People tend to maintain certain positive illusions about themselves and their futures that may be adaptive in buffering their self-esteem and feelings of efficacy from the effects of negative or threatening feedback. The illusion of unique invulnerability is the expectation that others will be the victims of misfortune and negative events more so than oneself. One possible implication of holding this belief is that, if a false sense of security is fostered, actual vulnerability to experiencing negative events that one has control over (for example, contracting lung cancer from smoking) might be increased if self-protective behaviors are decreased. The purpose of this study was to determine 1) what personality characteristics are related to this belief in unique invulnerability, 2) whether unique invulnerability is related to assumption of risk in behavior, 3) how accurately people assess the riskiness of their own behavior, and 4) how beliefs in unique invulnerability change over time and experience with risk. Subjects were 164 male and female Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) cadets, ages 17-20, engaged in rappelling down a tall structure, an inherently risky activity. A measure of unique invulnerability and several personality measures were administered before rappelling, and risk-relevant behavior was observed during rappelling. Personal safety ratings were obtained and the invulnerability measure was readministered after rappelling. Results indicated that unique invulnerability was positively correlated with self-esteem (p<.004). For subjects’ first rappels, unique invulnerability was negatively related to number of bounds to descend a 40-foot tower (p<.01), such that as invulnerability increased, number of bounds decreased. Although assumption of risk was operationally defined as taking fewer bounds, further analyses indicated that number of bounds might be more a reflection of physical competence than of riskiness. This finding suggested that greater beliefs in invulnerability were related to competent rappelling performance, while lesser beliefs in invulnerability were related to ultra-conservative behavior. Self-reports of safety were positively related to number of bounds for first rappels off a 40-foot tower (p<.01), and were related to instructor ratings of jump competence and safety for first and second rappels off a 40-foot tower (ps<.05). This suggests that as a number of bounds became more conservative, and as instructor ratings improved, self-reports of safety increased. Finally, beliefs in unique invulnerability decreased after rappelling, both for subjects who rappelled (p<.001), and for control subjects who observed but did not rappel (p<.05). Conclusions are that self-esteem is an important component of the illusion of unique invulnerability, that invulnerability is related to competent performance while engaging in risky activities like rappelling, that invulnerability is subject to change over time and experience, and that subjects can fairly accurately assess the objective safety of their behavior. Implications for theory and research on unique invulnerability are discussed, as well as limitations and future directions. / Master of Science

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2018

En 1886, c’est à la danseuse que Mallarmé confie le soin de lui révéler son propre « poétique instinct ». C’est donc à travers l’élucidation de cette expression énigmatique que nous aborderons le lien entre poésie et danse, en France, de Mallarmé à aujourd’hui. Toute notre recherche consistera à comprendre ce qui dans la danse relève d’un instinct poétique et renvoie le poète à son propre instinct créatif. Mallarmé et Valéry nous permettront d’abord d’étudier la façon dont la danse est passée de simple motif poétique à véritable moteur poïétique au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles. La danse, considérée comme « écriture corporelle », renverra ces deux poètes à la dimension corporelle de leur acte d’écriture. Nous verrons ensuite que, délivrée du livret de ballet, la danse elle-même se conçoit comme étant sa propre écriture, à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle. Tracé sans traces, elle est écriture du pur poïein que nous nommerons donc écriture poïegraphique. Nous dépasserons ainsi le clivage entre danse « classique » et « contemporaine », à travers la notion de « danse- contempoïein », en nous appuyant notamment sur la théorie des Barres flexibles de Wilfride Piollet. Enfin, le « poétique instinct » sera exploré à travers une convergence entre danse et « renouveau lyrique ». Après avoir étudié les livrets de ballet de René Char, nous questionnerons la présence explicite de la danse, au tournant des XXe et XXIe siècles, chez Pascal Quignard, Jean-Michel Maulpoix et André Velter. Nous envisagerons au même moment, du côté de la danse, l’émergence d’un lyrisme chorégraphique. Nous verrons ainsi que, du symbolisme mallarméen au « renouveau lyrique », la danse en appelle au « poétique instinct » du poète en ce qu’elle le renvoie à l’acte d’écriture qui a précédé son poème écrit, à son geste de l’avant-poème. / In 1886, Mallarmé entrusted the dancer to reveal to him his own ''poétique instinct''. It will be trough this enigmatic phrase and its elucidation that we shall approach the existing link between poetry and dance in France, from Mallarmé to nowadays. All our focus in research will consist in understanding what in dance can be considered as poetic instinct and brings the poet to face his own creative instinct. First Mallarmé and Valéry will help us study how dance evolved from being a simple poetic pattern to a genuine poïetic engine during the 19th and 20th century. Dance, considered as ''écriture corporelle'', will bring these poets to see the corporal dimension of their act of writing. We shall see next that at the end of the 19th century, dance when it's freed from ballet, considers itself to be its own writing. Drawn without a trace dance is pure poïein writing and so we shall name it poïegraphic writing. We'll overrule the gap between ''classical'' and ''contemporary'' dancing with this concept of ''contempoeïn-dance'', by leaning on Wilfride Piollets theory of the ''Barres flexibles'' (''Flexible Bars''). Lastly, the ''poétique instinct'' will be explored trough the meeting of dance and ''lyrical renewal''. After studying René Chars ballet booklets we'll question the explicit presence of dance in Pascal Quignard, Jean-Michel Maulpoix and André Velters work during the 19th and 20th century. At the same time we'll consider the appearance of chorographical lyricism in dance. We will therefore see, through Mallarmés symbolism up to ''lyrical renewal'', that dance calls upon the poets ''poétique instinct'' and brings him back to the act of writing that came before the written poem, and so to the gesture of the prior-poem.

