This thesis is situated in the field of applied linguistics, education and European Studies. The empirical part examines outcomes in a two-way immersion (TWI) education model in Berlin (SESB) that go beyond linguistic or academic achievements. Based on a peace-linguistic framework established for the purpose of this study, this thesis assesses to what extent SESB programmes are associated with dimensions related to peace education, social capital and critical applied linguistics. Additionally, a teacher survey looks at attitudes towards bilingual and monolingual education and social integration. The findings are discussed in the framework of previous studies, chiefly from the USA, and in terms of language policy development in Germany and in Europe. This leads to a number of recommendations for stakeholders and policymakers. Employing a quasi-experimental design, involving a TWI and a control group, data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 14-18 year-old students (N=603) and teachers (N=32) in Berlin, which were analysed using primarily quantitative methods (including multiple regression) but with some qualitative elements. Based on statistically significant effects with at least small effect sizes, it was established that students in SESB had a greater sense of inclusion among classmates and greater conflict resolution skills than the control group. When looking at effects in subgroups (students with German, bilingual or non-German language backgrounds) there were also positive effects, however, the groups were affected in different ways, as is set out in this thesis. Furthermore, SESB also had a positive effect on relationships between parents and teachers, as well as on the students’ language attitudes and use patterns. In conclusion, it is argued that, besides personal and societal multilingualism, TWI programmes in Berlin are associated with greater potential for cohesion in the school class, and may benefit wider social integration of different language communities. Additionally, this thesis introduces German TWI programmes to an English-language audience.

Significance: This study provides the first systematic needs assessment of a U.S. business region to determine if businesses want international skills taught in community college technical and occupational programs. Without this assessment, community college leaders and faculty are not able to determine whether they are adequately preparing students in these skills to be successful in tomorrow's fast paced, mobile and integrated global workforce. Research Aims: 1. Conduct a needs assessment to determine whether international skills were considered important for employment entry or movement 2. Determine where businesses obtain international skills training. 3. Garner business recommendations for the improvement of international skills education in community college technical and occupational programs. Research Questions: 1. What international skills do surveyed U.S. business and industry executives believe are important for the sub-baccalaureate technical/occupational employees that they hire and promote? 2. How do surveyed U.S. business and industry executives engage their companies' sub-baccalaureate technical/occupational employees in international skills training programs? 3. How do surveyed business and industry executives think U.S. community college technical/occupational degree programs should change with respect to their international skills objectives? Methods: This study utilized a researcher created and empirically validated survey and two focus groups. The survey was sent to 1,920 businesses randomly sampled from Tampa Bay's 64,000 businesses. Response data from 145 returned questionnaires were analyzed and then discussed by business and community college focus groups. Findings: 1. Appreciation of Cross Cultural Differences and Foreign Language Skills were rated significantly (p< [or] = .05) higher higher in importance than other international skills. 2. Businesses utilize in-house trainers more often than any other type of training resource for international training. Community Colleges are rarely used as a training resource for international skills. 3. Community colleges should investigate whether to increase their academic outreach to businesses, mandate foreign language training in programs, and emphasize learning about other world areas in the curriculum. 4. Nation-wide surveys of Fortune 500 firms to determine international business practices and training needs may not translate to regional business communities.

This thesis discusses teaching foreign language and the importance to develop intercultural skills and know-how which include the ability to bring one’s own cultural origins and the foreign culture into relation with each other, together with the ability to understand and empathise with the values and conditions of others. The language learner need to develop other skills than sociocultural knowledge and have to improve interpersonal relations and develop intercultural awareness. The study explores how the language teachers perceive the concept of “intercultural competence” and how they interpret it according to the definitions outlined in the curriculum and the goals for modern languages in Sweden. This study also aims to identifying the obstacles to teaching intercultural competence in foreign language. For the purpose of this study, 9 teachers at two high schools completed a questionnaire about their concept of intercultural competence, their interpretation of the concept in the language curriculum, teaching strategies and approaches in relation to classroom practice. The study shows that the the majority of the teachers distinguishes intercultural competence as a cultural competence and that the majority of the teachers need a support and methods of teaching to gain a better understanding of the intercultural development process and to help students develop these skills.

