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O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi discorrer sobre o lugar do transtorno pânico na metapsicologia psicanalítica freudiana e pós-freudiana. Inicialmente, ele foi apresentado segundo a psiquiatria. Em seguida, tendo em vista as associações desse transtorno com as construções freudianas sobre a neurose de angústia, discorreu-se acerca das teorias da angústia de Freud a partir de textos freudianos e de Laplanche. Este autor, ao fazer importantes críticas à segunda teoria da angústia do pai da psicanálise, aponta para uma possível terceira teoria da angústia como reflexo da implicação direta do conceito de pulsão de morte sobre as duas primeiras. Nesse sentido, ocorreram discussões sobre as teorias da pulsão de Freud a partir de textos freudianos e dos escritos de Garcia-Roza e de Laplanche. Buscando derivar essa terceira teoria da angústia, destacou-se a ênfase laplanchiana marcante sobre a sexualidade como pedra angular da psicanálise, que somada a reformulação da teoria do apoio freudiana, levou ao conceito original da teoria de sedução generalizada. Nesse processo, conceitos como masoquismo e autoagressão originários, implicados sobre a obra kleiniana, permitiram a Laplanche renomear a pulsão de morte como pulsão sexual de morte. Com isso, a teorização freudiana da neurose de angústia, como consequência de um ataque pulsional sexual, foi reformulada ao equivaler esse sexual à sexualidade demoníaca citada por Freud, que é vista como aquela que excita, desliga e transborda, sendo portanto a parte da sexualidade dominada pela pulsão sexual de morte. Em seguida, foram apresentadas considerações específicas sobre o transtorno de pânico de autores psicanalíticos pós-freudianos nacionais e internacionais. No sentido da produção de dados como base de realidade para a articulação das teorias psicanalíticas sobre o transtorno de pânico com as reformulações das teorias da angústia advinda da discussão metapsicológica de Laplanche, apresenta-se pesquisa qualitativa conforme a concepção de Turato. Essa foi desenvolvida através de um estudo de caso único, sistematizado, por conveniência da pesquisa, em um processo de diagnóstico compreensivo seguido de psicoterapia. O psicodiagnóstico se dá através de duas entrevistas psicológicas semidirigidas, com posterior aplicação do Procedimento de Desenho-Estória; já a psicoterapia de orientação psicanalítica teve seus relatos de sessão submetidos a supervisões no grupo de pesquisa. Os dados coletados com esses procedimentos foram analisados tendo em vista a análise de conteúdo proposta por Turato e os estudos de referência do Procedimento Desenho-Estória de Tardivo. Nessa análise, conceitos e ferramentas psicanalíticas foram tomados como referência: manifestações do inconsciente, manejo da angústia, transferência, contratransferência, interpretação e acolhimento. Finalmente, foi feita a articulação dos dados com a teoria, evidenciando, como destaca Sigal, a importância das colocações laplanchianas sobre as diferentes consequências da introdução e da intromissão dos significantes enigmáticos. Melhor entendendo assim, a instalação e manutenção do transtorno de pânico. Por fim, discutiu-se sobre os manejos específicos no enfrentamento dos núcleos psicóticos formados pelos restos intrometidos, que são marcas de falha no recalque primário, comum também em pacientes que manifestam o transtorno de pânico / The main objective of this work is to discuss the place of panic disorder in Freud\'s and post-Freudian psychoanalytic metapsychology. Initially, the panic disorder is presented here under the psychiatric perspective. Afterwards, having its disorder associations with Freud´s constructions about anxiety neurosis in sight, Freud´s anxiety theories will be spoken about having his and Laplanche´s texts as basis. Laplanche, as he criticizes the second anxiety theory of the psychoanalysis father, points out to a possible third anxiety theory as a reflex of the direct implication of the death instinct concept on the first two. Therefore, there are some discussion about Freud´s instinct theories based on Freud´s texts and Garcia-Roza´s and Laplanche´s writings. In this exercise of creating this third anxiety theory there is a strong Laplanche based emphasis on sexuality as a psychoanalysis turning point and a reconstruction of Freud´s supporting theory, leading to a new concept: the generalized seduction. In this process, Klein´s work seeing under concepts such as original masochism and auto-aggression, allowed Laplanche, as he created his seduction theory, to rename the death instinct as sexual death instinct. Thus, Freud´s idea of the anxiety neurosis as consequence of a sexual instinct attack is reformulated by this sexual specification, as Freud´s demoniac sexuality. This part of sexuality