Esta dissertação tem por foco analisar e compreender o processo de estruturação do setor de produção de cachaça artesanal da região do Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Com o objetivo de delinear o processo de estruturação do setor e desvelar as práticas que estão sendo construídas, incluindo o modo como o são e a que(m) favorecem, buscou-se elementos da teoria da estruturação proposta por Giddens (2009) que traz a interação ação-estrutura que dinamiza as articulações iniciais de um processo de institucionalização. Outros insights são advindos de conceitos desenvolvidos por Berger e Luckmann (2009) na obra “A construção social da realidade” e da teoria neo-institucionalista (ZUCKER, 1977, DIMAGGIO; POWELL, 1999, DiMAGGIO, 1988, 1991, TOLBERT; ZUCKER, 1999, MEYER; ROWAN, 1999, SCOTT; MEYER, 1999, SCOTT, 1999, 2001). O esforço de análise e compreensão desse processo de estruturação, considerando uma correlação entre a ação dos atores do setor e sua estruturação, foi apoiada pela perspectiva da análise de discurso através do modelo discursivo de institucionalização proposto por Phillips et al. (2004). Esse modelo é composto por 7 proposições teóricas e considera uma relação mutuamente constitutiva entre discurso, texto e ação, e objetiva demonstrar a importância dos textos e dos discursos no processo de institucionalização. A partir da aplicação parcial desse modelo, proposições anteriores ao processo de institucionalização, foram analisadas as ações e textos dos atores que compõem o setor e prospectados seus respectivos discursos. Dentro do escopo desse trabalho, o modelo discursivo de institucionalização sinalizou as ações e textos indicativos de um processo de estruturação e revelou as relações desiguais de forças entre os atores que compõem o setor. A pesquisa de campo revelou que o processo de estruturação está sendo delineado por dois discursos: um discurso que se destaca em que um conjunto de atores, que detém interesses específicos e recursos dentro do setor, desenvolve ações estratégicas para se distinguirem das demais organizações através do produto cachaça artesanal; e, um discurso em que um conjunto de atores busca minimizar a relação de dependência das organizações informais e garantir a sobrevivência dos produtores rurais através do desenvolvimento de alternativas de produção para a região em que estão inseridos. Perceber o delineamento desse processo de estruturação e as possíveis conseqüências para o setor de cachaça artesanal permitiu desvelar relações construídas a partir de interesses específicos de algumas organizações. Esta pesquisa apresenta insights que podem ser úteis sobre as possibilidades de um eminente processo de institucionalização do setor. Fato que pode resultar na construção de uma legitimidade limitada ao entendimento de alguns propósitos específicos, acarretando em um enrijecimento nas relações entre os atores que, seguramente, trará implicações, econômicas, sócio-culturais e organizativas para a totalidade dos atores envolvidos, representando um “risco” a demandas mais particulares das comunidades onde se inserem as organizações. / This work focuses on the analysis and comprehension of the structuring process of the craft cachaça’s productive sector that is located in the region of the North Coast of Rio Grande do Sul. In order to delineate this sector’s structuring process and unveil the practices that are being built, including how and who(m) they favor, we sought evidence of the struturation theory proposed by Giddens (2009) that brings the action-structure interaction which drives the joints of an initial process of institutionalization. Other insights are coming from concepts developed by Berger and Luckmann (2009) on his work "The Social Construction of Reality" and the neo-institutional theory (ZUCKER, 1977, DIMAGGIO, POWELL, 1999, DiMaggio, 1988, 1991 TOLBERT, ZUCKER, 1999 MEYER, ROWAN, 1999, SCOTT, MEYER, 1999, SCOTT, 1999, 2001). The analysis and understanding effort of this structuring process, in which the correlation between the sector actors’ actions and its structuring process, was supported by discursive analysis perspective through the discursive model of institutionalization proposed by Phillips et al. (2004). This model consists of seven theoretical propositions and considers a mutually constitutive relationship among discourse, text and action, and aims to demonstrate the importance of texts and discourses in the institutionalization process. Departing from this model’s partial implementation, which are propositions prior to the institutionalization process; we analyzed the sector actor’s actions and texts and prospected their respective discourses. Within this work’s scope, the institutionalization’s discursive model signaled the actions and texts proper of a structuring process and revealed the unequal power relations between the sector’s actors. The research field revealed that the structuring process is outlined by two discourses. First, a discourse that stands in an actors’ group which has specific interests and resources within the sector and develops strategic actions to distinguish themselves from other organizations across the craft cachaça product, and second, a discourse in which a set of actors seeks to minimize the informal organizations’ interdependence and ensure the farmers’ survival through the development of production alternatives for the region where they live. The realization of this structuring process’ design and the possible craftwork industry’s consequences allowed us to reveal relations constructed from some organizations’ special interests. This research provides insights that can be useful on the possibility of an imminent institutionalization process of the sector. The fact, in which may result in the construction of a limited legitimacy to the understanding of some specific purposes and also may result in stiffened relations between actors, will undoubtedly bring, to all the actors involved, economic, socio-cultural and organizational implications, which mean a “risk” to more specific demands for the communities where this organizations are inserted.