Elemento milenar, a tatuagem renasce entranhada na lógica do consumo e da exibição, arrastada por um apelo subjetivante frente ao enfraquecimento dos discursos totalizantes. Fenômeno presente em todas as camadas sociais e com ampla inserção em qualquer grupo etário, a tatuagem tem sua motivação comumente relacionada ao prazer estético, à beleza corporal e ao interesse por arte, e tende a ser vivida como um fim em si mesma. Estas referências, entretanto, são insuficientes para explicar a experiência da tatuagem enquanto surgimento de uma essência verdadeira, capaz de dizer mais do sujeito do que ele mesmo ousaria revelar, bem como os enigmáticos pesadelos, as tentativas de apagamento e o caráter compulsivo que envolve a prática. Nosso foco, portanto, foi desdobrar os discursos em dados capazes de refletir a dinâmica e as funções inconscientes da tatuagem e do corpo na dinâmica psíquica. Entrevistamos jovens adultos que tivessem no mínimo três tatuagens. Cada entrevista semidirigida foi reconstruída buscando-se o núcleo conflitivo, configurado em torno da perda do objeto ou de sua presença excessivamente excitante. Partimos de um amplo levantamento bibliográfico sobre o tema, realizamos um aprofundamento do conceito de identificação na obra de Freud e comentadores e selecionamos três casos para a análise. Os casos abordam a função da tatuagem e o conceito de identificação através de exemplos de luto patológico, da prevalência do Unheimliche na identificação histérica e do papel do superego nas identificações edípicas. Sob a perspectiva conceitual adotada a identificação a dinâmica do aparato destacou a importância do objeto na estruturação psíquica e as consequências avassaladoras de sua ausência ou perda. Por fim, dentro de suas especificidades, cada caso revelou a potência da pulsão de morte nas experiências de desobjetalização e o recurso recorrente ao corpo e às marcas corporais como tentativa de subjetivação e inscrição social e psíquica. A conclusão indica que o corpo tem sido convocado como importante instrumento de laço social e peça fundamental na estruturação psíquica individual. Quanto à identificação, destacamos seu papel preponderante na articulação dos polos eu-outro, enquanto preside a fluida localização do objeto no psiquismo e responde pela infiltração do superego na dinâmica egoica / Millennial element, tattooing is reborn embedded in the logic of consumption and exhibition, dragged by a subjective appeal in face of the weakening of totalizing manifestations. Phenomenon present in every social stratus and with wide insertion in any age group, tattooing has its motivation commonly related to aesthetic pleasure, body beauty and interest for art, and tends to be enjoyed as an end in itself. However, these references are not enough to explain the experience of tattooing as the advent of real essence, capable of saying more about an individual than what he himself would dare reveal, as well as the enigmatic nightmares, extinguishing attempts and compulsive character that its practice involves. Therefore, our focus was to breakup manifestations into data capable of reflecting body and tattooing unconscious functions and dynamics in the psychic dynamics. We interviewed young adults who at least had three tattoos. Each semi-directed interview was reconstructed seeking the conflictive core, configured around the loss of the object or its excessively exciting presence. We started from a large bibliographic survey on the subject, we dug deep into the concept of identification in Freud\'s and his reviewers\' works and chose three cases for analysis. The cases\' approach the tattooing function and identification concept through examples of pathological grief, predominant presence of Unheimliche in hysteric identification and the superego role in Oedipus identifications. Under the conceptual perspective adopted identification the array\'s dynamics highlighted the object\'s importance in psychic structuring and the overwhelming consequences of its absence or loss. Finally, within its specificities, each case revealed the death instinct urge in de-objectivization experience and the recurring resourcing to the body and body marks as an attempt of subjective and social and psychic inscription. The conclusion shows that the body has been called upon as an important social tie instrument and fundamental part in individual psychic structuring. Regarding identification, we point out its significant role in articulating the I/another poles, while it presides the fluid localization of the object in psyche and answer for the superego\'s infiltration in egoic dynamics

