<p>One of the problems challenging the knowledge society is to understand the chang-ing prerequisites for publicly governed knowledge production. Several attempts have been made amongst which perhaps the most debated is the concept of changing mo-des of knowledge production proposed by Gibbons et al. The aim of this thesis is to empirically explore whether this concept can be used to identify and explain research policy developments during the period 1980–2000. A two-layered comparative study was undertaken, in which Swedish research poli-cy developments were studied in depth. The main result from the in-depth study was that there is insufficient evidence to fully support Gibbons et al.’s claims. In analysing this result from a comparative perspective the main conclusion was that neither the changing modes of knowledge production nor the two-track concept that was deri-ved from the in-depth study could explain the developments in research policy. The research policy developments in Sweden, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Finland were re-examined from an institutional perspective, in which the major ide-as that had influenced the policy process during the period 1980–2000 were used to identify and explain developments in these countries. The main conclusion of this thesis is that all the countries studied are using the public research system as a source of strategic opportunity. However, the analysis also shows that both embedded ideas of how public knowledge should be produced, and the nature of the policy process contribute to explaining the different strategies employed the governments of these countries to make publicly funded research a tool for economic and societal development.</p>

One of the problems challenging the knowledge society is to understand the chang-ing prerequisites for publicly governed knowledge production. Several attempts have been made amongst which perhaps the most debated is the concept of changing mo-des of knowledge production proposed by Gibbons et al. The aim of this thesis is to empirically explore whether this concept can be used to identify and explain research policy developments during the period 1980–2000. A two-layered comparative study was undertaken, in which Swedish research poli-cy developments were studied in depth. The main result from the in-depth study was that there is insufficient evidence to fully support Gibbons et al.’s claims. In analysing this result from a comparative perspective the main conclusion was that neither the changing modes of knowledge production nor the two-track concept that was deri-ved from the in-depth study could explain the developments in research policy. The research policy developments in Sweden, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Finland were re-examined from an institutional perspective, in which the major ide-as that had influenced the policy process during the period 1980–2000 were used to identify and explain developments in these countries. The main conclusion of this thesis is that all the countries studied are using the public research system as a source of strategic opportunity. However, the analysis also shows that both embedded ideas of how public knowledge should be produced, and the nature of the policy process contribute to explaining the different strategies employed the governments of these countries to make publicly funded research a tool for economic and societal development.

公共服務的來臨，政府單位不斷用心發展更積極創新的作為以提升各項業務服務品質，創新的政策對於政府效能與國民福祉的提升有非常重要的地位，然而優質的政策並不容易提出，在創意開發的運用實例上，不乏國際大企業利用預測市場的網路平台開發公司員工的集體智慧或匯聚眾人資訊協助企業進行決策，因此本文欲以創意市場運用在高雄市政府開發創新政策，探究此機制是否有助於提升市府的施政品質。 本研究內容主要根據政治大學童振源教授與高雄市政府合作之「高雄市發展政策創新與評鑑計畫」，從旁觀察紀錄，事後以質性研究法與量化研究法，檢證創意市場在政府部門的可行性，期能將創意市場機制應用在公部門體系，成為促進政府創新改革重要方法之一。計畫透過提案階段、書審階段、初選階段、決選階段，以虛擬貨幣的方式交易評鑑，判斷提案之優劣，選出最佳創新政策。 研究結果發現獲選之最佳創新政策提案在可行性、創新程度、預期效益、符合市民需求、對高雄發展有利、建議市府採用等指標均獲得相當程度認同，值得高雄市政府深入檢視與評估，進一步規劃相關的政策配套與執行方案。政策創新市場提供基層同仁參與政策產生與決策的機會，營造一個可溝通、討論的平台，使政策在眾人的互相激盪與琢磨之下，能夠更多元、更豐富。而未來有更健全的配套措施與實施辦法後，期望能開放一般民眾加入政策的開發與評鑑，以增加市民對市政議題的關注、參與及認同，提升高雄市政府在市民心中的認同感。 / The coming of public service causes that the government agencies continuously develop more positive and innovative conducts by heart to improve service quality for various businesses. Innovative policy occupies an important place in the promotion of government effectiveness and national welfare. However, it’s not so easy to put forward a good quality policy. For living examples applied in creative development, there is no lack of large-sized international companies using collective intelligence of employees in network platform development companies engaged in market predicting, or collecting people’s information to assist company’s decision-making. Therefore, this article intends to use idea marketplace in Kaohsiung City Government to develop innovative policy and explore if this mechanism contributes to the improvement of city government’s administrative quality. The contents of this study mainly based on “Innovation and Assessment Program for Kaohsiung City’s Development Policies” under the cooperation between Professor Tung, Chen-Yuan of Chengchi University and Kaohsiung City Government, recording and watching from the sideline, using qualitative and quantitative research methods afterwards to verify the feasibility of idea marketplace in government sectors, which