本論文係以「十一屆三中全會」後時序，依次檢驗中共總書記胡耀邦、趙紫陽、江澤民、胡錦濤等領導人之政治繼承中制度面與非制度面，希冀達到三項目的：第一，擺脫兩岸意識型態對峙格局，還原中共政治繼承之真實面貌；第二，宏觀地對中共政治繼承之原則與概念有所解釋，並進一步微觀對其政治繼承之具體措施進行說明。 本文分為五章，茲就主要內容分述如次 一、第一章概述本文研究動機、目的、方法、範圍等。第二章則探討胡耀邦與趙紫陽甄拔與罷黜之情形，期間鄧小平雖有意使政治繼承制度化，然當國內發生危及共黨政權與損及其權力，制度化推行已成次要。 二、第三章分別分析江澤民與胡錦濤接班模式，江澤民任內相繼推出人事制度化改革方案、制定人事法案、落實「幹部四化原則」等。胡錦濤人事佈局並無明顯拉拔親信跡象，係考量權力基礎尚未鞏固，然未來隨權力逐日穩固後，勢將加大人事掌控權。 三、第四章則探討政治繼承與制度化之關係，並比較領導人在拔擢中制度性與非制度性關聯性；正式途徑方面，第二、三、四代領導菁英，大都在地方起步若要進入權力核心則須擠入中央，以十五屆委員為例，黨領導機構係以民主推薦方式而成。非正式途徑方面，諸如來自同宗族、省份、學校等，倘建立良好關係，受庇者在仕途上就具有優勢。 四、第五章檢驗制度化在十六大執行情形；第六章結論則總結研究結果與發現，得出十一屆三中全會後，最高領導人仍有欽定繼承者之權力，人治色彩仍存，惟奉行幹部「四化」原則，並制定人事制度化規定，雖幹部晉升或調職不可避免地受到走後門、拉關係等非制度因素影響，然幹部任職年限或退休年齡已對人事變遷產生一定拘束力。 / This thesis examines PRC’s Political Succession on their institutization and un-institutization based on the Chronicle order of PRC Chairmen from Hu Yaobang to Hu Jintao. Hopefully, this paper can achieve three objectives: first, this paper will put aside the cross-straight ideological confrontation and present a reality of PRC’s political succession. Second, the article will explain the concept and principle of PRC’s political succession in broader sense. Also, I will further describe the concrete measures of succession in detail. This thesis is divided into five chapters as follows: 1.Chapter one briefly introduces the motive, objective, methodology and scope of this thesis. Chapter two explores the reasons why Deng Xiaoping chosed and abandoned Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang. In Deng’s period, he intended to make succession institutionalized, however, when a crisis occurred and endangered regime’s stabilities, the implementation of institutionalization became second importance. 2.Chapter three assesses power succession from Jiang Zemin to Hu Jintao respectively. During Jiang in power, he executed the program of personnel institutionalization and promulgated the act of personnel. Hu Jintao doesn’t obviously choose his own men due to his unsolidified power basis. However, when his power is solidified he might enhance his grasp of personnel arrangement. 3.Chapter four explores the relationship between personnel’s institutionalization & non-institutionalization. In the aspect of formal approach, the second, third, fourth generation elites were mostly promoted from the local areas. If they intended to enter the core of power, political elites have to enter PRC’s Center Committee. At the same time, membership can only be made possible by the democratic recommendation and endorsement from party’s member. In the aspect of informal approach, those who have enjoyed certain connections, such as from the same families, province, and schools, might have better opportunities to get promoted. 4.The Chapter five examines the implenation of personnel institutionalization in the 16th CCP Congress. Chapter six concludes results and findings. I finalizes that the reshuffle of PRC’s paramount leaders still remained “strong personal influence”. In other words, PRC officials’ promotion or transfer cannot avoid the influence of personal connections. However, the limits of service tenure and the retiring age still play an important part to the PRC’s personnels’institutionalization.