O presente trabalho se propõe a pesquisar a gênese do conceito de superego na clínica e na metapsicologia freudiana. Partindo do sofrimento relacionado aos conflitos morais, esta dissertação acompanha a formulação do complexo de Édipo e da noção de identificação, e, estendendo-se até a segunda tópica, evidencia a relação do conceito de superego com a pulsão de morte. Neste percurso a dimensão cruel do superego é enfatizada. Por fim, questiona-se a possibilidade de conceituação de uma face benevolente do superego analisando os mecanismos presentes no humor / This study aims to investigate the genesis of the concept of superego in Freudian clinic and metapsychology. Starting from the suffering related to moral conflicts, this dissertation follows the formulation of the Oedipus complex and the notion of identification, and extending up to the second topic, shows the relationship of the concept of superego with the death drive. In this way the cruel dimension of the superego is emphasized. The final issue refers to the possibility of a conceptualization of a benevolent face of the superego, analyzing the mechanisms present in the humor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCIA DE OLIVEIRA PRATA.pdf: 589299 bytes, checksum: 5bc236c47088f4e73d6f795ff5465c84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / This study was based on my experience as a psychologist in the Orthopedic and Traumatology Ward at the Clinics Hospital of the Uberlândia Federal University of (HCUUFU). This dissertation sought to answer the question "What are the implications of physical trauma on the psyche of the subject?" An investigation was carried out using the psychoanalytic literature of Sigmund Freud on psychic trauma, repetition, helplessness and the death instinct. Also, it aimed to study trauma in the medical field, as well as its relevance to contemporary psychoanalytic clinic. In terms of elaborations, the issue of pain and the body for the mexican painter Frida Kahlo and the narratives of three client sessions whose bodies bore physical and psychological trauma in clinical fragments of stories by Amanda, Mary and John were presented. The objectives of this investigation were: define the term trauma in the Freudian psychoanalytic field; differentiate the psychoanalytic concept of trauma with the medical concept of trauma; establish the relationship between trauma, repetition, drive, helplessness and psychological distress; analyze clinical fragments from life stories of three patients; discuss Psychoanalytic Listening as a possible therapeutic approach in the hospital ward of multiple trauma. In general, the following was concluded: physical trauma and its relation to psychic trauma is sustained in the unconscious logic, servicing the death instinct which enforces the initial helplessness reissue; narcissistic physical trauma scars the psyches, opening a slit which can be the advent of desire and therefore making it possible for the subject to direct his-her life beyond the traumatic episode; and finally, the necessity to discuss the place of the analyst in a hospital, who, when, proposes a singular listening of the subject of the unconscious, establishes tension between medical and psychoanalytic discourses. / O presente estudo partiu de minha experiência como psicóloga na enfermaria de ortopedia e traumatologia do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (HCUUFU). Nesta dissertação, busca-se responder à questão Quais as implicações do trauma físico sobre o psiquismo do sujeito? Foi realizada uma investigação na literatura psicanalítica de Sigmund Freud sobre trauma psíquico, repetição, desamparo e pulsão de morte. Também, tratou-se do trauma na especificidade do campo médico, assim como sua pertinência na clínica contemporânea psicanalítica. Em termos de elaborações, foi apresentada a questão da dor e do corpo para a pintora mexicana Frida Kahlo e a narrativa de três encontros com três personagens cujo corpo foi palco para o trauma físico e o trauma psíquico em fragmentos clínicos recortados da história de Amanda, Maria e João. Os objetivos desta pesquisa são: delimitar o conceito de trauma no campo psicanalítico freudiano; diferenciar o conceito psicanalítico de trauma com o conceito médico de trauma; estabelecer a relação entre trauma, repetição, pulsão, desamparo e sofrimento psíquico; analisar fragmentos clínicos como recortes das narrativas de vida de três pacientes; discutir acerca da escuta psicanalítica como um possível recurso terapêutico na enfermaria hospitalar de politraumatismos. De modo geral, chegou-se às seguintes considerações finais: o trauma físico e sua relação com trauma psíquico se sustenta na lógica inconsciente à serviço pulsão de morte que impõe a reedição do desamparo inicial; o trauma físico inscreve cicatrizes narcísicas no psiquismos, abrindo uma fenda onde é possível o advento do desejo e, por conseguinte, a possibilidade de que o sujeito direcione sua vida para além do episódio traumático; e, finalizando, é preciso que se coloque em discussão o lugar do psicanalista em uma instituição hospitalar que, ao se propor à escuta do singular de um sujeito do inconsciente, instaura uma tensão entre o discurso médico e o discurso psicanalítico.