is expecting to apply the mechanism of idea marketplace in public sector system and become one of important ways to improve the government’s innovation and reform. The best innovative policy will be selected from this program through the stage of proposal, written review, primary selection and final selection to judge the strength and weakness of the proposal with the assessment of virtual currency trading. Research results found that the selected proposal for the best innovative policy in the feasibility, degree of innovation and predicted effectiveness complies with the demand of the citizens and benefits to the development of Kaohsiung City. This study proposed the city government to adopt such indicators to obtain a considerable degree of identification, which is worth of Kaohsiung City Government’s deep review and evaluation for further planning of the relevant policy set and implementation scheme. Policy idea marketplace provides colleagues at the basic level with the opportunities to participate in policy generating and decision-making, building a platform for communication and discussion, and enabling the policy to be more multiple and plentiful under people’s mutual brainstorming and study. After more healthy supporting measures and implementation methods in the future, this study hopes to open the development and assessment of policy for general public so as to increase citizen’s concern about, participation in and identification of municipal issues and improve the acceptance of Kaohsiung City Government in citizen’s heart.

Staatliche Innovationsförderung erklärt Firmen, besonders kleinere Unternehmen, die Hindernissen zur Innovationstätigkeitgegenüberstehen, zu unterstützen. Frühere Studien haben gezeigt, dass staatliche Programme diese Ziele nicht erreichen. Aber in der Vergangenheit wurde hierbei selten die Differenzierung unterschiedlicher politischer Ebenen analysiert. Dieses Projekt analysiert deshalb die unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften von geförderten Firmen, die entweder von der regionalen, der nationalen oder der europäischen Ebene unterstützt wurden und verknüpft dies mit der theoretischen Literatur und Erkenntnissen zu Föderalismus. Die Evaluation nutzt dabei zuerst Daten des Mannheimer Innovation Panel für die Untersuchung in Deutschland und später Daten der Community Innovation Survey für die Untersuchung in Europa. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die drei verschiedenen Ebenen der Förderung Unternehmen mit unterschiedlichen Charakteristika erreichen. Die regionale Ebene in föderalen und semiföderalen Ländern erreicht dabei KMU als Unternehmen mit Problemen bei der Innovationstätigkeit signifikant besser als andere Ebenen dies tun. Aber die Effektivität der staatlichen Innovationsförderung ist nach der Analyse sehr zweifelhaft. Deshalb muss seitens der Politik ein Zielkonflikt zwischen einer größeren Vielfalt an geförderten Firmen und höherer Effektivität der Förderung berücksichtigt werden.

La tesi seguirà il processo di sviluppo in occasione della riforma 2013 della PAC. Senza tentare di fare un'analisi approfondita sui successi e gli insuccessi del quadro politico precedente, si concentrerà più sui le opinioni delle parti interessate sulle sfide della politica stava affrontando alla data e le possibili soluzioni proposte dalle parti interessate a prendere il la politica in avanti. Una visione a 360 ° delle posizioni assunte dalle parti interessate rivelerà loro valutazione dell'efficacia della politica, l'efficacia degli strumenti esistenti per affrontare le nuove sfide, nonché identificherà le nuove direzioni che essi propongono per lo sviluppo delle politiche per affrontare le sfide future. Tale analisi consentirà l'identificazione del luogo e l'importanza data dalla parti interessate per la promozione dell'innovazione e della sostenibilità nel settore agricolo attraverso gli strumenti della PAC. La tesi si propone di cogliere il ruolo delle diverse opinioni delle parti interessate nello sviluppo della politica e quindi di fare un'analisi delle sfide e delle opportunità parti interessate devono affrontare nel contesto della implementatione delle politiche agricole. / The thesis will follow the policy development process during the 2013 reform of the CAP. Without attempting to make an in-depth expert analysis on the successes and failures of the previous policy framework, it will focus more on reflecting the opinions of the stakeholders on the challenges the policy was facing at date and possible solutions proposed by stakeholders to take the policy forward. A 360° vision on the positions taken by stakeholders will reveal their assessment of the effectiveness of the policy, the efficacy of existing instruments to address new challenges as well as will identify the new directions they propose for policy development to meet future challenges. Such an analysis will allow identifying the place and importance given by stakeholders to the promoting innovation and sustainability in the agricultural sector through the instruments of the CAP. The thesis aims at capturing the role of the various stakeholder opinions in the development of the policy and then to make an analysis of the challenges and opportunities stakeholders face in the context of the new policy implementation.

