V předložené práci se zabýváme problematikou stochastického modelování úro- kových sazeb. Jedním z nejobvyklejších postup· je modelovat dynamiku úroko- vých sazeb pomocí stochastické diferenciální rovnice difúze, jejímiž základními kameny jsou funkce driftu a funkce difúze. Od 70. let 20. století byla navržena celá řada model· tohoto typu, a ačkoli se tyto modely neustále zdokonalují, vyvstává přirozená otázka, zda se historicky pozorované úrokové sazby skutečně takovými difúzními rovnicemi řídily. V této práci budeme právě uvedenou hypo- tézu testovat pro několik nejběžnějších jednofaktorových model· úrokové sazby první generace. Z historických dat odhadneme obecnou momentovou metodou a metodou maximální věrohodnosti parametry jednotlivých difúzních rovnic a následně provedeme statistické testy dobré shody proložení těchto rovnic pozo- rovanými daty. 1

This thesis deals with the risk management of savings accounts. Savings accounts are non- maturing liabilities bearing two embedded options. The first option is the client's right to withdraw deposits on notice. The second option is a bank's right to change the deposit rate on savings accounts whenever it wishes. This in practice means that a fierce competition may arise as banks can quickly react to competitor's change in the deposit rate. The embedded characteristics make the risk management of savings accounts challenging. We identify five key risks of savings accounts: liquidity risk, market risk (interest rate risk), systemic risk, reputational risk, and model risk. The thesis focuses on the interest rate risk and the method of replicating portfolios, which is a standard technique of the estimation of non-maturing liabilities' interest rate risk employed by banks. Using replicating portfolio approach, we derive that savings accounts are risky liabilities. We provide evidence that high deposit rates offered on numerous savings accounts in the Czech Republic have not been consistent with low market rates since January 2012, at least. We show that unsustainable deposit rates combined with competition among banks will lead to capital losses in some banks when market rates increase. JEL...

This diploma thesis deals with short-term interest rate models. Many interest models have been developed in the last decades. They focus on accuracy of prediction. The pioneering one was developed by Vasicek in 1977 followed by the work of others. Nowadays these vary in their level of comprehensiveness and technical difficulty. The main aim of the thesis is to introduce not only a basic Vasicek's work but also more sophisticated models such as Brennan-Schwartz or Longstaff-Schwartz.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how changes in long and short interest rates as well as in the slope of the yield curve affect the stock returns of the four major Swedish banks; Svenska Handelsbanken, Nordea Bank, Swedbank, and Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken. Further, the aim of the research is to compare these findings to how the banks perceive that such changes affect their stock returns. The objective is thereof to detect differences and similarities between regressions and interviews, in order to contribute with insights to how the banks can handle their exposure to interest rate risk. Theoretical Framework: Previous research show that banks’ stock returns are affected by many factors, including cash flow news, interest rates, size of the business, and the macroeconomy as a whole. However, banks’ interest rate margins are set to market rates so these are more exposed to and affected by changes in interest rates, especially short ones, than are non-financial institutions. Furthermore, the low interest rate levels and forecasting errors that have been seen lately have contributed to greater uncertainty and higher risk exposures, making banks’ sensitivity increase. Methodology: A mixture of a qualitative and a quantitative methodology is used, where the former consists of interviewing the banks and the latter of regressions through secondary data from Thomson Reuters Eikon and the Riksbank. Conclusion: The major Swedish banks’ stock returns are generally affected by changes in short interest rates but not by changes in long interest rates, with the exception of Handelsbanken being impervious to all such changes. Swedbank’s stock returns are most sensitive than the other banks’ stock returns and it is the only bank affected by changes in the yield curve slope. However, the banks seem to perceive no crucial difference in how their stock returns are affected by changes in short interest rates and long interest rates, concluding that their perceptions of long interest rates are not as in line with our results as are their perceptions of short interest rates. However, it tends to be a more diffuse relationship between changes in long interest rates and stock returns than between changes in short interest rates and stock returns.