O presente trabalho se propõe a pesquisar a gênese do conceito de superego na clínica e na metapsicologia freudiana. Partindo do sofrimento relacionado aos conflitos morais, esta dissertação acompanha a formulação do complexo de Édipo e da noção de identificação, e, estendendo-se até a segunda tópica, evidencia a relação do conceito de superego com a pulsão de morte. Neste percurso a dimensão cruel do superego é enfatizada. Por fim, questiona-se a possibilidade de conceituação de uma face benevolente do superego analisando os mecanismos presentes no humor / This study aims to investigate the genesis of the concept of superego in Freudian clinic and metapsychology. Starting from the suffering related to moral conflicts, this dissertation follows the formulation of the Oedipus complex and the notion of identification, and extending up to the second topic, shows the relationship of the concept of superego with the death drive. In this way the cruel dimension of the superego is emphasized. The final issue refers to the possibility of a conceptualization of a benevolent face of the superego, analyzing the mechanisms present in the humor

The human cognitive biases that result in anthropomorphism, the moral confusion surrounding the status of robots, and wider societal concerns related to the deployment of artificial intelligence at scale all motivate the study of robot transparency --- the design of robots such that they may be fully understood by humans. Based on the hypothesis that robot transparency leads to better (in the sense of more accurate) mental models of robots, I investigate how humans perceive and understand a robot when they encounter it, both in online video and direct physical encounter. I also use Amazon Mechanical Turk as a platform to facilitate online experiments with larger population samples. To improve transparency I use a visual real-time transparency tool providing a graphical representation of the internal processing and state of a robot. I also describe and deploy a vocalisation algorithm for transparency. Finally, I modify the form of the robot with a simple bee-like cover, to investigate the effect of appearance on transparency. I find that the addition of a visual or vocalised representation of the internal processing and state of a robot significantly improves the ability of a naive observer to form an accurate model of a robot's capabilities, intentions and purpose. This is a significant result across a diverse, international population sample and provides a robust result about humans in general, rather than one geographic, ethnic or socio-economic group in particular. However, all the experiments were unable to achieve a Mental Model Accuracy (MMA) of more than 59%, indicating that despite improved transparency of the internal state and processing, naive observers' models remain inaccurate, and there is scope for further work. A vocalising, or 'talking', robot greatly increases the confidence of naive observers to report that they understand a robot's behaviour when observed on video. Perhaps we might be more easily deceived by talking robots than silent ones. A zoomorphic robot is perceived as more intelligent and more likeable than a very similar mechanomorphic robot, even when the robots exhibit almost identical behaviour. A zoomorphic form may attract closer visual attention, and whilst this results in an improved MMA, it also diverts attention away from transparency measures, reducing their efficacy to further increase MMA. The trivial embellishment of a robot to alter its form has significant effects on our understanding and attitude towards it. Based on the concerns that motivate this work, together with the results of the robot transparency experiments, I argue that we have a moral responsibility to make robots transparent, so as to reveal their true machine nature. I recommend the inclusion of transparency as a fundamental design consideration for intelligent systems, particularly for autonomous robots. This research also includes the design and development of the 'Instinct' reactive planner, developed as a controller for a mobile robot of my own design. Instinct provides facilities to generate a real-time 'transparency feed'--- a real-time trace of internal processing and state. Instinct also controls agents within a simulation environment, the 'Instinct Robot World'. Finally, I show how two instances of Instinct can be used to achieve a second order control architecture.

