prominent example. The thesis is an investigation into the potential – and limits – of biotech-based development policies for creating renewal and economic growth at the local, regional or national scales. How does it really work when a team of biotech researchers develops a new invention? How can a small Swedish town manage to attract large foreign direct investments and stay competitive in the global biotech landscape? How is the performance of biotech knowledge workers affected by the places they live in, go to, leave, and make up? What impact can a biotech firm have on the local economic landscape in which it is located? These are the kind of questions that are studied in the four papers that make up this thesis. The thesis develops a conceptual framework within which we can better understand the extent to which mono-territorial actors, like regional and national policymakers, can influence high-tech sectors like biotech; sectors that are polycentric in nature and only partly take place in, or pass through, regional and national territories.