La libéralisation des taux d’intérêt est une étape importante de la tarification des produits financiers. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un examen approfondi des progrès de ces réformes financières en Chine continentale et une évaluation de ses impacts éventuels. Sur le plan théorique d’un côté, la démarche analytique de cette recherche vise à combler des lacunes dans la recherche de ce domaine sur les pays émergents, comme la Chine, dans un contexte de la globalisation financière. Partant des fondements théoriques de la libéralisation des taux d’intérêt, nous mettons en relief les canaux de transmission par lesquels cette libéralisation permettra d’atteindre les objectifs de développement financier et de croissance macroéconomique du pays. Par la suite, nous proposons une analyse de l’état de lieux du système actuel des taux d’intérêt en Chine, à travers un bilan inventaire des pratiques réalisées dans le cadre de la libéralisation des taux d’intérêt. D’un autre côté, sur un plan pratique et empirique, notre recherche permet de mener une analyse approfondie du contenu et du déroulement des politiques de libéralisation des taux d’intérêt en Chine, de dresser un bilan des mutations du système financier et de formuler en fin de compte des recommandations de politique économique. Nous obtenons également une base de données concernant les changements du taux d’intérêt dans l’objectif de construire ainsi des modèles économétriques, notamment basés sur les équations de cointégration. Les résultats obtenus à l’issue de notre étude montrent qu’il existe une causalité réciproque entre les taux d’intérêt et les facteurs macroéconomiques dans un contexte chinois. / Interest rate liberalization is an important step in the processes of pricing financial products. As a necessary condition for financials reforms in China and its sustainable development, the realization of this process is of great practical importance that could optimize the allocation of financial resources, improve the efficiency of capital and enable better market functions. On this purpose, we propose a thorough review of this financial reform in Mainland China and an assessment of its potential impacts. On one side, the analytical approach aims at filling gaps in this research field on emerging countries, such as Chinese Mainland. Based on the theoretical foundations of financial liberalization, we highlight the channels through which this reform can achieve the global objectives of financial development and macroeconomic growth. Subsequently, we conduct an analysis of the current interest rates system in Mainland China, through an inventory of practices carried out as part of the interest rates liberalization reform. On the other hand, from a practical and empirical point of view, our research intends to offer a quantitative analysis of the potential impacts of interest rate liberalization on Chinese macro economical and financial system and to formulate accordingly recommendations for economic and monetary policies. We obtain a database, which contains the main factors of Chinese macro-economy, in order to establish econometric models, in particular based on cointegration equations. The results obtained from our study show that there is a reciprocal causality between interest rates and macroeconomic factors in the context of Chinese Mainland.

