South African law treats planning and the environment separately, causing considerable problems when developing land. Concerns in this regard are worldwide and various approaches have been adopted to solve them. This research seeks to explore what legal solutions can be provided using some international examples, fitting them within the unique governance, historical and legal context of South Africa. / Jurisprudence / LLM

The interim Constitution and the 1996 South African Constitution are products of a compromise between various political parties, mainly those that advocated for a unitary system, for example the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) were the leading proponents , anti the parties that advocated for a federal constitution, the significant ones being the Inkatha Freedom Party (lFP), the National Party (NP) and the Democratic Party (DP). The interim Constitution and the 1996 South African Constitution contain both unitary and substantial federal characteristics. The study deals with the origins of the federal idea and how the concept federalism is understood and applied internationally, and draws out some key characteristics that are common in federal constitutions so as to measure the interim Constitution and the 1996 South African Constitution against such common characteristics. The conclusion deals with recommendations of how the substantial federal characteristics could be effectively managed through intergovernmental relations / Political Science / M.A. (African Politics)

This thesis examines regional integration in Southern Africa and the evolution of SADC. Regional developments are evaluated with the yardsticks of integration theory, against the background of international regionalisation, and in terms of the region's practical record, its rhetoric and future agenda. The extent to which economic integration is progressing, is determined, after which the thesis focuses on political integration within SADC - both de Jure and de facto. Finally, developments within the region are evaluated in light of normative prerequisites for increased political integration. The thesis finds that the integration process in SADC does not fit into traditional integration theory, and concludes that successful economic integration in the region is not necessarily a prerequisite to political integration, but would facilitate it. The research finally concludes that there is evidence of embryonic political integration within SADC, which will wane or grow depending primarily on the political will of its constituents / Political Science / M.A. (Politics)

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o processo de descentralização da saúde nos anos 90 a partir da análise dos enfrentamentos políticos, das intermediações de interesses e das articulações estabelecidas. Através da análise de um caso concreto, o município do Rio de Janeiro, procurou-se evidenciar as relações entre as esferas de governo municipais, estadual e federal estabelecidas durante o período de 1990 a 1999. A escolha do período marca o início do processo de descentralização da saúde no município até sua habilitação na condiçãode gestor pleno do sistema municipal. A noção de sistema de saúde em um país federativo, com as características do Brasil, implica no estabelecimento de acordos intergovernamentais que permitam a articulação e integração das ações e serviços de saúde em diferentes escalas territoriais. O estudo mostrou que a negociação intergovernamental apresentou características particulares nas duas metades da década de noventa, com forte protagonismo do ente municipal. Na primeira metade, o município optou por uma descentralização interna que lhe exigiu baixo grau de articulação intergovernamental e, no momento seguinte decidiu por municipalizar em grande escala envolvendo intensa negociação entre a Prefeitura e o Ministério da Saúde sem a participação efetiva da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde. Observou-se que questões relativas à organização da atenção à saúde não foram suficientemente equacionadas no plano das relações intergovernamentais e permanecem ainda hoje como desafio para as políticas de saúde. As conclusões giram em torno de que é necessária a reconstrução de um modelo de relações intergovernamentais na saúde, ancorado numa cultura de negociação e respeito à autonomia dos entes para o aprofundamento da descentralização. / The objective of this study is to analyze the process of health decentralization in the 1990’s according to the analysis of the politicians’ confrontation, the interest intermediations and the established articulations. Through the analysis of a concrete case, the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, tried to evidence the relation between the government’s spheres – federal, state and capital – established from the period of 1990 to 1999. The selection of the period sets the beginning of a health decentralization process in the municipality until the condition of a fully autonomous management of the municipal system. The health system notion in a federative country, with Brazil’s characteristics, implicates in the establishment of intergovernmental agreements which allow the articulation and integration of actions and health services in different territorial scales. The study showed that the intergovernmental negotiation presented particular characteristics in the two halves of the nineties decade, with strong protagonism of the municipal entity. In the first half, the municipality opted for an internal decentralization which demanded low level of intergovernmental articulation and, another moment, decided to municipalize in large scale involving intense negotiation between the City Council and the health ministry without the effective participation of the State Health Council. The questions concerned the health attention organization as observed, were not sufficiently equated in the intergovernmental relations plan and remain until today as a challenge for the health policies. The conclusions move around, the necessity of the reconstruction of an intergovernmental relations model in health, anchored with a culture-based on negotiation and respect with the entity autonomy for the deepening of decentralization.