Pendant l’année scolaire 2012/13, la France et l’Allemagne célèbrent le cinquantième anniversaire du Traité de l’Elysée. Ce traité bilatéral, signé le 22 janvier 1963 par le président de la République française Charles de Gaulle et le chancelier allemand Konrad Adenauer, a scellé un partenariat d’exception entre la France et l’Allemagne dans le domaine de l’éducation. A la suite du traité, en 1969, des premiers cursus bilingues français-allemands ont été établis dans les lycées allemands et français. Les élèves allaient ainsi devoir améliorer leurs connaissances de la langue française ou allemande afin de créer une nouvelle élite franco-allemande pour une Europe commune construite comme une troisième puissance dans le contexte de la Guerre froide. L’Enseignement d’une Matière par l’Intégration d’une Langue Etrangère (= EMILE) se répandit rapidement à partir des années 1990 suite au contrat de Maastricht. Aujourd’hui, l’Enseignement d’une Discipline Non-Linguistique (= DNL) existe pour plusieurs langues et matières dans tout l’espace européen. Ce type d’enseignement est très prisé dans le cadre de la politique linguistique européenne afin de promouvoir le « plurilinguisme ». En France, les sections internationales ont été mises en place en 1981 et les sections européennes en 1992. La France et l’Allemagne ont été les premières à créer un double diplôme, « l’abibac » (en 1994), qui permet aux élèves d’intégrer les établissements d’enseignements supérieurs du partenaire plus facilement. La thèse vise à une comparaison et évaluation de la plus-value didactique de l’enseignement bilingue en Histoire en France et en Allemagne. Depuis les origines de ce type d’enseignement, les didacticiens des langues vivantes se mettent facilement d’accord pour affirmer que celui-ci contribue à développer les compétences linguistiques des élèves ; mais les historiens ont des avis divergents concernant l’acquisition des compétences liées à l’apprentissage de l’Histoire. C’est pourquoi cette thèse cherche à donner des éléments de réponse aux questions suivantes : Dans quelle mesure l’enseignement apporte-t-il une plus-value pour le savoir et les compétences historiques de l’élève ? Peut-on parler de l’acquisition d’une compétence franco-allemande ou/ et européenne ? Pour cela, l’auteure emprunte le concept allemand de la « conscience historique » (« Geschichtsbewusstsein ») comme instrument heuristique et le situe dans une perspective européenne. Ainsi, elle constate que l’enseignement bilingue permet aux jeunes de s’orienter dans des contextes européens en s’appuyant sur les savoirs et des savoir-faire historiques spécifiques acquis dans les filières à condition que cet enseignement soit basé sur une coopération étroite entre les acteurs des deux pays. L’auteure présente le développement de cette coopération dans le contexte historique et culturel du rapprochement franco-allemand et situe ainsi la problématique dans une perspective de longue durée / In 2013, France and Germany are celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the Élysée Treaty. This bilateral treaty, signed on 22 January 1963 by the President of the French Republic Charles de Gaulle and the German Chancellor Conrad Adenauer, sealed an exceptional partnership between France and Germany in the field of education. Following the treaty in 1969, the first bilingual French-German classes were established in German and French high schools. The students had to improve their knowledge of the French or German language in order to create new elite for a common Europe built as a third power in the context of the Cold War. The concept of Content and Language Integrated Learning (= CLIL) spread rapidly from the 1990s onwards following the Maastricht contract. Today, it is highly valued in the context of European language policy in order to promote "multilingualism". In France, the international sections were set up in 1981 and the European sections in 1992. France and Germany were the first to create a double diploma, the "AbiBac", created in 1994, enables the students to pass the German and the French Secondary School examination simultaneously. The priority is to develop intercultural skills through the reciprocal knowledge of the two cultures. The thesis aims at a comparison and evaluation of the didactic added value of bilingual education in France and Germany and deals the following questions: To what extent does bilingual teaching add value to the student's historical knowledge and skills? Can we observe an acquisition of a Franco-German and/or European competence? For this, we use the German concept of "historical consciousness" ("Geschichtsbewusstsein") as a heuristic instrument and place it in a European perspective. In the first part of this thesis, we present the development of this cooperation in the historical and cultural context of the Franco-German cooperation. The second part deals with the daily teaching practice and die the cross cultural potential of history teaching as CLIL. Thus, we note that bilingual education enables young people to orient themselves in European contexts by using their specific historical knowledge and skills acquired in school, provided that the education is based on close cooperation between the actors of the two countries. The interdisciplinary and intercultural approach of this project, the association of university research and practical experience in High-schools are the keys of this thesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:09:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoel Guedes Neto.pdf: 697645 bytes, checksum: f06d98f12325a82247de1378e091a57c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-24 / The central problem of this research concerns the international experience of students and the development of intercultural competence. Due to the lack of national models, the goal is to provide a measuring instrument validated for the assessment of intercultural competence in students. This proposal is related to trends in the internationalization of the academic students as part of the globalization process. With a quantitative