This dissertation investigates factors that predict compliance with international regimes, specifically the Non-Proliferation Regime. Generally accepted in international relations literature, is Krasner’s (1983) definition that regimes are “sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given [issue] area of international relations.” Using institutionalization as a framework, I hypothesize that compliance is a function of the respect for which a nation has for the rule of law. I investigate the NP regime through the lens of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540, a mandate for member nations to enact domestic legislation criminalizing the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Using NP regime compliance and implementation of UNSCR 1540’s mandates as dependent variables, I test the hypotheses with the following independent variables: rule of law, political competition, and regional compliance. I also present qualitative case studies on Argentina, South Africa, and Malaysia. The quantitative results of these analyses indicated a strong relationship between rule of law and regional compliance and a nation’s compliance with the overall NP regime and implementation of UNSCR 1540. These results indicate a nation will institutionalize the NP norms, and comply with the specifics of implementation. The results of in-depth analysis of Argentina, South Africa, and Malaysia showed that predicting an individual nation’s compliance is more complex than descriptions of government capacity or geography. Argentina and South Africa, expected by the hypotheses to exhibit low to medium compliance and implementation, scored high and well above their region for both measures. Malaysia, expected to score high in compliance, scored low. Findings thus reveal that rule of law is probably less influential on individual cases and regional compliance and cooperation better predictors of a nation’s compliance with a security regime.

International cybersecurity is arguably one of the most serious, complex and recent security-issues of our time. The connectivity between EU member states regarding cybersecurity due to the borderless nature of cyber, together with increasing threat-levels, has made the need for a common response widely acknowledged in the EU for several years. Even so, a common EU cybersecurity response involves problems such as reluctance of member states to share information, that cybersecurity management is linked to national security and therefore touches upon sovereignty, and different levels of cybersecurity development between member states. Despite this, the Network and Information Security Directive was adopted by the European Council in May 2016, involving EU-wide binding rules on cybersecurity. This thesis examines and explains, through a neo-functionalistic approach, how and why this development towards supranational management of cybersecurity in the EU has happened. The author finds that cybersecurity management seems to have institutionalized from a nascent phase during 2013, moving towards an ascendant phase during the end of 2013 and 2014, to end up between an ascendant and a mature phase during 2015 and 2016 – which makes the adoption of the NIS-directive logical. The neo-functionalistic explanation to the development of supranational cybersecurity management in the EU highlights the role of the Commission as a ‘policy entrepreneur’ and the publication of the EU cybersecurity strategy, accompanied by the proposal for the NISdirective in 2013. These regulatory outputs sparked further institutionalization by providing many opportunities and venues for member states to interact and build networks on cybersecurity issues, by initiatives with normative impact to foster an EU ‘cybersecurity community’, by the continuous strengthening of supranational cybersecurity actors such as ENISA, and by supranational cybersecurity cooperation platforms, such as the NIS-platform and the European Private Public Partnership on cybersecurity. Between 2013 and 2016, 21 EU Member States published national cybersecurity strategies, almost all referring clearly to their commitment to EU cybersecurity initiatives. This provides an indicator of a high level of legitimacy of supranational cybersecurity management. However, the thesis also finds that the strongest supporters of EU cybersecurity management are not the most powerful member states but rather the smaller ones. While not expressing a strong commitment to EU initiatives in cyber policy documents, the most powerful member states still agreed to the NIS-directive. This supports the neo-functionalist notion about the “stickiness” of an institutionalization-process, and the possibility that powerful states might have double paths, committing to EU regulation and institutionalization while still continuing their own way.

Magister Curationis - MCur / Service-learning (SL) is regarded as a teaching and learning method combining community participation with content-based class discussion and reflection. It involves a teaching and learning assessment process with community members. It therefore combines theory-based knowledge learnt at a Higher Education Institution (HEI) and the learning experiences produced through community engagement. National guidelines developed by the Higher Education Quality Committee (HEQC) are available for higher education to institutionalise service-learning (SL) in South African HEIs, but widespread inconsistencies with the implementation of these guidelines have been reported. This thesis is informed by a previous study conducted at an HEI in Western Cape that identified constraining factors required to institutionalisation SL within an academic programme. The aim of this study was to determine the institutional support needed for embedding service-learning in nursing at a Higher Education Institution in the Western Cape. A quantitative, descriptive, cross sectional survey design was used. The study population consisted of 60 nurse educators (lecturers and clinical supervisors). All-inclusive sampling was used because of the small number in the population. All questions were statistically analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 24) to provide descriptive statistics. The data was summarized, and the descriptive statistics were presented as frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation.