O incentivo fiscal à inovação (IFI) vem sendo utilizado intensamente nos últimos anos, tanto nos países da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) quando nos subdesenvolvidos, como importante instrumento da política tecnológica. Seu objetivo é auxiliar o estabelecimento de um ambiente competitivo e sistêmico e oferecer condições para que as firmas desenvolvam suas capacitações e aprimorem seus conhecimentos. O IFI utiliza as seguintes técnicas para induzir as inovações: deduções (simples ou especial), depreciação acelerada ou integral, e crédito fiscal. Ele pode ser aplicado verticalmente em setores, regiões ou determinadas firmas, inclusive novas e em situação de prejuízo. Sua aplicação é verificada em diversos países e especialmente no Brasil. O principal objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a Lei 11.196/05, a Lei do Bem (LB), que oferece auxílio fiscal para: despesas com Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D), aquisição de bens de capitais e intangíveis voltados à inovação, construção de instalações físicas voltadas à pesquisa, aquisição e cooperação para o desenvolvimento de P&D, registro e manutenção de patentes, marcas e cultivares e contratação de pesquisadores. A taxa real de variação de cada uma dessas atividades foi calculada em dois períodos; o primeiro antes da LB, de 1998 a 2005, e o segundo depois da LB, de 2006 a 2008. Evidenciou-se, com isso, a capacidade da LB de intensificar (ou não) a inovação. O Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística forneceu os dados da Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica, especialmente para este trabalho, apenas das empresas usuárias da LB. Apresentam-se também as informações da Lei do Bem contidas no Relatório Anual da Utilização dos Incentivos Fiscais, produzido pelo Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia. O resultado encontrado é o de que as empresas usuárias da LB ampliaram suas atividades de P&D, bem como intensificaram a formação de redes de cooperação entre os diversos agentes do Sistema de Inovação entre 2006 a 2008, o que indica acerto da LB. No entanto, não intensificaram a compra de máquinas e equipamentos e de bens intangíveis voltados para a inovação, a contratação de pesquisadores e o registro de marcas, patentes e cultivares. Contudo, a intensificação dos gastos com P&D interno e adquiridos externamente acelerou-se significativamente. / The tax incentives for innovation (IFI) have been used intensively in recent years, both in OCDE (Organization for the Economical Corporation and Development) countries and in underdeveloped ones, as an important instrument of technological policy. Its goals are to help establish a systemic and competitive environment and to provide conditions to firms to develop their skills and improve their knowledge. The IFI uses the following techniques to induce innovations: Deductions (simple or special), accelerated or full depreciation, and tax credit. It can be applied vertically into sectors, regions or certain companies, including in new and in situation of loss. Its application is analyise in several countries, mainly in Brazil. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyzed the Law 11.196/05, the Good Law (LB), which offers tax assistance for: expenditure on P&D, acquisition of capital and intangible assets focused on innovation, construction of physical facilities focused on research, acquisition and cooperation for the development of P&D, registration and maintenance of patents, trademarks and plant varieties and the hiring of researchers. The actual rate of variation of each of these activities was calculated in two periods: the first before the LB, 1998 to 2005, and the second after LB, 2006 to 2008. It was evident, therefore, the ability of LB to intensify (or not) the innovation. IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) provided the data from the Technological Innovation Survey, especially for this paper, only business users of LB. It is also presented information from the Good Law contained in the Annual Report of the Use of Tax Incentives, produced by the Ministry of Science and Technology. The outcome is that the companies which use the LB increased their P&D as well as enhanced the formation of networks of cooperation among the various agents of the Innovation System from 2006 to 2008, which indicates correctness of LB. However, they did not increase the purchase of machinery and equipment, and intangibles assets focused on innovation, the hiring of researchers, and the registration of trademarks, patents and plant variety. Nonetheless, the increase expenditure on internal P&D and acquired externally has accelerated significantly.