approach, we seek to indicate the criteria of reliability and validity for the administration of the instrument with the sample of 268 college students. Additionally, this research indicates the multivariate techniques used, adopting the technique of factor analysis and logistic regression in order to set the data analysis. These choices carried out a factor analysis in order to determine whether the six constructs proposed by the original instrument are also potentially applicable for the Brazilian reality (such extraction accounted for 41.22% of the total variability). Then exploratory analysis was performed with the aim of proposing a range of intercultural competence based on the profile of the sample of 268 Brazilian college students (obtained an extraction of 14 factors that accounted for 62.31% of the total variability of the instrument). Additionally, the results of the logistic regression revealed that the constructs of tolerance to uncertainty, self-efficacy and willingness to engage are the properties affected by the exchange experience. / O problema central dessa pesquisa diz respeito à experiência internacional dos estudantes universitários e ao desenvolvimento de competências interculturais. Devido à inexistência de modelos nacionais, o objetivo consiste em disponibilizar um instrumento de medida validado para a avaliação de competências interculturais em estudantes universitários. Essa proposta está relacionada às tendências de internacionalização do quadro estudantil acadêmico como parte do processo de globalização. De abordagem quantitativa, são indicados os critérios de confiabilidade e validade utilizados na administração do instrumento junto à amostra de 268 estudantes universitários. Adicionalmente, são apresentadas as técnicas de análise multivariada utilizadas; nesse sentido, adotou-se a técnica de análise de fatores e a regressão logística de modo conjunto para a análise dos dados. Por meio de tais escolhas realizou-se uma análise fatorial no intuito de verificar se os seis construtos propostos pelo instrumento original também são potencialmente válidos para a realidade brasileira (tal extração representou 41,22% da variabilidade total). Em seguida, realizou-se análise exploratória com o objetivo de propor uma escala de competências interculturais pautada no perfil da amostra dos 268 estudantes universitários (obteve-se a extração de 14 fatores que representaram 62,31% da variabilidade total do instrumento). Adicionalmente, pelos resultados da regressão logística, revelou-se que os construtos da tolerância à incerteza, autoeficácia e vontade de se envolver são as características afetadas pela experiência do intercâmbio.

Cette thèse traite du potentiel interculturel de la littérature en cours de langue à l'exemple de la section Abibac en France, créée en 1994 dans le contexte de la coopération franco-allemande. Permettant l'obtention simultanée du baccalauréat français et de son équivalent allemand, l'Abitur, son objectif principal est le développement de la compétence interculturelle.La première partie présente un aperçu historique de la section Abibac, l'arrière-plan conceptuel de notre recherche dans les domaines interculturel, didactique et littéraire, et nos choix méthodologiques.Dans la deuxième partie, nous analysons le contexte théorique et institutionnel de l'enseignement de l'allemand en France. Nous discutons le statut de l'élève en tant que lecteur et présentons une étude empirique concernant la place de la littérature et de l'interculturel dans les textes-cadre institutionnels en France et en Allemagne, ainsi que dans les supports pédagogiques.La troisième partie démontre par des études de terrain les pratiques dans les sections Abibac en France. Une enquête menée auprès des professeurs concernant leurs choix de supports pédagogiques ainsi que leurs approches et objectifs est approfondie par des observations participatives menées dans quatre sections Abibac. Une expérimentation d'enseignement basée sur la lecture croisée de littératures de minorités mène à un modèle didactique permettant l'exploitation du potentiel interculturel des textes littéraires en classe.L'approche interdisciplinaire et interculturelle ainsi que l'association de la recherche théorique et de l'expérience pratique sur le terrain sont les clés de cette recherche. / The cross cultural potential of literature in foreign language teachingThe example of Franco German bilingual departments of French High-SchoolsThis thesis deals with teaching German literature in the bilingual department in French High-Schools: “Abibac”, created in 1994 in the field of Franco German cooperation, enables the students to pass the German and the French Secondary School examination simultaneously. The priority is to develop intercultural skills through the reciprocal knowledge of the two cultures.In the first part of this thesis, the development of the bilingual departments “Abibac” of French High-Schools is described in the historical context. Then the basic concepts of intercultural research, literary didactics and foreign languages didactics we refer to are reflected and the methodology of the thesis is presented.In the second part of our research, we present the theoretical and official context of German literature teaching in France. The theoretical analysis of pupils as readers is completed by an empirical study of the official instructions of German and French High-Schools. There is also an analysis of the way literature is introduced and intercultural skills are developed in textbooks.The third part of this thesis deals with the daily teaching practice in “Abibac”-departments in France. A survey of teachers on their teaching material, teaching practices and objectives is analysed and deepened by the presentation of observations in four “Abibac”-departments. A concrete teaching experience with books by multicultural authors will show how to study intercultural questions in literature.The interdisciplinary and intercultural approach of this project, the association of university research and practical experience in high-schools are the keys of this thesis.