Est analysée la politique de transport scolaire en milieu rural du Rio Grande do Sul, avec l'objectif de discuter la configuration de compétences gouvernementales et des relations intergouvernementaux dans l'offre et dans le financement. La recherche qualitative, s'inscrit dans l'abordage méthodologique d'analyse de politique publique, avec des éléments de l'analyse plus cognitive et séquentielle, en incluant la formulation et la mise en oeuvre de la politique et de l'étude de cas dans trois petites villes gauchas. Présente la politique du transport scolaire dans le pays et cherche comprendre comme la politique du transport scolaire a été constituée à Rio Grande do Sul, ce lequel il envisage: leurs origines, quand le transport scolaire se rend un problème public et arrive à l'agenda gouvernemental de l'état; quels ont été les principaux acteurs; que solutions ont été proposées jusqu'à la formulation du Programme de l'état d'assistance au transport scolaire (Peate); que des référentiels se sont imposés dans la constitution de cette politique; et comme ce a été sa mise en oeuvre. Est passé à travers la thèse le débat sur le format de la fédération brésilienne, les compétences gouvernementales et les relations, pas toujours solidaires, entre les êtres fédérés dans l'offre et dans le financement du transport scolaire; de façon similaire, la discussion sur la conception d'éducation en milieu rural, de la nucléation et de la fermeture des écoles en milieu rural a été point crucial pour la compréhension de la problématique du transport scolaire. L'étude de cas dans les trois villes il a permis de vérifier la limitée capacité financière et la grande dépendance de ressources de l'Union et de l'État que, en général, l'être municipal a pour offrir à l'éducation et au transport scolaire. L'étude de cas dans les trois villes il a permis de vérifier la limitée capacité financière et la grande dépendance de ressources de l'Union et de l'État que, en général, l'être municipal a pour offrir à l'éducation et au transport scolaire. Finalement, la thèse présente l'odyssée du transport scolaire à Rio Grande do Sul, en démontrant vigueurs et fragilités des relations entre l'État et les villes. Le transport scolaire des élèves du filet de l'état, réalisé par les villes, gagne du statut de problème public dans le Gouvernement d'Olívio Dutra, quand est fait le premier terme d'accord à être affermi entre l'État et les villes (1999) vue de ressources pour le transport, en continuant les conflits et les négociations dans tous les gouvernements, minimisés un peu dans la formulation du Peate, en 2008, dans le Gouvernement de Yeda Crusius, mais en resurgissant dans le Gouvernement de Tarso Genro. La question récurrente, dans la période, est ce de la couverture des coûts du transport scolaire de la part du gouvernement de l'état, dont le déficit ouvre de l'espace pour négociations concernant les critères de distribution des ressources de l'état. La défense du Famurs est point fort dans ce débat, suivant récemment par Undime/RS. La politics gaucha a influencé fortement la policy du transport scolaire, qui vient en suivant un chemin d’incessant signification. / É analisada a política de transporte escolar rural do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de discutir a configuração de competências governamentais e das relações intergovernamentais na oferta e no financiamento. A investigação, de cunho qualitativo, inscreve-se na abordagem metodológica de análise de política pública, com elementos da análise cognitiva e sequencial, abrangendo a formulação e a implementação da política e estudo de caso em três pequenos municípios gaúchos. Apresenta a política do transporte escolar no país e busca compreender como tal política foi sendo constituída no Rio Grande do Sul, o que contempla: suas origens, quando o transporte escolar se torna um problema público e chega à agenda governamental estadual; quais foram os principais atores; que soluções foram propostas até a formulação do Programa Estadual de Apoio ao Transporte Escolar (Peate); que referenciais se impuseram na constituição dessa política; e como tem sido a sua implementação. Permeou a tese o debate sobre o formato da federação brasileira, as competências governamentais e as relações, nem sempre solidárias, entre os entes federados na oferta e