Comment peut-on concilier le respect des droits à la liberté des membres des générations futures et présentes ? Agir en faveur des premiers ne doit pas se faire aux dépens des seconds. Selon nous, la garantie pour tous de pouvoir développer et concevoir une conception spécifique de la vie bonne suppose de privilégier l'objectif d'une justice sociale globale dans le temps présent pour ainsi transmettre à la postérité un monde plus juste. Nous indiquons en premier lieu en quoi les générations qui se succèdent sur Terre ont des devoirs envers celles qui les suivront dans le temps, mais également pourquoi nos actes ne reflètent pas la reconnaissance de tels devoirs. Nous nous interrogeons ensuite sur le contenu du monde à transmettre en conformité avec ces devoirs. Il incombe aux générations de préserver autant que possible l'environnement naturel et d'édifier un environnement politique et social suffisant. Cela requiert la constitution d'une épargne intergénérationnelle au cours d'une phase limitée, suivie d'une phase de croisière dans laquelle l'accumulation doit être stoppée. Mais les efforts pour cette épargne et les ressources générées par celle-ci sont à répartir équitablement au sein et entre les générations : ce point est l'objet de notre troisième partie. Nous montrons que les efforts demandés à chacun au sein de la phase d'accumulation devraient dépendre de l'environnement dont disposent les individus, tandis que les ressources produites sont à redistribuer en priorité aux contemporains les plus démunis. Une telle préférence sociale pour le présent ne va pas à l'encontre des droits des individus futurs : elle permet au contraire de limiter la perpétuation, de génération en génération, des inégalités intragénérationnelles et de favoriser le respect de leurs droits par les individus qui vivent dans le temps présent. / How can we reconcile the respect to liberty rights of members of future and current generations? Act in favour of the former should not be at the expense of the latter. According to us, the guaranty for all to be able to develop and conceive a specific conception of the good life involves favouring the objective of global social justice in the present time, and so transmitting to posterity a fairer world. We show first how the succeeding generations on Earth have duties to those who follow in time, but also why our acts do not reflect the recognition of such duties. Then we wonder about the content of the World to transmit in compliance with these duties. Generations bear the responsibility to preserve as much as possible the natural environment and to edify a sufficient political and social environment. This requires the constitution of an intergenerational savings during a limited phase, followed by a steady-state phase in which the accumulation must be stopped. But efforts to the savings and resources generated by it have to be distributed fairly within and between generations: this is the subject of our third part. We show that efforts required to everyone during the accumulation phase should depend on the environment available to individuals, while produced resources have to be redistributed primarily to the most disadvantaged contemporaries. Such a social time preference does not run counter the rights of future individuals: it allows instead to limit the perpetuation of intra-generational inequalities from generation to generation and to promote the respect of their rights by individuals living at the present time.

Die Arbeit zeigt im Rahmen einer theoretischen Analyse, einer Institutionenanalyse und einer empirischen Einstellungsanalyse, welche normativen Konzepte von Gerechtigkeit in der Alterssicherung relevant sind, wie vor diesem Hintergrund bestimmte institutionelle Regelungen zu bewerten sind und welche Einstellungen in der deutschen Bevölkerung dazu vorliegen. Zunächst wird dargelegt, dass es kein a priori vollständig überzeugendes Konzept von Generationengerechtigkeit gibt. Insbesondere auf Generational-Equity basierende Ansätze, die suggerieren das Problem intergenerationaler Gerechtigkeit in der Rentenversicherung finanzmathematisch lösen zu können, muss mit Skepsis begegnet werden. Aufgrund theoretischer Überlegungen vorzuziehen sind hybride Konzepte, die sowohl universalistische als auch kultur- und demo-sensitive Aspekte in sich vereinen. Die Institutionenanalyse erbringt weiter, dass das zentrale mit Generationengerechtigkeit verknüpfte Problem weniger die Ungleichheit zwischen Generationen hinsichtlich ihrer durchschnittlichen Güterausstattung ist, sondern die in der Generationenfolge zunehmende intragenerationale Ungleichheit. Schließlich zeigt die empirische Analyse der Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen, dass Statussicherung bei den Renten wichtiger einzuschätzen ist als Beitragsäquivalenz. Die primären Vorstellungen von Gerechtigkeit in der Alterssicherung orientieren sich stark am institutionellen Status quo und kaum an abstrakten Generational-Equity-Konzepten, die die in der Bevölkerung verbreitete Verlustaversion vernachlässigen. Urteilsheuristiken und regimespezifische Sozialisation erklären dabei insgesamt mehr Variation als partikulare ökonomische oder altersspezifische Interessen. Die Probleme des Rentensystems im Zuge des demografischen Wandels werden gleichwohl gesehen, wobei Lösungsansätze eher in der Familien- und Bildungspolitik gesucht werden, während Reformen im bestehenden Rentensystem Ungerechtigkeitsgefühle kurzfristig sogar verstärken. / This thesis demonstrates by theoretical, institutional and empirical analysis, which justice concepts are relevant in old-age provision, how specific institutional arrangements have to be evaluated in this context and which justice attitudes on that matter exist in the German population. Firstly, there is no a priori convincing theoretical concept of generational justice. Especially concepts based on generational equity that propose to solve the problem of intergenerational justice in old-age provision by generational accounting methods have to be considered with skepticism. For theoretical reasons, hybrid concepts that encompass universalistic as well as culture- and demo-sensitive aspects should be preferred. Institutional analysis shows furthermore that the central problem connected to generational justice has less to do with inequality between generations and more with growing inequality within cohorts in the generational succession. Finally, the empirical analysis of justice attitudes provides evidence for the relative priority of status conservation over input-equity in the determination of just old-age benefits. Primary notions of justice in old-age provision are strongly anchored in the institutional status quo and only marginally influenced by abstract generational equity concepts that also neglect widespread loss aversion among individuals. Heuristics and regime-specific socialization explain more variation in justice attitudes than particularistic economic or age-specific interests do. The general public does not neglect the problems of pension-systems in the wake of demographic changes however, but solutions are rather seen in family and education policies, while reforms in existing pension arrangements even amplify feelings of injustice in the short run.