Tesis por compendio / This PhD thesis, which is presented in the mode of published articles, explores the differentiating factors of a High Academic Achievement Program at a public technological university in Spain and how they can affect the definition of the university strategies. The Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), launched in the 2010-11 academic year the High Academic Achievement Groups ("Grupos de Alto Rendimiento Académico", from now on ARA Groups), characterized by a good number of courses taught using English as a medium of instruction, a small number of students in the class, and highly qualified teachers. English taught courses are a global phenomenon, associated to improved English language and internationalization skills, but it raises concerns about learning outcomes and equity (Dearden, 2014). The purpose of this study was to assess the first promotion (2010-2014) of this program at the five university bachelor degrees of the UPV that offered it. We wanted to analyze if this action has had any impact on a set of variables related to academic outcomes, international exchange programs, and business internships of the participating students in comparison with the rest of students of these degrees and hence, on their employability upon graduation. The sample consisted in the total of 3,543 students of the five degrees offering this innovation, of which 560 belonged to the ARA Groups. The first article "Effects of business internships on students, employers, and higher education institutions: a systematic review" (Sanahuja Vélez, G., and Ribes Giner, G., 2015) was published by the Journal of Employment Counselling on September 2015. The second publication consists of a Book Chapter published by Springer International Publishing on January 2017: "Intrapreneuring within a higher education institution: Introducing virtual business internships" (Sanahuja Vélez, G., Ribes Giner, G., Moya Clemente, I., 2017) in Entrepreneurial Universities (Peris-Ortiz, M., Alonso Gómez, J., Merigó Lindahl, J. M., and Rueda-Armengot, C., Eds.). The third publication is a "Systematic review of English Medium of Instruction (EMI) in higher education institutions. The case of a Business School", presented as a conference at the 2nd Seminar on Learning Internationalization: English Medium of Instruction (EMI) of the Centro de Lenguas of the Universitat Politècnica de València (March 30 and 31st, 2017) and which is currently being reviewed for its publication in its international journal. The fourth research work is the article "Enhancing student internationalization and employability in a Business School", which is presently been given full consideration for publication at the Journal of Business Management and Business Economics. The fifth article presents the core results of the empirical part of this research work and it is entitled: "Introducing a High Academic Achievement Program in a Technological University as a Social Innovation Mechanism to Enhance Graduates' Employability". This paper is currently given full consideration for publication at the journal Technovation. The overall conclusions of our research allow us to conclude that, from the academic point of view, the objectives of the High Academic Achievement Groups of the UPV were met, as results show that academic performance was enhanced. Our results also show that participation into exchange programs, at the School of Business Administration and Management and in the UPV as a whole, was almost four times higher in the ARA groups. Having in mind that better grades and international experience are directly linked to future employability and mobility of graduates, it is expected that these graduates will have a superior reception in the labor market. / Esta tesis doctoral, que se presenta en el formato de artículos publicados, explora los factores diferenciadores de un Programa de Alto Rendimiento Académico en una universidad politécnica pública en España y cómo pueden afectar al diseño de estrategias universitarias. La Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) implementó en el curso 2010-11 los Grupos de Alto Rendimiento Académico (Grupos ARA), caracterizados por un alto número de asignaturas impartidas en inglés, un número pequeño de estudiantes por clase y profesores altamente calificados. El uso del inglés como medio de instrucción (EMI) es un fenómeno global, asociado a la mejora de los conocimientos del idioma inglés y de las habilidades interculturales, pero plantea algunas preocupaciones sobre los resultados sobre el aprendizaje y la equidad (Dearden, 2014). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la primera promoción (2010-2014) de este programa en los cinco títulos de grado universitario de la UPV en los que se ofertaron los Grupos ARA. Queríamos analizar si está acción ha tenido algún impacto en distintas variables relacionadas con los resultados académicos, los programas de intercambio internacional y las prácticas en empresas en los alumnos participantes, en comparación con el resto de alumnos y en consecuencia, en su empleabilidad al graduarse. La muestra consistió en un total de 3.543 estudiantes, de los cuales 560 estaban matriculados en los grupos ARA y el resto, 2.983, en los grupos regulares. El primer artículo, titulado "Efectos de las prácticas en empresas en estudiantes, empresas e instituciones de educación superior: una revisión sistemática" (Sanahuja Vélez, G., Ribes Giner, G.), fue publicado por el Journal of Employment Counseling en septiembre de 2015. La segunda publicación consta de un capítulo de libro publicado por Springer International Publishing en enero de 2017: "Intraentreprendedurismo dentro de una institución de educación superior: las prácticas en empresa virtuales" en "Entrepreneurial Universities" (Peris-Ortiz, M., Alonso Gómez, J., Merigó Lindahl, J. M., and Rueda-Armengot, C., Eds.). La tercera publicación es una "Revisión sistemática del inglés como medio de instrucción (EMI) en instituciones de educación superior. El caso de una Facultad de Administración y Dirección de Empresas", presentada como Conferencia en el 2º Seminario de Internacionalización del Aprendizaje: Inglés como Medio de Instrucción (EMI) del Centro de Lenguas de la Universitat Politècnica de València (30 y 31 de marzo de 2017) y actualmente en revisión para su publicación en la correspondiente revista internacional. El cuarto trabajo de investigación es el artículo "Promocionar la internacionalización de los estudiantes y la empleabilidad en una escuela de negocios" (Sanahuja Vélez, G., Ribes Giner, G., Moya Clemente, I.), que actualmente se considera plenamente para su publicación en el Journal of Business Management y Business Economics. El quinto artículo presenta los principales resultados de la parte empírica de este trabajo de investigación y se titula: "Introducción de un Programa de Alto Rendimiento Académico en una Universidad Tecnológica como Mecanismo de Innovación Social para Mejorar la Empleabilidad de los Graduados" (Sanahuja Vélez, G., Ribes Giner, G., Moya Clemente, I.). Este artículo ha sido enviado a la revista internacional Technovation y en la actualidad está siendo revisado para su publicación. Como resultado de nuestra investigación empírica podemos destacar los factores diferenciadores de los Grupos ARA, que son: un mayor rendimiento académico de los estudiantes, una mayor participación en programas internacionales, además de una participación en prácticas en empresas sin diferencias significativas respecto a los demás grupos, todo lo cual conduce a una mayor empleabilidad y movilidad. / Esta tesi doctoral, que es presenta en la forma d'articles publicats, explora els factors diferenciadors d'un Programa d'Alt Rendiment Acadèmic en una universitat politècnica pública a Espanya i com poden afectar la definició de les estratègies universitàries. La Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), va implementar en l'any acadèmic 2010-11 els "Grups d'Alt Rendiment Acadèmic" (Grups ARA), que es caracteritzen per un bon nombre de cursos que s'imparteixen utilitzant l'anglès com a mitjà d'instrucció (EMI), un petit nombre d'estudiants a la classe, i mestres altament qualificats. L'EMI és un fenomen global, associat a la millora dels coneixements d'anglès i de la internacionalització, però planteja preocupacions sobre els resultats de l'aprenentatge i l'equitat (Dearden, 2014). El propòsit d'aquest estudi va ser avaluar la primera promoció (2010-2014) d'aquest programa en els cinc graus universitaris de la UPV que en que s'hi va oferir. Vam voler analitzar si tenia algun impacte sobre diverses variables relacionades amb els resultats acadèmics, programes d'intercanvi internacionals i pràctiques en empreses dels 3.543 estudiants matriculats, dels quals 560 pertanyeren a eixos nous grups, i per tant en la seva futura ocupabilitat. El primer article "Efectes de les pràctiques en empreses en els estudiants, empresaris i institucions d'educació superior: una revisió sistemàtica" (Sanahuja Vélez, G., Ribes Giner, G.), va ser publicat per la revista Journal of Employment Counselling al setembre de 2015. La segona publicació consta d'un capítol de llibre publicat per Springer International Publishing, al gener 2017: "Intraentreprendurisme dins d'una institució d'educació superior: Presentació de les pràctiques