no financiamento do transporte escolar; do mesmo modo, a discussão sobre a concepção de educação do campo, da nucleação e do fechamento das escolas do meio rural foi ponto crucial para a compreensão da problemática do transporte escolar. O estudo de caso nos três municípios permitiu comprovar a limitada capacidade financeira e a grande dependência de recursos da União e do estado que, em geral, o ente municipal tem para ofertar à educação e ao transporte escolar. Por fim, a tese apresenta a ‘odisseia’ do transporte escolar no Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrando vigores e fragilidades das relações entre o estado e os municípios. O transporte escolar dos alunos da rede estadual, realizado pelos municípios, ganha status de problema público no governo de Olívio Dutra, quando é feito o primeiro termo de convênio a ser firmado entre o estado e os municípios (1999) para repasse de recursos para o transporte, continuando os conflitos e as negociações em todos os governos, minimizados um pouco na formulação do Peate, em 2008, no governo de Yeda Crusius, mas ressurgindo no governo de Tarso Genro. A questão recorrente, no período, é a da cobertura dos custos do transporte escolar por parte do governo estadual, cujo déficit abre espaço para negociações acerca dos critérios de distribuição dos recursos estaduais. O protagonismo da Famurs é ponto forte nesse debate, seguido recentemente pela Undime/RS. A politics gaúcha influenciou fortemente a policy do transporte escolar, que vem seguindo um caminho de constante ressignificação. / It is analyzed the politics of rural school transportation in Rio Grande do Sul, with the purpose of discussing the configuration of governmental competencies and the intergovernmental relations in the provision and funding. The investigation, a qualitative one, is part of the methodological approach of the analysis of public policy, with elements of cognitive and sequential analysis, including the formulation and implementation of policy and case study of three small cities in the state. Presents the policy of school transportation in Brazil and aims to understand how such policy was constituted in Rio Grande do Sul, which comprises: its origins, when school transportation becomes a public problem and comes to the state government agenda; which were the main actors; which solutions were proposed to the formulation of the State Program of Support for School Transportation (Peate); which references were imposed in the constitution of the policy; and how its implementation has been. Permeating the thesis was the debate about the format of Brazilian federation, the governmental competencies and the relations, not always sympathetic, among federal entities in the provision and funding of school transportation; likewise, the discussion over the notion of countryside education, nucleation and the closing of schools in rural communities was a crucial point to understand the issue of school transportation. The case study in those three cities allowed to prove the limited financial capacity and heavy reliance on federal and state funds that, in general, the municipal entity has to offer to the education and the school transportation. Finally, the thesis presents the ‘Odyssey’ of school transport in Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrating strengths and weaknesses of the relationship between the state and the cities. The school transportation of pupils from the state system, conducted by municipalities, gain status of public problem in the government of Olívio Dutra, when is made the first term of agreement to be signed by the state and the municipalities (1999) for transfer of funds to transportation, continuing the conflicts and negotiations in all governments, somewhat minimized in the formulation of Peate, in 2008, during the government of Yeda Crusius, but reappearing in the government of Tarso Genro. The recurring question in the period is the coverage of the costs of school transportation by the state government, whose deficit makes room to negotiations on the criteria for the distribution of state resources. The role of Famurs is a strong point in this debate, recently followed by Undime/RS. The state politics strongly influenced the school transportation policy, which has been following a path of constant resignification.