O autismo é caracterizado por um prejuízo na tríade de desenvolvimento nas áreas de socialização, cognição e linguagem, o que nos remete à necessidade de se avaliar todos estes aspectos e a inter-relação entre eles. Outro aspecto importante é a questão de várias pesquisas abordarem mudanças nesses aspectos ao longo do tempo, sendo necessários estudos com adolescentes e adultos autistas para melhor caracterização de seus sintomas e da evolução observada no desenvolvimento. O objetivo geral dessa pesquisa foi traçar o perfil comunicativo de um grupo de autistas adolescentes institucionalizados, considerando os aspectos sócio-comunicativos, sócio-cognitivos e comportamentos. Foram sujeitos dessa pesquisa oito adolescentes autistas institucionalizados que foram avaliados durante seis meses a respeito do perfil funcional de comunicação, do desempenho sócio cognitivo, da escala de adaptação sócio-comunicativa e da escala Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC). Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística não paramétrica. Foi observada evolução quanto ao número de atos comunicativos e à proporção de funções comunicativas interpessoais entre o primeiro e o segundo momento de coleta de dados (três meses) e quanto ao desempenho sócio-cognitivo em situação espontânea entre o primeiro e o terceiro momentos (seis meses). Outro resultado importante foi que níveis de maior ou menor adaptação sócio-comunicativa não determinam melhor desempenho e/ou evolução nos resultados do perfil funcional de comunicação e que há relação entre maior pontuação no ABC com menores escores no desempenho sóciocognitivo assim como nos atos comunicativos produzidos. Conclui-se que é possível observar evolução na linguagem na faixa etária da adolescência em sujeitos autistas. Os aspectos sócio-cognitivos, linguagem e socialização estão relacionados também à maior gravidade do quadro / Autism is characterized by impairments in the three areas of development: social, cognitive and linguistic. It makes it essential to assess all these aspects and the relations between them. Other important issue is that several studies report changes in these aspects along the time, which implies the need to assess adolescents and adults with autism to better characterize their symptoms and the evolution observed throughout development. The aim of this research was to determine the communicative profile of a group of institutionalized adolescents with autism, considering its relation with socialcognitive, social communicative and behavioral aspects. Subjects were eight institutionalized adolescents with autism. They were assessed during a sixmonth period in what refer to the functional communicative profile, the socialcognitive performance, the social-communicative adaptation scale and the Autistic Behavior Checklist (ABC). The results were analyzed with nonparametric statistics. It was observed that there was improvement in the number of communicative acts per minute and in the proportion of interpersonal communicative acts from the first to the second moment of data gathering (three-month period). The social cognitive performance in spontaneous situation presented improvement from the first to the second moment of data gathering (six-month period). Higher or lower levels of social-communicative adaptation do not determine better performance and/or improvement in the results of the functional communicative profile. There was a correlation between higher scores in the ABC and lower scores in social-cognitive performance and the number of communicative acts per minute. The social-cognitive, linguistic and social adaptation aspects were also related to the severity of the manifestations

自從十五大以來人事佈局，中共已形成政治局常委屆齡不尋求連任的慣例，退休年齡也從十五大的70歲降到十七大的68歲，此將對派系政治產生深遠的影響。此外，中共亦透過「梯隊接班」模式來長期培養中青年幹部的方法，避免現任領導人死亡或解職後出現權力真空的狀態，並有效降低派系使用暴力手段解決政治繼承問題，有助於政局穩定。 因此，本文主要目的在探討1990年以後政治局常委之政治繼承，並就其年齡限制、任期制、梯隊接班與集體領導等制度面向觀察，以及分析影響中共政治繼承制度化之因素，來評估中共政治繼承是否進一步深化與制度化，並希望透過本論文的探討，據以窺測中共領導階層之政治繼承未來可能之走向與發展趨勢。 / Since the big 15th personnel arrangement , the CPC has been the formation of the Politburo Standing Committee member age is not seeking re-election practices.In addition, the CPC through the "echelon succession" model to long-term culture method of middle-aged cadres,to avoid death or dismissal of the current leader of the state of the power vacuum, and effectively reduce the factions to use violent means to solve the problem of political succession,contribute to political stability. Therefore, the main purpose of this study in 1990 after the Politburo Standing Committee Political inheritance and the age limit, the tenure system, echelon succession and collective leadership system-oriented observation, and analysis influenced the CPC's political inheritance of the institutional factors, to assess The Chinese Communist political succession whether to further deepen and institutionalize .And hope that through the discussions in this thesis, to look into the depths of the political inheritance of the Chinese Communist leadership possible in the future direction and development of trends.