Submitted by Daniele Amaral (daniee_ni@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-26T20:33:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPFJ.pdf: 1221348 bytes, checksum: 0b9ff5d14c45cdedb2409fc1bfde0532 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:30:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPFJ.pdf: 1221348 bytes, checksum: 0b9ff5d14c45cdedb2409fc1bfde0532 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:30:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPFJ.pdf: 1221348 bytes, checksum: 0b9ff5d14c45cdedb2409fc1bfde0532 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T18:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPFJ.pdf: 1221348 bytes, checksum: 0b9ff5d14c45cdedb2409fc1bfde0532 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / In the present study the aim is to investigate the role of sexuality in the development of sociability in Jean-Jacques Rousseau. This research works in two contexts. The first comprises the denaturation of man in general and the general formation of societies; in this case, the works that support this reading are: Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, Essay on the Origin of Languages, Social Contract and Fragment of the Climates Influence on the Civilization. The second context comprises the education of the man from nature prepared to live in any kind of society. In this case, the work that supports this reading is Emilio, or On education. In both, first or second context, the socialization process of specie and the development of sociability in the individual can be divided into distinct stages in which sexuality acts, alternately, in the nuances that separate these stages. By their specific character, the sexual need allows a way to understanding the relationship between the instinct and the genesis of passions. In this context, the sexuality operates as a kind of catalyst for social potentialities that places the society in the horizon of man as a possible way of collective survival or as a specific destination of specie. In short, the sexuality is a little studied topic in Rousseau; however, it is a possible interpretation key to understanding how the man, who was not social by nature, found the sociability as a proper element to their nature. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar o papel da sexualidade no desenvolvimento da sociabilidade em Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Essa pesquisa trabalha em dois contextos. O primeiro compreende a desnaturação do homem em geral e a formação geral das sociedades; nesse caso, as obras que embasam essa leitura são: Discurso sobre a origem da desigualdade, Ensaio sobre a origem das línguas, Contrato social e Fragmento da influência dos climas sobre a civilização. O segundo contexto compreende a educação do homem da natureza preparado para viver em qualquer tipo de sociedade; nesse caso, a obra que embasa essa leitura é Emílio, ou da educação. Tanto no primeiro quanto no segundo contexto, o processo de socialização da espécie e o desenvolvimento da sociabilidade no indivíduo podem ser divididos em etapas distintas em que a sexualidade atua, alternadamente, nas nuanças que separam esses estágios. A necessidade sexual, por sua natureza específica, permite um meio de compreensão da relação entre o instinto e a gênese das paixões. Nesse contexto, a sexualidade opera como uma espécie de catalisador das potencialidades sociais que coloca no horizonte do homem a sociedade como uma maneira possível de sobrevivência coletiva ou como uma destinação específica da espécie. Em suma, a sexualidade é um tema pouco estudado em Rousseau, no entanto, é uma chave de interpretação possível para compreender como o homem, que não era social por natureza, encontrou a sociabilidade como um elemento próprio à sua natureza.

Orientador: Oswaldo Giacoia Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T01:49:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Machado_BrunoMartins_M.pdf: 496187 bytes, checksum: 24a66a7e82623416ae242e1a91f9a974 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Esta dissertação trata da constituição da noção de Psicologia em Para Além de Bem e Mal. O conceito de psicologia constitui um elemento chave para compreendermos os escritos de maturidade de Nietzsche porque está diretamente associado à hipótese da vontade de poder. Defendemos que a psicologia nietzscheana se apresenta como uma crítica à concepção moderna de sujeito. No lugar da noção moderna de subjetividade o filósofo destaca a relevância das instâncias infraconscientes na determinação da dinâmica e estruturação dos corpos. Ao enfatizar esse "mundo interior" Nietzsche nos conduz a uma nova interpretação acerca da moral / Abstract: This is a dissertation on the constitution of the notion of Psychology in Beyond Good and Evil. The concept of psychology is a key element to the understanding of Nietzsche¿s mature writings for it is directly associated to the hypothesis of will to power. We reclaim that the nietzschean psychology presents itself as a critique to the modern conception of subject. Instead of the modern notion of subjectivity Nietzsche highlights the importance of infra-conscient instances in the determination of the dynamics and structures of bodies. On emphasizing this ¿inner world¿ Nietsche drives us to a new interpretation concerning morals / Mestrado / Filosofia Contemporanea / Mestre em Filosofia