Le contrôle juridictionnel de la coopération intergouvernementale dans l'Union européenne a longtemps fait difficulté. Initialement, la mise à l'écart du juge a conditionné le recours à cette coopération organisée "dans" l'Union. Pourtant, chaque avancée des traités a entraîné un progrès du juge de l'Union et, dès l'origine, la coopération a donné lieu à la formation d'une jurisprudence significative. La coopération intergouvernementale dans l'Union constitue un terrain privilégié d'investigation, susceptible de contribuer à enrichir l'étude d'un processus, celui de la juridictionnalisation de l'Union. Loin de stériliser cette hypothèse, le traité de Lisbonne l'a confirmée et valorisée. L'analyse de la jurisprudence révèle l'existence d'un modèle de contrôle juridictionnel de la coopération intergouvernementale dans l'Union. Celui-ci repose sur le principe d'un contrôle. Forme d'aboutissement du processus, dont elle permet de saisir l'implantation et la portée, l'admission du principe au niveau constitutionnel marque aussi une nouvelle étape dans ce processus. Le juge de l'Union progresse au sein d'un système de contrôle, composé du juge national et de la Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme. Les interactions entre juges sont essentielles pour comprendre l'évolution de l'office du juge de l'Union. S'il est classique d'attendre d'un juge constitutionnel qu'il régule le système institutionnel et qu'il assure la protection des droits fondamentaux, les exigences matérielles et opérationnelles de l'action intergouvernementale contribuent au déploiement d'une fonction juridictionnelle ordinaire. Ces deux axes de travail, principe et fonctions, jettent un éclairage d'ensemble sur le modèle en construction et permettent d'appréhender dans toute sa complétude le processus de juridictionnalisation de la coopération intergouvernementale dans l'Union. / During a long time, the judicial control of the intergovernmental cooperation in the European Union remained a difficulty. Initially, the sideline of the judge conditioned the use of this cooperation, organised “in” the European Union. However, each step forward of the Treaties led to a progress of the judge of the Union and, from the very beginning, cooperation has resulted in the creation of a significant jurisprudence. Indeed, intergovernmental cooperation in the European Union constitutes a privileged field for investigation, which may contribute to enrich the study of a process, the process of judicialization of the European Union. Away from sterilizing this hypothesis, it was eventually confirmed and valued by the Lisbon Treaty. The analyse of the jurisprudence concerning the common foreign and security policy and the police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters reveals the existence of a model of judicial control over the intergovernmental cooperation in the European Union. This model is based on the principle of control. The admission of the principle, at the constitutional level, is a form of outcome of the process; it allows understanding the establishment and the extent of the process, as well as it materializes a new step in this process. The European judge evolves in a system of control, constituted by the national Court and the European Court of Human Rights. The judges’ interactions are essential in order to understand the evolution of the role of the European Union judge. Although it appears classical to expect from a constitutional judge that he rules the institutional system and that he ensures the protection of fundamental rights, the intergovernmental action material and operational requirements contribute to the deployment of an ordinary judicial function. These two axes of research, principle and functions, project a comprehensive highlight on the model under construction, and allow apprehending, in its entirety, the process of judicialization of the intergovernmental cooperation in the European Union.

Est analysée la politique de transport scolaire en milieu rural du Rio Grande do Sul, avec l'objectif de discuter la configuration de compétences gouvernementales et des relations intergouvernementaux dans l'offre et dans le financement. La recherche qualitative, s'inscrit dans l'abordage méthodologique d'analyse de politique publique, avec des éléments de l'analyse plus cognitive et séquentielle, en incluant la formulation et la mise en oeuvre de la politique et de l'étude de cas dans trois petites villes gauchas. Présente la politique du transport scolaire dans le pays et cherche comprendre comme la politique du transport scolaire a été constituée à Rio Grande do Sul, ce lequel il envisage: leurs origines, quand le transport scolaire se rend un problème public et arrive à l'agenda gouvernemental de l'état; quels ont été les principaux acteurs; que solutions ont été proposées jusqu'à la formulation du Programme de l'état d'assistance au transport scolaire (Peate); que des référentiels se sont imposés dans la constitution de cette politique; et comme ce a été sa mise en oeuvre. Est passé à travers la thèse le débat sur le format de la fédération brésilienne, les compétences gouvernementales et les relations, pas toujours solidaires, entre les êtres fédérés dans l'offre et dans le financement du transport scolaire; de façon similaire, la discussion sur la conception d'éducation en milieu rural, de la nucléation et de la fermeture des écoles en milieu rural a été point crucial pour la compréhension de la problématique du transport scolaire. L'étude de cas dans les trois villes il a permis de vérifier la limitée capacité financière et la grande dépendance de ressources de l'Union et de l'État que, en général, l'être municipal a pour offrir à l'éducation et au transport scolaire. L'étude de cas dans les trois villes il a permis de vérifier la limitée capacité financière et la grande dépendance de ressources de l'Union et de l'État que, en général, l'être municipal a pour offrir à l'éducation et au transport scolaire. Finalement, la thèse présente l'odyssée du transport scolaire à Rio Grande do Sul, en démontrant vigueurs et fragilités des relations entre l'État et les villes. Le transport scolaire des élèves du filet de l'état, réalisé par les villes, gagne du statut de problème public dans le Gouvernement d'Olívio Dutra, quand