<p>This dissertation deals with relations between parents and child institutions such as childcare, school and child health centers in terms of an institutionalization of childhood and expressions of parental identities in life stories. The empirical study consists of thematic life story interviews with parents focusing on their experiences of meeting and relating to these child institutions. A perspective on life stories as socially situated action and identity performance is adopted that views the life stories as co-constructed in between the interviewee and the interviewer. </p><p>The aim of the dissertation is to contribute to an understanding of relations between parents and child institutions in Sweden that takes as its point of departure the expressions of parental identities. Methodologically, the dissertation also aims to further develop a way of working with life stories that makes the interviewer visible as co-constructor of life stories and expressions of identity. </p><p>The analyses is focused on expressions of parental identities through the storytelling and in the stories told. Parental identities took shape and form as performances and constructions of, for example, social subordination in relation to preschool staff and other parents, helpful intervention in school helping an inexperienced teacher, worries about children being different from other children and not fitting in at preschool and of gratefulness for help and support from childcare staff when being short of time and money. The identity expressions were then analyzed in relation to recurrent discourses in research on relations between parents and childinstitutions. The results show that dominant discourses of relations between parents and child institutions tend to construct parents as a homogenous group, thereby concealing how gender, social class, ethnicity and age, and the subsequent different constructions of children and childhood, structure and influence the relations between parents and child institutions and thereby also the institutionalization of childhood.</p>

This dissertation deals with relations between parents and child institutions such as childcare, school and child health centers in terms of an institutionalization of childhood and expressions of parental identities in life stories. The empirical study consists of thematic life story interviews with parents focusing on their experiences of meeting and relating to these child institutions. A perspective on life stories as socially situated action and identity performance is adopted that views the life stories as co-constructed in between the interviewee and the interviewer. The aim of the dissertation is to contribute to an understanding of relations between parents and child institutions in Sweden that takes as its point of departure the expressions of parental identities. Methodologically, the dissertation also aims to further develop a way of working with life stories that makes the interviewer visible as co-constructor of life stories and expressions of identity. The analyses is focused on expressions of parental identities through the storytelling and in the stories told. Parental identities took shape and form as performances and constructions of, for example, social subordination in relation to preschool staff and other parents, helpful intervention in school helping an inexperienced teacher, worries about children being different from other children and not fitting in at preschool and of gratefulness for help and support from childcare staff when being short of time and money. The identity expressions were then analyzed in relation to recurrent discourses in research on relations between parents and childinstitutions. The results show that dominant discourses of relations between parents and child institutions tend to construct parents as a homogenous group, thereby concealing how gender, social class, ethnicity and age, and the subsequent different constructions of children and childhood, structure and influence the relations between parents and child institutions and thereby also the institutionalization of childhood.

Historically, teachers’ unions have been some of the major organizational sites of social justice leadership in K-12 education (Kuehn, 2007; M. Murphy, 1990; Urban, 1982), but until the mid 1990s, the term “social justice unionism” (Peterson & Charney, 1999) had little currency in teacher union circles. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine the concept of social justice unionism in context. In particular, I asked how teacher union activists contributed and responded to the institutionalization of social justice in their organization. I used a critical constructionist (Ball, 1987; Berger & Luckmann, 1966; D. E. Smith, 1987) perspective to analyze 25 career history (Goodson, 1994) interviews with teachers, staff and elected officials affiliated with the British Columbia Teachers’ Federation between 1967 and 2007, and found that successive generations of union-involved activists dedicated to labour solidarity, feminism, multiculturalism, anti-colonialism and anti-homophobia used networks of like-minded colleagues to counter bureaucratic norms within their organization, the education system and society. A qualitative depiction of these changes suggests that they were layered, multi-dimensional and uneven. They played out on a contested, uphill gradient shaped, but not determined, by four factors: the organizational prioritization of teacher welfare over social justice; historically persistent micro-political struggles between two federation caucuses; the centralizing tendencies of union leadership in response to the provincial government’s centralization of educational authority; and broader ruling relations in Canadian society. Still, despite this uphill gradient, all activist networks left a durable trace on federation history. The major significance of this finding for critical theorists and social justice activists is a modestly hopeful alternative to the traditional conceptions of change embedded in organizational theory: revolution, evolution or despair.