Este trabalho faz uma reconstituição histórica da política monetária praticada no Brasil desde a implementação do Plano Real, revisa uma determinada discussão teórica sobre o tema da taxa de juros brasileira e suas possíveis relações perversas com outras variáveis macroeconômicas, e apresenta um modelo para tentar captar esses possíveis efeitos perversos da política monetária, tais como descritos na maior parte dos trabalhos apontados na discussão teórica. No último decênio, a taxa de juros nominal doméstica sempre esteve acima dos 15% ao ano, sendo que em grande parte do período analisado, a taxa de juros real ficou acima deste patamar. Com efeito, essa condução da política monetária trouxe à tona determinados efeitos indesejados, tais como a contaminação do risco-País pela taxa de juros doméstica. Entre os principais resultados obtidos seguindo uma análise com base num modelo VAR em que se avaliam choques nas variáveis por meio de funções impulso-resposta generalizadas (GIR), encontra-se que o risco soberano brasileiro, no período pós-desvalorização cambial, tem como determinantes os fundamentos macroeconômicos, em particular variáveis fiscais, como a dívida líquida do setor público consolidado como proporção do PIB, e a participação da dívida externa como proporção da dívida total. Outro determinante do risco percebido de moratória é a taxa de juros nominal interna. Quanto mais elevada a taxa de juros, mais elevado o risco. Em terceiro lugar, um aumento da taxa de juros pode levar a uma desvalorização cambial, desde que as expectativas dos agentes sejam afetadas pelo aumento dos riscos provocados pela elevação dos juros. / This dissertation revisits the historical background of the monetary policy regime adopted in Brazil in the period after the implementation of the Real stabilization plan, addresses to a determined theoretical framework about the domestic interest rates and its possible undesired relations with other macroeconomic variables, and presents a model to capture these possible relations of monetary policy. In the last decade, domestic nominal interest rate have always been above 15% p.a., and in a significant period of time the real interest rate stood above this level. Therefore, the conduct of monetary policy has brought up some undesired effects, such as the contagion of the Country-Risk to the domestic interest rate. Amongst the main results obtained in this paper, using a VAR model in a Generalized Impulse Response (GIR) framework for the period after the adoption of the floating exchange rate regime, stands out that the sovereign risk of Brazil is determined by macroeconomic fundaments, especially fiscal variables such as the Net Debt of the Public Sector and the share of foreign debt in the total debt. Another significant determinant of the perceived risk of default is the domestic interest rate. The higher the domestic nominal interest rate, the higher the risk. Lastly, a domestic interest rate increase may take to exchange rate depreciation if expectations are affected by the augmented risk derived from the higher domestic interest rate.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao DIARONE LOPES DA SILVA.pdf: 712816 bytes, checksum: 1a308ee4388cb400094fff71d013cea7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-08 / This document has the main objective to present the influence of the judicial process in the huge money s costs to the companies in the brazilian credit bank market. The approach of the subject intends to show the main problems faced by banks and companies when they need to use the brazilian judiciary such as: the slowness, the partiality and the complexity of the judicial proceeding. Mainly to the companies, being the weak face in a credit negotiation with the banks, the matters starts since the deal with operation s conditions, facing by adhesion contracts, indecent clauses and interest rates highest the interest rates expected by return in their investments. Besides the presentation of some negative aspects of the judicial proceeding, this document intends to evidence that the improvement of the judiciary functioning will not guarantee of the reduction in the interest tax or reduce the brazilian bank spread taxes, because these taxes are composers by important others variables without connections with judicial efficiency. However, willing to contribute to the discussion about the causes of the huge costs of the bank credit to the companies in Brazil, will remain conspicuous that the importance of the efficient judiciary s act in the bank credit market to removing, or minimizing, the variable risk of bad payers in the composition of the bank spread / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar a influência do processo judicial no elevado custo do dinheiro no mercado de crédito bancário para as empresas no Brasil. A abordagem do assunto procura apontar os principais problemas enfrentados por bancos e empresas quando se tornam usuários do judiciário brasileiro, como a morosidade, a parcialidade e a complexidade do procedimento judicial. Notadamente do lado das empresas, por serem a parte mais frágil nas negociações de crédito com os bancos, as dificuldades começam desde a contratação das condições das operações, defrontando-se com contratos de adesão, cláusulas abusivas e taxas de juros muito superiores às taxas juros de retorno esperadas nos seus investimentos. Além da exposição de alguns aspectos negativos do procedimento judicial, este trabalho procura evidenciar que a melhora no funcionamento do judiciário não será garantia de redução das taxas de juros ou do spread bancário no Brasil, pois estes são compostos por outras importantes variáveis, não ligadas à eficiência judicial. Entretanto, objetivando contribuir para o debate sobre as causas do elevado custo do crédito bancário para as empresas no País, restará saliente a importância da atuação eficiente do judiciário com relação ao mercado de crédito bancário para eliminar, ou minimizar, a variável risco de inadimplência da composição do spread bancário

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana de Lima Silva.pdf: 1204799 bytes, checksum: 2debd07debc80388308d2687d3f926c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-29 / This work analyzes the Brazilian experience with the inflation targeting system from 1999 to 2007 under the post keynesian perspective. For this purpose, the New Consensus in Macroeconomics, which supports the proposition and management of this system, is described as well as the implications for emerging economies. The second chapter presents the understanding of the post Keynesian monetary policy and its criticism to the inflation targeting system. Finally, this work analyzes the inflation targeting system in Brazil, considering the post Keynesian critique. It concludes that the system of inflation targeting achieved relative success in its goal of stability with negative implications in terms of output growth of domestic economy. In addition, this system presents anti-growth bias that shows itself even more exacerbated, given the peculiarities of the Brazilian economy / Este trabalho busca analisar a experiência brasileira com o sistema de metas de inflação no período de 1999 a 2007, sob a perspectiva pós-keynesiana. Para tanto, inicialmente é descrito o arcabouço teórico do novo consenso macroeconômico, que sustenta a proposição e gestão deste sistema, bem como suas implicações para as economias emergentes. Em seguida apresenta-se o entendimento da corrente pós-keynesiana sobre a política monetária e sua crítica ao sistema de metas de inflação. Por fim, faz-se uma análise do sistema de metas de inflação no Brasil, considerando a crítica pós-keynesiana. Concluise que o sistema de metas de inflação logrou relativo êxito em seu objetivo de estabilidade com implicações negativas em termos de crescimento do produto interno da economia. Adicionalmente, este sistema apresenta um viés anticrescimento que mostra-se ainda mais exacerbado, dadas as peculiaridades da economia brasileira