Esta tese teve como objetivo analisar as mudanças nas universidades públicas federais brasileiras nos Governos Lula (2003-2010) e Dilma (2011-2016), a partir das políticas de ampliação do acesso ao ensino superior e de incentivo à inovação. Essas mudanças foram analisadas na totalidade social, buscando compreender como as alterações nas táticas neoliberais modificaram a organização das universidades públicas federais brasileiras. A universidade pública não foi considerada uma estrutura estática, mas como síntese de múltiplas relações dotadas de contradições. Visando a compreender as consequências do avanço neoliberal no contexto do capitalismo dependente, recorri ao pensamento social brasileiro por meio da categoria padrão dependente de educação superior de Florestan Fernandes. A partir das condições concretas do desenvolvimento do ensino superior brasileiro, defendo que a articulação entre as políticas de ampliação ao acesso e de incentivo à inovação aprofunda o padrão dependente de educação superior. O método do materialismo histórico-dialético foi escolhido para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores e especialistas de notório saber. O neoliberalismo acadêmico foi implementado no Brasil por meio de uma série de reformas estruturais. As bases foram construídas desde a Reforma Universitária de 1968, marco no predomínio do ensino superior privado e direcionamento das universidades públicas para a pesquisa. O neoliberalismo acadêmico ortodoxo foi marcado por políticas que priorizaram os investimentos da educação básica, no desenvolvimento de políticas de ensino superior voltadas, prioritariamente, para a expansão do ensino privado e por tentativas de modificação da natureza jurídica das universidades pública federais O novo neoliberalismo acadêmico, implementado a partir do Governo Lula, foi caracterizado: pela criação de políticas inclusivas; pela flexibilização da formação por meio da oferta de novas modalidades de cursos; pela modificação no financiamento; pelo estabelecimento do empreendedorismo, como cultura a ser disseminada nos processos de ensino, pesquisa, extensão; pela difusão do gerencialismo na organização das universidades; e pela flexibilização e precarização do trabalho. Essas mudanças reproduzem o padrão dependente de educação superior, pois são baseadas na importação de modelos de educação, direcionam para a importação de conhecimentos e estruturam grande parte do sistema de educação superior voltado para o trabalho simples. Ademais, aprofunda o padrão dependente de educação ao direcionar a pesquisa de excelência realizada nas universidades públicas federais para os interesses privados nacionais e para os países centrais. Assim, a mudança no projeto para as universidades públicas brasileiras no novo neoliberalismo criou novos mecanismos de integrá-las aos circuitos de reprodução do capital, sem a modificação da sua natureza jurídica, ou seja, criou-se, em um contexto de aceleração tecnológica, novas formas imperialistas de apropriação do conhecimento produzido pelas universidades públicas brasileiras. / This thesis aimed at analyzing the changes in the Brazilian federal public universities in the Lula (2003-2010) and Dilma (2011-2016) Governments, from the perspective of the access expansion policies for students and the fostering innovation policies. These changes were analyzed in the social totality method, trying to understand how the changes in neoliberal tactics modified the organization of Brazilian federal public universities. The public university was not considered a static structure, but as a synthesis of multiple relations endowed with contradictions. Seeking to understand the consequences of the neoliberal evolution within the context of the dependent capitalism, I recurred to the Brazilian social thought, from the higher-education dependent pattern category of Florestan Fernandes. Based in the concrete contradictions on the development in the Brazilian higher education, I defend the articulation between the access expansion policies for students and the fostering innovation policies strengthens the dependent pattern of the higher education. The historical-dialectical materialism method was chosen for the research development, and data collected through bibliographic sources, documental analysis and semi-structured interviews with senior-level managers and experts of notorious knowledge. Academic neoliberalism was being implemented in Brazil through a series of structural reforms. The bases were built since the 1968 University Reform, a milestone in the predominance of private higher education and the direction of public universities for research. Orthodox academic neoliberalism was marked by policies that prioritized investments in basic education and in the development of higher education policies