est fait le premier terme d'accord à être affermi entre l'État et les villes (1999) vue de ressources pour le transport, en continuant les conflits et les négociations dans tous les gouvernements, minimisés un peu dans la formulation du Peate, en 2008, dans le Gouvernement de Yeda Crusius, mais en resurgissant dans le Gouvernement de Tarso Genro. La question récurrente, dans la période, est ce de la couverture des coûts du transport scolaire de la part du gouvernement de l'état, dont le déficit ouvre de l'espace pour négociations concernant les critères de distribution des ressources de l'état. La défense du Famurs est point fort dans ce débat, suivant récemment par Undime/RS. La politics gaucha a influencé fortement la policy du transport scolaire, qui vient en suivant un chemin d’incessant signification. / É analisada a política de transporte escolar rural do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de discutir a configuração de competências governamentais e das relações intergovernamentais na oferta e no financiamento. A investigação, de cunho qualitativo, inscreve-se na abordagem metodológica de análise de política pública, com elementos da análise cognitiva e sequencial, abrangendo a formulação e a implementação da política e estudo de caso em três pequenos municípios gaúchos. Apresenta a política do transporte escolar no país e busca compreender como tal política foi sendo constituída no Rio Grande do Sul, o que contempla: suas origens, quando o transporte escolar se torna um problema público e chega à agenda governamental estadual; quais foram os principais atores; que soluções foram propostas até a formulação do Programa Estadual de Apoio ao Transporte Escolar (Peate); que referenciais se impuseram na constituição dessa política; e como tem sido a sua implementação. Permeou a tese o debate sobre o formato da federação brasileira, as competências governamentais e as relações, nem sempre solidárias, entre os entes federados na oferta e no financiamento do transporte escolar; do mesmo modo, a discussão sobre a concepção de educação do campo, da nucleação e do fechamento das escolas do meio rural foi ponto crucial para a compreensão da problemática do transporte escolar. O estudo de caso nos três municípios permitiu comprovar a limitada capacidade financeira e a grande dependência de recursos da União e do estado que, em geral, o ente municipal tem para ofertar à educação e ao transporte escolar. Por fim, a tese apresenta a ‘odisseia’ do transporte escolar no Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrando vigores e fragilidades das relações entre o estado e os municípios. O transporte escolar dos alunos da rede estadual, realizado pelos municípios, ganha status de problema público no governo de Olívio Dutra, quando é feito o primeiro termo de convênio a ser firmado entre o estado e os municípios (1999) para repasse de recursos para o transporte, continuando os conflitos e as negociações em todos os governos, minimizados um pouco na formulação do Peate, em 2008, no governo de Yeda Crusius, mas ressurgindo no governo de Tarso Genro. A questão recorrente, no período, é a da cobertura dos custos do transporte escolar por parte do governo estadual, cujo déficit abre espaço para negociações acerca dos critérios de distribuição dos recursos estaduais. O protagonismo da Famurs é ponto forte nesse debate, seguido recentemente pela Undime/RS. A politics gaúcha influenciou fortemente a policy do transporte escolar, que vem seguindo um caminho de constante ressignificação. / It is analyzed the politics of rural school transportation in Rio Grande do Sul, with the purpose of discussing the configuration of governmental competencies and the intergovernmental relations in the provision and funding. The investigation, a qualitative one, is part of the methodological approach of the analysis of public policy, with elements of cognitive and sequential analysis, including the formulation and implementation of policy and case study of three small cities in the state. Presents the policy of school transportation in Brazil and aims to understand how such policy was constituted in Rio Grande do Sul, which comprises: its origins, when school transportation becomes a public problem and comes to the state government agenda; which were the main actors; which solutions were proposed to the formulation of the State Program of Support for School Transportation (Peate); which references were imposed in the constitution of the policy; and how its implementation has been. Permeating the thesis was the debate about the format of Brazilian federation, the governmental competencies and the relations, not always sympathetic, among federal entities in the provision and funding of school transportation; likewise, the discussion over the notion of countryside education, nucleation and the closing of schools in rural communities was a crucial point to understand the issue of school transportation. The case study in those three cities allowed to prove the limited financial capacity and heavy reliance on federal and state funds that, in general, the municipal entity has to offer to the education and the school transportation. Finally, the thesis presents the ‘Odyssey’ of school transport in Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrating strengths and weaknesses of the relationship between the state and the cities. The school transportation of pupils from the state system, conducted by municipalities, gain status of public problem in the government of Olívio Dutra, when is made the first term of agreement to be signed by the state and the municipalities (1999) for transfer of funds to transportation, continuing the conflicts and negotiations in all governments, somewhat minimized in the formulation of Peate, in 2008, during the government of Yeda Crusius, but reappearing in the government of Tarso Genro. The recurring question in the period is the coverage of the costs of school transportation by the state government, whose deficit makes room to negotiations on the criteria for the distribution of state resources. The role of Famurs is a strong point in this debate, recently followed by Undime/RS. The state politics strongly influenced the school transportation policy, which has been following a path of constant resignification.