is dominated by the sexual death instinct and is the one that excites, turns off and overflows. Subsequently, there will be presented some specific considerations on panic disorder made by national and international post Freudian psychoanalytical authors. A qualitative research based on Turato will be shown in order to produce reality based data to be articulated with psychoanalytical theories on panic disorder and the anxiety neurosis theories raised by Laplanche´s metapsychological discussion. This research consists of a unique case study systematized in a comprehensive diagnosis process, followed by psychotherapy. The psych diagnosis occurs in two semi guided interviews, followed by a Desenho-estoria procedure. The psychoanalytical psychotherapy sessions´ reports were discussed in group supervision. The collected data are analyzed based on Turato´s content analysis perspective and the referenced studies on Desenho-Estoria procedure, specially emphasizing Tardivo´s. In this analysis, psychoanalytical concepts and tools such as unconscious manifestations, anxiety handle, transference, countertransference, interpretation and holding are used as references. At last, the data is articulated with the theory, as highlighted by Sigal, pointing out to Laplanches consideration about the implantation and intromission of the enigmatic signifier. Therefore, creating and understanding about the panic disorders installation. There are also some discussion about specific management in order to confront psychotic spots formed by unassimilated remains, which the primal repression fail marks, common in patients that manifest panic disorder

Projet réalisé dans le cadre d'une cotutelle avec l'Université de Bourgogne (Dijon, France) / Dans cette enquête nous entreprenons d’explorer la notion de comportement animal telle que l’exprime une discipline contemporaine, l’écologie comportementale. Afin de procéder à l’examen d’une notion aussi complexe, positionnée dans un contexte étroit, nous développons et utilisons un outil d’investigation : l’épistémologie historique. De façon générale, cet outil consiste à intégrer en une seule démarche les perspectives d’investigation diachronique et synchronique sur un même thème. Ainsi, pour procéder à l’examen de la notion de comportement animal, nous puisons d’abord dans l’histoire récente de l’écologie comportementale. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à sa filiation avec l’éthologie classique et, après avoir reconstitué la trame historique qui unit les deux disciplines, nous procédons à leur comparaison. Cette seconde étape de notre épistémologie contribue à mettre en évidence plusieurs différences critiques dans la conception du comportement animal qu’endosse chacune des disciplines. Ces distinctions, en faisant ressortir la spécificité de l’écologie comportementale, nous permettent ensuite de nous intéresser à la notion de comportement animal à travers les approches principales que cette discipline mobilise. Ultimement, nous élaborons deux définitions de la notion de comportement animal. La première reflète le statut ontologique du comportement dans la discipline, alors que la seconde correspond à la conception qui se dégage de la pratique des écologues. / In this inquiry I undertake to explore the notion of animal behaviour as it is expounded in a contemporary field of inquiry: behavioural ecology. In order to carry out an analysis of such a complex notion, localized in a very narrow context, I design and use a specific tool of investigation called “historical epistemology”. Simply understood, this tool consists in the integration of diachronic and synchronic perspectives of investigation into a single approach to investigate a circumscribed theme. So, in order to proceed to the analysis of the notion of animal behaviour, I first draw into the recent history of behavioural ecology. I take special interest in its filiation with classical ethology and, after having reconstructed the historical frame that links the two fields together, I proceed to compare them. This comparison, the second step of my epistemology, is used to highlight the characteristics of the animal behaviour conceptions put forward by the two scientific disciplines. These distinctions, bringing to the fore the specificity of behavioural ecology, then allow me to scrutinize the notion of animal behaviour as it is instantiated in the main approaches mobilized by the discipline (especially what I identifies as the “phenotypic adaptationist”, the “phenotypic structural”, the “comparative” and the “by reduction” approaches). Last, I design two definitions of the notion of animal behaviour. The first one reflects the ontological status of the notion in this field of investigation, whereas the second corresponds to the conception underlying behavioural ecologist practices.