virtuals en empreses" en "Entrepreneurial Universities" (Peris-Ortiz, M., Alonso Gómez, J., Merigó-Lindahl, J. M., Rueda-Armengot, C., Eds.). La tercera publicació és una "Revisió sistemàtica de l'Anglès com a mitjà d'instrucció (EMI) en les institucions d'educació superior. El cas d'una Escola de Negocis", presentada com conferència al 2ón Seminari sobre "Learning Internationalization: English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI)" del Centre de Llengües de la Universitat Politècnica de València (30 de març i el 31 de 2017) i actualment en revisió per a la seva publicació a la corresponent revista internacional. El quart treball d'investigació és l'article "Millora de la internacionalització i l'ocupabilitat dels estudiants a una Facultat de Negocis" (Sanahuja Vélez, G., Ribes Giner, G., Moya Clemente, I), que en l'actualitat ha rebut plena consideració per a la seva publicació al Journal of Business Management and Business Economics. El cinquè article presenta els principals resultats de la part empírica d'este treball d'investigació i es titula: "Introducció d'un Programa d'Alt Rendiment Acadèmic en una Universitat Tecnològica com a Mecanisme d'Innovació Social per Millorar l'Ocupabilitat dels Graduats" (Sanahuja Vélez, G., Ribes Giner, G., Moya Clemente, I.). Este article està en l'actualitat essent revisat per a la seva publicació a la revista internacional Technovation. En este article s'explora el paper d'un programa d'Alt Rendiment Acadèmic (Grups ARA) en una universitat tecnólogica pública espanyola, com a mecanisme d'innovació social, a fi de crear valor afegit en termes d'ocupabilitat. Les conclusions generals de la nostra investigació ens permeten afirmar que, des del punt de vista acadèmic, es van complir els objectius dels Grups d'Alt Rendiment Acadèmic de la UPV, ja que els resultats demostren que el rendiment acadèmic dels alumnes participants s'ha millorat. Els nostres resultats també demostren que la participació en programes d'intercanvi, a la Facultat d'Administració i Direcció d'Empreses i en la UPV en el seu conjunt, va ser gairebé quatre vegades més gran en els grups ARA. Tenint en compte que el rendiment acadèmic i l'exper / Sanahuja Velez, G. (2017). Differentiating factors in ARA Groups(groups of high academic achievement) and its effects on the definition of university strategies [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86184 / Compendio

<p>This investigation into the status of English in Iran and cultural presentations in Iranian English has two areas of emphasis. The first is a sociolinguistic profile of English in Iran in which the status, functions, uses and users of this language are described within in the country’s social and political contexts. In this part, contributing factors to the growth of English in three political periods, including the Qajar dynasty (1796 -1925), the Pahlavi era (1925-1979) and post-Revolutionary time (1979 – present), are elaborated upon to establish the historical and political bases for the second area of focus.</p> <p>The second focus is the cultural content in the locally developed English textbooks used from 1939 to the present time (2020). Accordingly, the content of four generations (across five textbook series) of Iranian high school English textbooks are analyzed based on an evaluation scheme which the author has developed. This research finds answers to the questions on the status of culture in the Iranian English textbooks; distribution of Iranian and non-Iranian cultures; dominance of cultural elements (products, practices and perspectives) in each English textbooks series; and the political and ideological influence of each era on the content of English textbooks.</p> <p>This investigation finds that the English textbooks which were developed before the Islamic Revolution (first and second generations) were highly cultural compared to the post-Revolution materials (third and fourth generations). Also, non-Iranian cultural components (particularly the American and British cultures) were more represented in the English textbooks of the Pahlavi period, whereas Western cultures were all eliminated in the post-Revolution textbooks, replaced by the Islamic/Revolutionary cultures. Additionally, cultural perspectives outnumbered cultural products and practices in the first and second generations of English textbooks (Pahlavi era) whereas cultural products dominated the post-Revolutionary English materials. This study finds that political and ideological hegemony of each era have directly influenced the textual and illustrative content of locally developed English textbooks in Iran.<a> </a></p>

No description available.