Sverige har historiskt sett haft en god tillgång till sötvatten. Under de senaste åren har dock problematiken kring torka och vattenbrist ökat och periodvis blivit ett problem i vissa regioner. Torka och vattenbrist förväntas bli mer förekommande till följd av klimatförändringar, vilket i bland annat Skåne blir problematiskt eftersom tillgången till sötvatten redan är begränsad. Problematiken ökar i kombination med att det finns ett stort vattenbehov, eftersom det är en folktät region med mycket verksamheter och jordbruk. Som följd har intresset för alternativa vattenkällor ökat, såsom återvinning av avloppsvatten. Syftet med studien var att undersöka utvecklingen av vattenåtervinning i Skåne. Mer specifikt ämnade studien att ta reda på vad skånska aktörer som initierat och påbörjat projekt kring återvinning av vatten stött på för hinder och drivkrafter. Ett kriteriestyrt urval samt snöbollsurval användes för att hitta lämpliga respondenter för de semistrukturerade intervjuerna. Respondenterna bestod av kommunala och regionala tjänstepersoner samt forskare som varit involverade i lokala projekt kring vattenåtervinning i Skåne. Genom induktiv kvalitativ kodning visade resultaten att de främsta drivkrafterna för att utveckla vattenåtervinning i Skåne var vattenbrist, engagemang hos olika aktörer samt tillgång till finansiella och tekniska resurser. Följande visade resultaten att lagstiftning och andra juridiska aspekter, ekonomiska aspekter och infrastruktur utgör de främsta hindren för utvecklingen av vattenåtervinning i Skåne. Slutsatsen visade att VA-systemet och utvecklingen av återvinning av vatten i Skåne befinner sig i en sorts lock-in, på grund av path dependency, där olika system såsom lagstiftning, infrastruktur och ekonomi hämmar utvecklingsmöjligheter. Dock framkom också slutsatsen att engagerade nyckelaktörer såsom VA-organisationer, myndigheter och politiker eller stora kriser såsom torka och vattenbrist harförmågan att agera som focusing events eller path break-outs och bryta den lock-in som finnsoch därmed driva utvecklingen framåt inom vattenåtervinning. Det etiska perspektivet av intergenerationell rättvisa bör integreras vid planeringen av ny VA-infrastruktur. / Sweden has historically had sufficient access to freshwater. However, during the last years drought and water scarcity has increased and periodically become a problem in some regions. Drought and water scarcity is expected to occur more often due to climate change, which in Scania becomes problematic as the access to freshwater is already limited. Combined with thelarge need for water, the issue increases due to how the region is densely populated with numerous industries and agriculture. Consequently, alternative water sources, such as the recycling of wastewater, have gotten more interest. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of water recycling in Scania, Sweden. More specifically, the aim was to determine what barriers and drivers actors in Scania, who have initiated or participated in projects related to water recycling, have encountered. A criteria-driven selection and snowball selection was used to find appropriate respondents for the semi-structured interviews. The respondents consisted of municipal and regional public-officials as well as researchers who have been involved in local water recycling projects in Scania. Through inductive qualitative coding, results showed that the major drivers of water recycling were water shortage, dedication of different actors and availability of financial and technical resources. Furthermore, the results showed that laws and other juridical aspects, economic aspects and infrastructure were the major barriers of the development of water recycling in Scania. In conclusion, the water and wastewater system and development of water recycling in Scania is in a lock-in face, in accordance with path dependency theory. The study revealed how several systems have contributed to this lock-in, and how legislation, infrastructure and economy therefore prevent development possibilities. However, another conclusion is that dedicated key-actors such as wastewater organisations, government agencies and politicians or major crises like drought or water shortage have the ability to act as focusing events or pathbreak-outs. They have the capability to break the lock-in and therefore act as drivers for further development of water recycling. The ethical perspective of intergenerational justice should be integrated in the planning of new wastewater infrastructure.