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:52:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Morsbach Machado.pdf: 4336972 bytes, checksum: 4a995cee41551da896ca7ad9e5956877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-18 / The main issue studied in this work concerns the measurements required in the application of interest rates, due to their sensitivity, front to output and inflation gaps. The results show significant differences in the presence of shocks, both with the expected effects in the control of output and inflation, as well as amplifying these effects, acting in a manner contrary to the usually expected. To obtain these results were estimated neutral interest rate of BRICS and a VAR model defining the determinants of the rate of interest for each of these countries. These results were compared to actual rates in order to identify the goals to be pursued. After it we used the function impulse-response to measure the effects of a shock of interest in output and inflation gaps showing how the sensitivity of the interest rate affects the control of inflation rates and the promotion of economic growth and that high dosages are required when the sensitivity of the interest rate is low and reduced dosages when this sensitivity is high / A principal questão estudada neste trabalho diz respeito as dosagens exigidas na aplicação das taxas de juros, função de sua sensibilidade, frente aos hiatos de produto e inflação. Os resultados encontrados demonstram diferenças significativas na presença de choques, ora com os efeitos esperados no controle de produto e inflação, ora amplificando estes efeitos, atuando de forma contrária ao usualmente esperado. Para a obtenção destes resultados foram estimadas as taxas neutras dos BRICS e também um modelo VAR definindo os determinantes da taxa de juros de cada um destes países. Estes resultados foram comparados às taxas reais de forma a identificar os objetivos a serem perseguidos. Posteriormente é utilizada a função impulso-resposta para medir os efeitos de um choque de juros nos hiatos de produto e inflação mostrando como a sensibilidade da taxa de juros afeta o controle das taxas de inflação e a promoção do crescimento econômico e que dosagens elevadas são exigidas quando a sensibilidade da taxa de juros é baixa e dosagens reduzidas quando esta sensibilidade é elevada

Este trabalho faz uma reconstituição histórica da política monetária praticada no Brasil desde a implementação do Plano Real, revisa uma determinada discussão teórica sobre o tema da taxa de juros brasileira e suas possíveis relações perversas com outras variáveis macroeconômicas, e apresenta um modelo para tentar captar esses possíveis efeitos perversos da política monetária, tais como descritos na maior parte dos trabalhos apontados na discussão teórica. No último decênio, a taxa de juros nominal doméstica sempre esteve acima dos 15% ao ano, sendo que em grande parte do período analisado, a taxa de juros real ficou acima deste patamar. Com efeito, essa condução da política monetária trouxe à tona determinados efeitos indesejados, tais como a contaminação do risco-País pela taxa de juros doméstica. Entre os principais resultados obtidos seguindo uma análise com base num modelo VAR em que se avaliam choques nas variáveis por meio de funções impulso-resposta generalizadas (GIR), encontra-se que o risco soberano brasileiro, no período pós-desvalorização cambial, tem como determinantes os fundamentos macroeconômicos, em particular variáveis fiscais, como a dívida líquida do setor público consolidado como proporção do PIB, e a participação da dívida externa como proporção da dívida total. Outro determinante do risco percebido de moratória é a taxa de juros nominal interna. Quanto mais elevada a taxa de juros, mais elevado o risco. Em terceiro lugar, um aumento da taxa de juros pode levar a uma desvalorização cambial, desde que as expectativas dos agentes sejam afetadas pelo aumento dos riscos provocados pela elevação dos juros. / This dissertation revisits the historical background of the monetary policy regime adopted in Brazil in the period after the implementation of the Real stabilization plan, addresses to a determined theoretical framework about the domestic interest rates and its possible undesired relations with other macroeconomic variables, and presents a model to capture these possible relations of monetary policy. In the last decade, domestic nominal interest rate have always been above 15% p.a., and in a significant period of time the real interest rate stood above this level. Therefore, the conduct of monetary policy has brought up some undesired effects, such as the contagion of the Country-Risk to the domestic interest rate. Amongst the main results obtained in this paper, using a VAR model in a Generalized Impulse Response (GIR) framework for the period after the adoption of the floating exchange rate regime, stands out that the sovereign risk of Brazil is determined by macroeconomic fundaments, especially fiscal variables such as the Net Debt of the Public Sector and the share of foreign debt in the total debt. Another significant determinant of the perceived risk of default is the domestic interest rate. The higher the domestic nominal interest rate, the higher the risk. Lastly, a domestic interest rate increase may take to exchange rate depreciation if expectations are affected by the augmented risk derived from the higher domestic interest rate.