La thèse concerne le problème de la curiosité naturelle. La première partie clarifie la notion biologique d’instinct et abstrait dix-sept propriétés observables définissant l’instinct et permettant l’étude empirique de systèmes instinctifs en laboratoire. La seconde partie clarifie le problème de la curiosité naturelle, expose celui de l’intelligence humaine et détaille l’évolution du comportement exploratoire au cours de la phylogénie. La notion d’instinct est appliquée à la description de l’acquisition de connaissances chez l’homme. Les conséquences théoriques de cette application sont détaillées. La logique de la curiosité est examinée aux niveaux philosophique, historique, psychologique, biologique et mathématique. Un modèle formel de l’acquisition de connaissances est proposé. La relation entre apprentissage et conflit cognitif est soulignée. Le paradoxe de l’intelligence est décrit formellement. Des pistes théoriques sont proposées pour faciliter l’étude de la relation entre sens et connaissance. La troisième partie clarifie le problème de la satisfaction de la curiosité naturelle et déploie les conséquences théoriques d’une série d’expériences menée en Europe sur le problème des émotions esthétiques. L’hypothèse selon laquelle les émotions esthétiques correspondraient à une satisfaction de la curiosité naturelle est examinée aux niveaux biologique et psychologique. Le cas particulier de la relation entre température et cognition observable dans le cas des frissons non-thermorégulateurs est discuté et une série d’hypothèses physiques et biologiques sont proposées. Un modèle formel de la fluence de traitement est introduit pour faciliter son étude empirique. Une description mathématique du frisson psychogénique est proposée. Une description mathématique de la tension narrative est proposée. En annexe sont détaillés les résultats d’une série de cinq études psychophysiologiques concernant les frissons psychogéniques. Ces cinq études ont été répliquées avec succès trois fois sur deux populations européennes distinctes. Les résultats démontrent notamment que l’incohérence inhibe les frissons psychogéniques positifs. / The thesis concerns the problem of natural curiosity. The first part deals with the biological notion of the instinct and abstracts seventeen observable properties allowing the empirical study of instinctual systems in the laboratory. The second part clarifies the problem of natural curiosity, exposes that of human intelligence and details the evolution of exploratory behavior in the course of phylogeny. The notion of the instinct is applied to the description of knowledge-acquisition in humans. The theoretical consequences of this application are detailed. The logic of curiosity is examined at the philosophical, historical, psychological, biological and mathematical levels. A formal model of knowledge-acquisition is proposed. The relation between learning and conflict is underlined. The paradox of intelligence is described formally. Several theoretical leads are proposed to facilitate the study of the relation between knowledge and meaning. The third part deals with the problem of curiosity’s satiation and deploys the theoretical consequences of a series of experiments conducted in Europe regarding the problem of aesthetic emotions. The hypothesis that aesthetic emotions might correspond to a satiation of natural curiosity is examined at the biological and psychological levels. The particular case of the relation between temperature and cognition as observed in the case of non-thermoregulatory shivering is discussed and a series of physical and biological hypotheses are proposed. A formal model of processing fluency is introduced to facilitate its empirical study. A mathematical description of psychogenic shivering is proposed. A mathematical description of narrative tension is proposed. In the appendix, the results of a series of five psychophysiological studies concerning psychogenic shivers are detailed. These fives studies have been successfully replicated three times in two distinct European populations. Among others, the results demonstrate that incoherence inhibits positive psychogenic shivering.

Dans cette enquête nous entreprenons d’explorer la notion de comportement animal telle que l’exprime une discipline contemporaine, l’écologie comportementale. Afin de procéder à l’examen d’une notion aussi complexe, positionnée dans un contexte étroit, nous développons et utilisons un outil d’investigation : l’épistémologie historique. De façon générale, cet outil consiste à intégrer en une seule démarche les perspectives d’investigation diachronique et synchronique sur un même thème. Ainsi, pour procéder à l’examen de la notion de comportement animal, nous puisons d’abord dans l’histoire récente de l’écologie comportementale. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à sa filiation avec l’éthologie classique et, après avoir reconstitué la trame historique qui unit les deux disciplines, nous procédons à leur comparaison. Cette seconde étape de notre épistémologie contribue à mettre en évidence plusieurs différences critiques dans la conception du comportement animal qu’endosse chacune des disciplines. Ces distinctions, en faisant ressortir la spécificité de l’écologie comportementale, nous permettent ensuite de nous intéresser à la notion de comportement animal à travers les approches principales que cette discipline mobilise. Ultimement, nous élaborons deux définitions de la notion de comportement animal. La première reflète le statut ontologique du comportement dans la discipline, alors que la seconde correspond à la conception qui se dégage de la pratique des écologues. / In this inquiry I undertake to explore the notion of animal behaviour as it is expounded in a contemporary field of inquiry: behavioural ecology. In order to carry out an analysis of such a complex notion, localized in a very narrow context, I design and use a specific tool of investigation called “historical epistemology”. Simply understood, this tool consists in the integration of diachronic and synchronic perspectives of investigation into a single approach to investigate a circumscribed theme. So, in order to proceed to the analysis of the notion of animal behaviour, I first draw into the recent history of behavioural ecology. I take special interest in its filiation with classical ethology and, after having reconstructed the historical frame that links the two fields together, I proceed to compare them. This comparison, the second step of my epistemology, is used to highlight the characteristics of the animal behaviour conceptions put forward by the two scientific disciplines. These distinctions, bringing to the fore the specificity of behavioural ecology, then allow me to scrutinize the notion of animal behaviour as it is instantiated in the main approaches mobilized by the discipline (especially what I identifies as the “phenotypic adaptationist”, the “phenotypic structural”, the “comparative” and the “by reduction” approaches). Last, I design two definitions of the notion of animal behaviour. The first one reflects the ontological status of the notion in this field of investigation, whereas the second corresponds to the conception underlying behavioural ecologist practices. / Projet réalisé dans le cadre d'une cotutelle avec l'Université de Bourgogne (Dijon, France)

Diss.--Munich. / Bibliography: p. 185-188.

Diss.--Munich. / Bibliography: p. 185-188.

Ce mémoire a pour but d’élucider l’analyse et l’évaluation nietzschéennes du sens et de la portée de la figure de Socrate dans les cultures antique et moderne. Pour ce faire, nous nous pencherons d’abord sur la question de l’identité de Socrate, ce qui permettra d’introduire une distinction centrale à l’analyse de Nietzsche, soit celle entre la doctrine et la personnalité du célèbre Athénien. En effet, Nietzsche isole la personnalité de Socrate, qu’il circonscrit à partir des notions d’instinct, de pulsion et d’affect, de sa doctrine, qu’il appelle le socratisme et qu’il définit à partir de l’équation socratique raison = vertu = bonheur. Ensuite, nous développerons les trois éléments sur lesquels il s’appuie pour expliquer que Socrate ait pu séduire les Grecs, soit le fait qu’il fut un grand érotique, qu’il introduisit une nouvelle forme de joute à Athènes et qu’il apparut comme étant un médecin pour ses contemporains. Cette question des raisons permettant d’expliquer que Socrate ait pu séduire les Grecs est déterminante pour Nietzsche, puisque c’est de là qu’il est amené à se demander qui est ce Socrate et quel a été son véritable impact sur la culture, soit les deux questions qui sont au cœur de ce qu’il appelle « le problème de Socrate ». Enfin, nous nous pencherons sur le diagnostic que le philosophe allemand pose sur le célèbre Athénien ainsi que sur son évaluation de l’impact du socratisme sur les cultures antique et moderne, après quoi nous présenterons l’inversion des valeurs que Nietzsche tente d’opérer dans sa propre culture. Nous verrons alors qu’il cherche entre autres par cette inversion des valeurs à nous libérer du socratisme, car il est d’avis que cette doctrine dévalorise toute forme d’agir puisant ses motifs dans ce qui relève de l’inconscient et survalorise une morale luttant contre les pulsions dominantes en nous. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate Nietzsche’s analysis and assessment of the meaning and the impact of Socrates’ character on the classical and modern culture. To that effect, I will emphasize the question of Socrates’ identity, in order to introduce the crucial issue in Nietzsche’s analysis, namely the distinction between Socrates’ doctrine and his character. Nietzsche isolated Socrates’ character – which he defined through the categories of instinct, drive, and affect – from his doctrine, which he labelled socratism and defined through the Socratic equation reason = virtue = happiness. This thesis explores the three core elements Nietzsche used to explain how Socrates was able to seduce the Greeks: not only was Socrates a very erotic figure, he also introduced a new form of debate to Athens, and was considered an eminent physician by his contemporaries. Socrates’ appeal to the Greek is of fundamental importance to Nietzsche, since it prompted him to question Socrates’ inherent character, and his true impact on Athenian culture. It thus forms the crux of what he called “the problem of Socrates.” Nietzsche’s understanding of socratism as well as its impact on classical and modern culture allows him to revaluate all values within his own culture. To that effect, I reveal Nietzsche’s critiques of socratism – in particular, his belief that society needed to be liberated from socratism, since it denies all agency to individuals. Given that it was strongly motivated by the unconscious, socratism, according to Nietzsche, overemphasizes a certain morality in the struggle against our dominant impulses.