geared primarily to the expansion of private education and by attempts to modify the legal nature of federal public universities The new academic neoliberalism, implemented from the Lula Government, was characterized by: the creation of inclusive policies; the implementation of the flexibility in the student formation from new models of courses; the implementation of entrepreneurship as culture to be disseminated in the process of teaching, research and extension programs; through the managerialism diffusion in the structure and management of the public universities; and through the faculty work flexibilization and precarization. These changes reproduce the higher-education dependent pattern, since are based upon three factors: the external educational model's importation, the external knowledge importation, and the organization of the major part of the higher educational system to the simple work. Furthermore, was identified that the orientation of the public university's cutting-edge research to national private’s and dominant country's interests also strength the higher educational dependent pattern. Therefore, the changes during this period after the neoliberal project to the Brazilian public universities in the new neoliberalism promoted a new mechanism to integrate them to the capital reproduction system, without the modification of their juridical nature. That means, in a context of technological acceleration, the creation of new forms imperialist of appropriation of the knowledge produced by the Brazilian public universities.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3210280 bytes, checksum: 59a70fa534710b547bb87e5f2cfc3d2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to analyze the evolution of innovation policy and national PRIME Program and its local application in APL ICT Campina Grande. The methodology consists of : the application of the type and arrangement for local production and innovation systems as Cavalcanti Filho (2013 ) to characterize the cluster of ICT in Campina Grande , in the application of the systemic model of public policy analysis in conjunction with the cycle model public policy as Street (2009 ) to analyze the process of formation and implementation of the PRIME program . For data acquisition was used desk research , questionnaires and interviews . There was an evolution in the design of industrial policy and innovation in response to economic developments , in particular the process of globalization . Regarding the PRIME program , he presented barriers to implementation derived from inconsistencies in the design phase of the program , yet its goal was achieved in 85 % of participating companies in the case of PaqTc . A significant effect was the achievement instill in companies the importance of developing management skills and marketing , both considered weak in APL ICT companies Campina Grande. These new companies with business profile differentiated from standard corporate APL is an important variant of the arrangement and result in increased sales , one of the bottlenecks found by the analysis of APL . Therefore, the PRIME program was an important mechanism of variation within APL ICT Campina Grande ( PB ) . / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a evolução da política de inovação e o Programa PRIME nacional e sua aplicação local no APL de TIC de Campina Grande. A metodologia empregada consiste: na aplicação da tipologia para arranjo e sistemas produtivos e inovativos locais conforme Cavalcanti Filho (2013) para caracterizar o APL de TIC de Campina Grande; na aplicação do modelo sistêmico de análise de políticas públicas em conjunto com o modelo de ciclo de políticas públicas conforme Rua (2009) para analisar a processo de formação e implementação do Programa PRIME. Para aquisição de dados foi utilizado pesquisa documental, aplicação de questionários e entrevistas. Observou-se uma evolução na concepção da política industrial e de inovação, em resposta a evolução da economia, em especial ao processo de globalização. Com relação ao programa PRIME, ele apresentou entraves para implementação derivados das inconsistências na fase de concepção do programa, contudo seu objetivo foi alcançado em 85% das empresas participantes no caso do PaqTc. Um efeito relevante foi ter conseguido incutir nas empresas a importância do desenvolvimento das competências de gestão e mercadologia, ambas consideradas fracas nas empresas do APL de TIC de Campina Grande. Essas novas empresas com perfil empresarial diferenciado do padrão das empresas do APL é um importante fator variante dentro do arranjo, podendo impactar no aumento do faturamento, um dos gargalos encontrados pela analise do APL. Portanto, o Programa PRIME foi um importante mecanismo de variação dentro de APL de TIC de Campina Grande (PB).