Est analysée la politique de transport scolaire en milieu rural du Rio Grande do Sul, avec l'objectif de discuter la configuration de compétences gouvernementales et des relations intergouvernementaux dans l'offre et dans le financement. La recherche qualitative, s'inscrit dans l'abordage méthodologique d'analyse de politique publique, avec des éléments de l'analyse plus cognitive et séquentielle, en incluant la formulation et la mise en oeuvre de la politique et de l'étude de cas dans trois petites villes gauchas. Présente la politique du transport scolaire dans le pays et cherche comprendre comme la politique du transport scolaire a été constituée à Rio Grande do Sul, ce lequel il envisage: leurs origines, quand le transport scolaire se rend un problème public et arrive à l'agenda gouvernemental de l'état; quels ont été les principaux acteurs; que solutions ont été proposées jusqu'à la formulation du Programme de l'état d'assistance au transport scolaire (Peate); que des référentiels se sont imposés dans la constitution de cette politique; et comme ce a été sa mise en oeuvre. Est passé à travers la thèse le débat sur le format de la fédération brésilienne, les compétences gouvernementales et les relations, pas toujours solidaires, entre les êtres fédérés dans l'offre et dans le financement du transport scolaire; de façon similaire, la discussion sur la conception d'éducation en milieu rural, de la nucléation et de la fermeture des écoles en milieu rural a été point crucial pour la compréhension de la problématique du transport scolaire. L'étude de cas dans les trois villes il a permis de vérifier la limitée capacité financière et la grande dépendance de ressources de l'Union et de l'État que, en général, l'être municipal a pour offrir à l'éducation et au transport scolaire. L'étude de cas dans les trois villes il a permis de vérifier la limitée capacité financière et la grande dépendance de ressources de l'Union et de l'État que, en général, l'être municipal a pour offrir à l'éducation et au transport scolaire. Finalement, la thèse présente l'odyssée du transport scolaire à Rio Grande do Sul, en démontrant vigueurs et fragilités des relations entre l'État et les villes. Le transport scolaire des élèves du filet de l'état, réalisé par les villes, gagne du statut de problème public dans le Gouvernement d'Olívio Dutra, quand est fait le premier terme d'accord à être affermi entre l'État et les villes (1999) vue de ressources pour le transport, en continuant les conflits et les négociations dans tous les gouvernements, minimisés un peu dans la formulation du Peate, en 2008, dans le Gouvernement de Yeda Crusius, mais en resurgissant dans le Gouvernement de Tarso Genro. La question récurrente, dans la période, est ce de la couverture des coûts du transport scolaire de la part du gouvernement de l'état, dont le déficit ouvre de l'espace pour négociations concernant les critères de distribution des ressources de l'état. La défense du Famurs est point fort dans ce débat, suivant récemment par Undime/RS. La politics gaucha a influencé fortement la policy du transport scolaire, qui vient en suivant un chemin d’incessant signification. / É analisada a política de transporte escolar rural do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de discutir a configuração de competências governamentais e das relações intergovernamentais na oferta e no financiamento. A investigação, de cunho qualitativo, inscreve-se na abordagem metodológica de análise de política pública, com elementos da análise cognitiva e sequencial, abrangendo a formulação e a implementação da política e estudo de caso em três pequenos municípios gaúchos. Apresenta a política do transporte escolar no país e busca compreender como tal política foi sendo constituída no Rio Grande do Sul, o que contempla: suas origens, quando o transporte escolar se torna um problema público e chega à agenda governamental estadual; quais foram os principais atores; que soluções foram propostas até a formulação do Programa Estadual de Apoio ao Transporte Escolar (Peate); que referenciais se impuseram na constituição dessa política; e como tem sido a sua implementação. Permeou a tese o debate sobre o formato da federação brasileira, as competências governamentais e as relações, nem sempre solidárias, entre os entes federados na oferta e no financiamento do transporte escolar; do mesmo modo, a discussão sobre a concepção de educação do campo, da nucleação e do fechamento das escolas do meio rural foi ponto crucial para a compreensão da problemática do transporte escolar. O estudo de caso nos três municípios permitiu comprovar a limitada capacidade financeira e a grande dependência de recursos da União e do estado que, em geral, o ente municipal tem para ofertar à educação e ao transporte escolar. Por fim, a tese apresenta a ‘odisseia’ do transporte escolar no Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrando vigores e fragilidades