Planning is a rational process where we rely on training and our five senses, but not so much on our instincts. How can we reclaim this missing element and balance the rational with the intuitive? Feng Shui provides a method for enhancing the current planning process by evaluating the physical form through observation and management of the movement of ch'i energy. The Feng Shui Neighborhood Evaluation checklist, created in Excel, allows the planner to examine the form of a neighborhood to assess the quality of the ch'i. Individual ratings are input for each evaluation point within a category. The Bagua is used to intentionally link uses in a neighborhood to those areas where the strongest supportive energy already exists. Supplementing the planning process with Feng Shui places the focus on the well-being of the residents to create greater harmony, a stronger sense of community, and a higher quality of life.

A cultura ocidental contemporânea trouxe para a história do homem novas modalidades de crime e novos tipos de criminosos. A magnitude da destruição do outro alcançou cifras e situações sem precedentes. Embora Freud pensasse que, em princípio, os homens acertassem seus conflitos por meio da violência, nosso estudo foca um tipo específico de sofrimento infligido ao outro: aquela destruição da alteridade que traz consigo aspectos da ordem do excesso, onde não se encontra explicação para tal ação, denominada coloquialmente de maldade gratuita. Ao longo do trabalho tornou-se cada vez mais evidente que esse fenômeno não poderia nem ser examinado somente à luz da Psicanálise, nem ser desarticulado de seu contexto social, histórico e político. Abrimos, assim, o diálogo com a Filosofia e a História. Levantamos a hipótese de que o papel destrutivo do(s) algoz(es) pode ser vivido de duas formas diferentes: 1) a que pensa um malfeitor implicado em um cenário propiciador de prazer; 2) a que fala de um opressor que atua com total indiferença. Deixando de lado a violência do plano da cena sexual, focamos nosso estudo em circunstâncias não sexuais, strictu sensu. No campo da Filosofia, a contribuição de Hannah Arendt sobre a questão da banalidade do mal e sua retomada do conceito kantiano de mal radical pareceu-nos importante. Isso nos permitiu questionar a possibilidade da existência do mal fora da psicopatologia, como proposto pelos autores que acompanharam Arendt nesse capítulo. Chegamos à conclusão de que não existe maldade de fato gratuita porque para o opressor há sempre um sentido prévio que o leva a passar ao ato. Do ponto de vista da Psicanálise, no entanto, não há lugar para que pessoas banais no sentido arendtiano do termo - transformem-se em criminosos. Falamos assim da perversidade e do fenômeno da massa para pensar que tipo de moral está por trás dos massacres, tais como o Holocausto, Ruanda e Balkans, entre outros / The contemporary occidental culture brought to mans history new modalities of crimes and new types of criminals. The magnitude of destruction of the other reached unprecedented numbers and situations. Though Freud thought that, in principle, men settle their conflicts through violence, our study focus on a specific type of suffering inflicted to the other: that destruction of otherness that brings with it aspects of the order of the excess, where no explanation is found for such action, denominated colloquially gratuitous evil. Throughout the work it became more and more evident that this phenomenon could not be examined only in the light of Psychoanalysis, nor be disarticulated from its social, historical and political context. We opened thus the dialog with Philosophy and History. We raised the hypothesis that the destructive role of the executioner(s) can be lived in two different ways: 1) the one that sees the oppressor implicated in a scenario that generates pleasure; 2) the one that tells about a murderer who acts with total indifference. Leaving aside the violence of the sexual scene strictu sensu, we focused our study on non-sexual circumstances. In the field of Philosophy, the contribution of Hannah Arendt on the subject of the banality of evil and its return to the Kantian concept of radical evil seemed important to us. This allowed us to question the possibility of existence of evil outside psychopathology, as suggested by the authors who followed Arendt in this chapter. We came to the conclusion that there is no evil in fact gratuitous because for the oppressor there is always a previous sense that leads him/(her) to action. In the Psychoanalysis point of view, nevertheless, there is no place for banal people in the Arendtian sense of the word to transform themselves into criminals. We then speak of perversity and the mass phenomenon to think about what type of moral is behind of the massacres, such as the Holocaust, Rwanda and the Balkans, among others