Esta tese teve como objetivo analisar as mudanças nas universidades públicas federais brasileiras nos Governos Lula (2003-2010) e Dilma (2011-2016), a partir das políticas de ampliação do acesso ao ensino superior e de incentivo à inovação. Essas mudanças foram analisadas na totalidade social, buscando compreender como as alterações nas táticas neoliberais modificaram a organização das universidades públicas federais brasileiras. A universidade pública não foi considerada uma estrutura estática, mas como síntese de múltiplas relações dotadas de contradições. Visando a compreender as consequências do avanço neoliberal no contexto do capitalismo dependente, recorri ao pensamento social brasileiro por meio da categoria padrão dependente de educação superior de Florestan Fernandes. A partir das condições concretas do desenvolvimento do ensino superior brasileiro, defendo que a articulação entre as políticas de ampliação ao acesso e de incentivo à inovação aprofunda o padrão dependente de educação superior. O método do materialismo histórico-dialético foi escolhido para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores e especialistas de notório saber. O neoliberalismo acadêmico foi implementado no Brasil por meio de uma série de reformas estruturais. As bases foram construídas desde a Reforma Universitária de 1968, marco no predomínio do ensino superior privado e direcionamento das universidades públicas para a pesquisa. O neoliberalismo acadêmico ortodoxo foi marcado por políticas que priorizaram os investimentos da educação básica, no desenvolvimento de políticas de ensino superior voltadas, prioritariamente, para a expansão do ensino privado e por tentativas de modificação da natureza jurídica das universidades pública federais O novo neoliberalismo acadêmico, implementado a partir do Governo Lula, foi caracterizado: pela criação de políticas inclusivas; pela flexibilização da formação por meio da oferta de novas modalidades de cursos; pela modificação no financiamento; pelo estabelecimento do empreendedorismo, como cultura a ser disseminada nos processos de ensino, pesquisa, extensão; pela difusão do gerencialismo na organização das universidades; e pela flexibilização e precarização do trabalho. Essas mudanças reproduzem o padrão dependente de educação superior, pois são baseadas na importação de modelos de educação, direcionam para a importação de conhecimentos e estruturam grande parte do sistema de educação superior voltado para o trabalho simples. Ademais, aprofunda o padrão dependente de educação ao direcionar a pesquisa de excelência realizada nas universidades públicas federais para os interesses privados nacionais e para os países centrais. Assim, a mudança no projeto para as universidades públicas brasileiras no novo neoliberalismo criou novos mecanismos de integrá-las aos circuitos de reprodução do capital, sem a modificação da sua natureza jurídica, ou seja, criou-se, em um contexto de aceleração tecnológica, novas formas imperialistas de apropriação do conhecimento produzido pelas universidades públicas brasileiras. / This thesis aimed at analyzing the changes in the Brazilian federal public universities in the Lula (2003-2010) and Dilma (2011-2016) Governments, from the perspective of the access expansion policies for students and the fostering innovation policies. These changes were analyzed in the social totality method, trying to understand how the changes in neoliberal tactics modified the organization of Brazilian federal public universities. The public university was not considered a static structure, but as a synthesis of multiple relations endowed with contradictions. Seeking to understand the consequences of the neoliberal evolution within the context of the dependent capitalism, I recurred to the Brazilian social thought, from the higher-education dependent pattern category of Florestan Fernandes. Based in the concrete contradictions on the development in the Brazilian higher education, I defend the articulation between the access expansion policies for students and the fostering innovation policies strengthens the dependent pattern of the higher education. The historical-dialectical materialism method was chosen for the research development, and data collected through bibliographic sources, documental analysis and semi-structured interviews with senior-level managers and experts of notorious knowledge. Academic neoliberalism was being implemented in Brazil through a series of structural reforms. The bases were built since the 1968 University Reform, a milestone in the predominance of private higher education and the direction of public universities for research. Orthodox academic neoliberalism was marked by policies that prioritized investments in basic education and in the development of higher education policies geared primarily to the expansion of private education and by attempts to modify the legal nature of federal public universities The new academic neoliberalism, implemented from the Lula Government, was characterized by: the creation of inclusive policies; the implementation of the flexibility in the student formation from new models of courses; the implementation of entrepreneurship as culture to be disseminated in the process of teaching, research and extension programs; through the managerialism diffusion in the structure and management of the public universities; and through the faculty work flexibilization and precarization. These changes reproduce the higher-education dependent pattern, since are based upon three factors: the external educational model's importation, the external knowledge importation, and the organization of the major part of the higher educational system to the simple work. Furthermore, was identified that the orientation of the public university's cutting-edge research to national private’s and dominant country's interests also strength the higher educational dependent pattern. Therefore, the changes during this period after the neoliberal project to the Brazilian public universities in the new neoliberalism promoted a new mechanism to integrate them to the capital reproduction system, without the modification of their juridical nature. That means, in a context of technological acceleration, the creation of new forms imperialist of appropriation of the knowledge produced by the Brazilian public universities.