das relações entre o estado e os municípios. O transporte escolar dos alunos da rede estadual, realizado pelos municípios, ganha status de problema público no governo de Olívio Dutra, quando é feito o primeiro termo de convênio a ser firmado entre o estado e os municípios (1999) para repasse de recursos para o transporte, continuando os conflitos e as negociações em todos os governos, minimizados um pouco na formulação do Peate, em 2008, no governo de Yeda Crusius, mas ressurgindo no governo de Tarso Genro. A questão recorrente, no período, é a da cobertura dos custos do transporte escolar por parte do governo estadual, cujo déficit abre espaço para negociações acerca dos critérios de distribuição dos recursos estaduais. O protagonismo da Famurs é ponto forte nesse debate, seguido recentemente pela Undime/RS. A politics gaúcha influenciou fortemente a policy do transporte escolar, que vem seguindo um caminho de constante ressignificação. / It is analyzed the politics of rural school transportation in Rio Grande do Sul, with the purpose of discussing the configuration of governmental competencies and the intergovernmental relations in the provision and funding. The investigation, a qualitative one, is part of the methodological approach of the analysis of public policy, with elements of cognitive and sequential analysis, including the formulation and implementation of policy and case study of three small cities in the state. Presents the policy of school transportation in Brazil and aims to understand how such policy was constituted in Rio Grande do Sul, which comprises: its origins, when school transportation becomes a public problem and comes to the state government agenda; which were the main actors; which solutions were proposed to the formulation of the State Program of Support for School Transportation (Peate); which references were imposed in the constitution of the policy; and how its implementation has been. Permeating the thesis was the debate about the format of Brazilian federation, the governmental competencies and the relations, not always sympathetic, among federal entities in the provision and funding of school transportation; likewise, the discussion over the notion of countryside education, nucleation and the closing of schools in rural communities was a crucial point to understand the issue of school transportation. The case study in those three cities allowed to prove the limited financial capacity and heavy reliance on federal and state funds that, in general, the municipal entity has to offer to the education and the school transportation. Finally, the thesis presents the ‘Odyssey’ of school transport in Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrating strengths and weaknesses of the relationship between the state and the cities. The school transportation of pupils from the state system, conducted by municipalities, gain status of public problem in the government of Olívio Dutra, when is made the first term of agreement to be signed by the state and the municipalities (1999) for transfer of funds to transportation, continuing the conflicts and negotiations in all governments, somewhat minimized in the formulation of Peate, in 2008, during the government of Yeda Crusius, but reappearing in the government of Tarso Genro. The recurring question in the period is the coverage of the costs of school transportation by the state government, whose deficit makes room to negotiations on the criteria for the distribution of state resources. The role of Famurs is a strong point in this debate, recently followed by Undime/RS. The state politics strongly influenced the school transportation policy, which has been following a path of constant resignification.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar se municípios que possuem algum tipo de alinhamento político com o executivo federal possuem maiores chances de receber empréstimos do Banco Nacional do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES), e se esses são de maiores valores financeiros no caso da existência de tal alinhamento. Foi utilizado um painel de dados com os municípios brasileiros entre os anos de 2003 e 2010. Em ambas as análises, foram utilizados os métodos de dados empilhados, dos efeitos fixos e dos efeitos aleatórios. Os resultados indicam que o alinhamento exerce pouca influência sobre os empréstimos do BNDES. / This paper aims to investigate whether municipalities with any type of political alignment with the Federal Executive are more likely to take out loans from BNDES (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social) and whether the amounts are larger in such cases. A data panel on Brazilian municipalities between 2003 and 2010 was used. In both analyses performed, we used the pooled, fixed effects, and random effects estimation models. The results show that the political alignment exerts little influence on loans from BNDES to Brazilian municipalities.