O incentivo fiscal à inovação (IFI) vem sendo utilizado intensamente nos últimos anos, tanto nos países da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) quando nos subdesenvolvidos, como importante instrumento da política tecnológica. Seu objetivo é auxiliar o estabelecimento de um ambiente competitivo e sistêmico e oferecer condições para que as firmas desenvolvam suas capacitações e aprimorem seus conhecimentos. O IFI utiliza as seguintes técnicas para induzir as inovações: deduções (simples ou especial), depreciação acelerada ou integral, e crédito fiscal. Ele pode ser aplicado verticalmente em setores, regiões ou determinadas firmas, inclusive novas e em situação de prejuízo. Sua aplicação é verificada em diversos países e especialmente no Brasil. O principal objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a Lei 11.196/05, a Lei do Bem (LB), que oferece auxílio fiscal para: despesas com Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D), aquisição de bens de capitais e intangíveis voltados à inovação, construção de instalações físicas voltadas à pesquisa, aquisição e cooperação para o desenvolvimento de P&D, registro e manutenção de patentes, marcas e cultivares e contratação de pesquisadores. A taxa real de variação de cada uma dessas atividades foi calculada em dois períodos; o primeiro antes da LB, de 1998 a 2005, e o segundo depois da LB, de 2006 a 2008. Evidenciou-se, com isso, a capacidade da LB de intensificar (ou não) a inovação. O Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística forneceu os dados da Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica, especialmente para este trabalho, apenas das empresas usuárias da LB. Apresentam-se também as informações da Lei do Bem contidas no Relatório Anual da Utilização dos Incentivos Fiscais, produzido pelo Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia. O resultado encontrado é o de que as empresas usuárias da LB ampliaram suas atividades de P&D, bem como intensificaram a formação de redes de cooperação entre os diversos agentes do Sistema de Inovação entre 2006 a 2008, o que indica acerto da LB. No entanto, não intensificaram a compra de máquinas e equipamentos e de bens intangíveis voltados para a inovação, a contratação de pesquisadores e o registro de marcas, patentes e cultivares. Contudo, a intensificação dos gastos com P&D interno e adquiridos externamente acelerou-se significativamente. / The tax incentives for innovation (IFI) have been used intensively in recent years, both in OCDE (Organization for the Economical Corporation and Development) countries and in underdeveloped ones, as an important instrument of technological policy. Its goals are to help establish a systemic and competitive environment and to provide conditions to firms to develop their skills and improve their knowledge. The IFI uses the following techniques to induce innovations: Deductions (simple or special), accelerated or full depreciation, and tax credit. It can be applied vertically into sectors, regions or certain companies, including in new and in situation of loss. Its application is analyise in several countries, mainly in Brazil. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyzed the Law 11.196/05, the Good Law (LB), which offers tax assistance for: expenditure on P&D, acquisition of capital and intangible assets focused on innovation, construction of physical facilities focused on research, acquisition and cooperation for the development of P&D, registration and maintenance of patents, trademarks and plant varieties and the hiring of researchers. The actual rate of variation of each of these activities was calculated in two periods: the first before the LB, 1998 to 2005, and the second after LB, 2006 to 2008. It was evident, therefore, the ability of LB to intensify (or not) the innovation. IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) provided the data from the Technological Innovation Survey, especially for this paper, only business users of LB. It is also presented information from the Good Law contained in the Annual Report of the Use of Tax Incentives, produced by the Ministry of Science and Technology. The outcome is that the companies which use the LB increased their P&D as well as enhanced the formation of networks of cooperation among the various agents of the Innovation System from 2006 to 2008, which indicates correctness of LB. However, they did not increase the purchase of machinery and equipment, and intangibles assets focused on innovation, the hiring of researchers, and the registration of trademarks, patents and plant variety. Nonetheless, the increase expenditure on internal P&D and acquired externally has accelerated significantly.