Submitted by Rebeca Regatieri (rereregatieri@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-07-30T19:57:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Regatieri.pdf: 719656 bytes, checksum: 32bbeaea4a6587d7fc138ae31c74262d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-07-30T20:00:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Regatieri.pdf: 719656 bytes, checksum: 32bbeaea4a6587d7fc138ae31c74262d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-30T20:00:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regatieri.pdf: 719656 bytes, checksum: 32bbeaea4a6587d7fc138ae31c74262d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-27 / The present work studies the variable regarding to the tax revenue directly collected by municipalities. It highlights three objectives: i) to analyze the impact of constitutional transfers from the Municipal Participation Fund (MPF) on direct municipal tax revenues, ii) analyze the existence of a political cycle on the collection, and iii) analyze the impact of the collection on the current mayors's probability of reelection. The methodology used for the analysis of MPF on the municipal tax collection is the Regression Discontinuity (RD) in fuzzy design (Angrist & Pischke, 2008), using for this the MPF discontinuities due to changes in population groups. To analyze the political cycle, we use regressions of the municipal tax revenues variable on year dummies referring to the mayors's year administration, with fixed effects and according to the political cycles literature(Vine & Mattos, 2011; Araújo Leite Filho, 2010; Nakaguma & Bender 2010). Regarding the impact of the variable of interest on the incumbent mayors's probability of reelection, the estimation methodology follows three stages in the estimation of an OLS model (OLS), for the whole sample and to the vicinity of these discontinuities. The results indicate a both negative and increasing effect of MPF on municipal tax revenues, along cert a in population groups, suggesting that mayors would prefer cutting tax revenues, rather than simply use the granted additional transfers in order to increase the local public good. From this gap in municipal tax revenue allowed by MPF, we find the existence of political cycles, being the tax collections in the early years of the mandate above the tax collection in the election year. In respect to the impact on re-election, the results are not robust, indicating the necessity for information that detach the effect of increases in tax rates from the effects of increases in the tax base or improvements in the structure of municipal tax collection, which may be producing a more balanced or equitable municipal tax collection system. / O presente trabalho tem como variável de estudo a arrecadação realizada diretamente pelos municípios. Destacam-se três objetivos: i) analisar o impacto das transferências constitucionais do Fundo de Participação Municipal (FPM) sobre a arrecadação municipal direta; ii) analisar a existência de ciclo político na arrecadação; e iii) analisar o impacto da arrecadação na probabilidade de reeleição dos prefeitos incumbentes. A metodologia usada para a análise do FPM sobre a arrecadação municipal é a Regressão de Descontinuidade (RD) no fuzzy design (Angrist & Pischke, 2008), utilizando para isso as descontinuidades no FPM devido às mudanças nas faixas populacionais. Para analisar o ciclo político, utilizam-se regressões da variável arrecadação municipal sobre dummies para os anos do mandato com efeitos fixos, em consonância com a literatura de ciclos políticos (Videira & Mattos, 2011; Araújo e Leite Filho, 2010; Nakaguma & Bender, 2010). Com relação ao impacto da variável de interesse sobre a probabilidade de reeleição dos prefeitos incumbentes, a metodologia segue a estimação em 3 estágios de um modelo de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO), para a amostra toda e para as proximidades das referidas descontinuidades. Os resultados indicam um efeito negativo e crescente do FPM sobre a arrecadação municipal, ao longo de determinadas faixas populacionais, sinalizando que os prefeitos preferem reduzir a arrecadação tributária, ao invés de apenas usar as transferências adicionais obtidas para aumentar o bem público local. Nessa lacuna na arrecadação municipal permitida pelas transferências do FPM, encontra-se a existência de ciclos políticos, estando as arrecadações nos anos iniciais do mandato acima da arrecadação no ano eleitoral. Com relação ao impacto sobre a reeleição, os resultados não são robustos, indicando a necessidade de se obter informações que separem o efeito de aumentos nas alíquotas dos efeitos de aumentos na base de cálculo ou de melhorias na estrutura de arrecadação municipal, que podem estar tornando o sistema de arrecadação municipal mais equilibrado ou equitativo.