L’étude part de la prémisse de l’analyse de la politique étrangère bissau-guinéenne en considérant le processus de la formation de l’État dans la période de la postindépendance, travers de leurs faiblesses (la dépendance) et de leurs potentiels (l’autonomie) par rapport au système mondial. Ainsi, l’étude s’insère dans le cadre temporel d’accumulation historique et institutionel de la Guinée-Bissau dans le système mondial contemporain (1973-2014).Notre hypothèse est que la politique étrangère bissau-guinéenne peut avoir résulté de deux facteurs: (a) des facteurs internes associés à l’instabilité politique et à la mauvaise gestion des ressources donnés; et (b) des facteurs externes liés à la mauvaise conduction de la politique étrangère et du financement externe, dans ses relations avec les organisations internationales. De ce fait, l’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat a été comprendre la politique étrangère de la Guinée-Bissau, en tenant compte le processusde la formation de l’État national, en considérant les crises multidimensionnelles et le rôle de deux organisations internationales – la Communauté des Pays de la Langue Portugaise (CPLP) et la Communauté Économique des États de l’Áfrique de l’Ouest (CÉDÉAO) – dans ses lignes directrices de politiques publiques, en obsérvant le degré d’influence de ces organisations internationales et le progrès atteint, ou non, au début du XXIème siècle. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons choisi la période de la postindepéndance pour être étudiée, dans laquelle nous avons délimité trois phases différentes pour analyser la politique étrangère de la Guinée-Bissau, deux organisations internationales et ses impacts dans la politique intérieure; sont-elles: (a) phase du parti unique (1973-1993) – dont le but principal a été examiner si la politique étrangère a impacté, ou non, dans la faisabilité de l’État-nation bissau-guinéen et au projet de coopération internationale et à l’aide extérieure; (b) phase découlant de transition politique, d’exécution de la démocratie et de la première eléction jusqu’au coup politique (1994-1998), réformes politiques, constitutionnelles, économiques et son impact dans la politique étrangère; et (c) phase d’instabilité politique, économique et social au pays, coups et contrecoups (1998-2014) qui ont causé des impacts directs ou indirects dans la politique étrangère de la Guinée-Bissau, en considérant la dispute et le conflit idéologique des organisations qui sont objets de cette étude (CPLP et CÉDÉAO) et qui font part de la même. / O estudo parte da premissa de análise da política externa guineense levando em conta o processo de formação do Estado na pós-independência a partir de suas fragilidades (dependência) e de suas potencialidades (autonomia) em relação ao sistema mundial. Assim, o estudo se insere no marco temporal de acúmulo histórico e institucional da Guiné-Bissau no sistema mundial contemporâneo (1973-2014). A nossa hipótese é que apolítica externa guineense pode ter resultado de dois fatores: (a) fatores internos associados à instabilidade política e ao péssimo gerenciamento de recursos doados; e (b) fatores externos relacionados à má condução da política externa e do financiamento externo, na sua relação com organismos internacionais. Com isso, o objetivo dessa tese de doutoramento foi compreender a política externa da Guiné-Bissau, levando em conta o processo de formação do Estado nacional, tendo em conta as crises multidimensionais e o papel de dois organismos internacionais- Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP) e Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO)- nas suas diretrizes de políticas públicas, levando em consideração o grau de influência destas organizações internacionais e o progresso ou não alcançado no início do século XXI. Neste estudo, o período pós-independência foi o estudado, no qual delimitamos três períodos distintos para analisar a política externa da Guiné-Bissau, dois organismos internacionais e os seus impactos na política interna; são eles: (a) período de partido único (1973 a 1993) - cujo objetivo principal foi analisar se a política externa teve ou não impacto na viabilização do Estado-Nação guineense e o projeto de cooperação internacional e ajuda externa;(b) período decorrente de transição política, implementação da democracia e primeira eleição até o golpe político (1994-1998), reformas políticas, constitucionais, econômicas e o seu impacto na política externa; e (c) período de instabilidade política, econômica e social no país, golpes e contragolpes (1998 a 2014) que causaram impactos diretos ou indiretos na política externa da Guiné-Bissau, levando em consideração a disputa e o conflito ideológico dos organismos objetos deste estudo (CPLP e CEDEAO) que da mesma fazem parte. / The study starts from the premise of analysis of the Guinean foreign policy, taking into account the process of formation of the State in the post-independence, through its weaknesses (dependence) and its potentialities (autonomy) regarding the world system. Thus, the present study is inserted in the time frame of historical and institutional accumulation of Guinea-Bissau in the contemporary world system (1973-2014). Our hypothesis is that the Guinean foreign policy can result of two factors: (a) internal factors associated to the political instability and to the terrible management of donated resources, and (b) external factors related to the bad conduction of foreign policy and of external financing, in its relationship with international organisations. Thereby, the aim of this doctoral thesis was to understand the foreign policy of Guinea-Bissau, considering the process of formation of the national State, taking into consideration the multidimensional crises and the role of two international organisations (CPLP and ECOWAS) in its guidelines of public policies, considering the degree of influence of such international organisations and the progress, or not, reached at the beginning of the XXI century. Therefore, in this study, the period of post-independence was studied, in which we will delimitate three different periods to analyse the foreign policy of Guinea-Bissau, two international organisations and its impact on domestic politics. They are: a) period of a single party (from 1973 to 1993) - whose main purpose is to analyse if the foreign policy had, or not, the impact into the viability of the Guinean nation state and the project of international cooperation and foreign aid, b) period due to political transition, implementation of democracy and first election until the political coup (1994-1998), political, constitutional and economic reforms and its impact on foreign policy, and c) period of political, economic and social instability in the country, coups and anti-coups (from 1998 to 2014) that caused direct or indirect impacts, in the foreign policy of Guinea-Bissau, considering the dispute and the ideological conflict of the organisations object of this study (CPLP and ECOWAS) that the same is part.

La multiplication des mouvements d’exportation et d’importation des modèles de gestion sociale, politique et économique a récemment trouvé un foyer privilégié et peu exploré : celui de l’échange entre acteurs du « Sud ». L’expérience brésilienne de modernisation agricole ou de politiques sociales a attiré l’attention de la communauté internationale dans les années 2000, en manque de réponses politiques face aux défis mondiaux de « lutte contre la pauvreté ». Cet intérêt s’est accru eu égard aux efforts diplomatiques brésiliens pour intensifier la coopération, le commerce et les investissements avec les pays en développement, notamment sur le continent africain. C’est dans le but de saisir le contenu, les processus et les implications politiques de l’internationalisation des instruments des politiques publiques brésiliennes pour le secteur rural que nous réalisons cette étude. Il nous intéresse également d’appréhender de manière plus large les dynamiques de distribution de pouvoir à l’échelle internationale face à l’insertion de nouveaux acteurs et de nouveaux référentiels d’action publique, en tenant compte de la particularité historico-politique des échanges sud-sud. Nous montrerons que l’influence des acteurs brésiliens dans la production et la circulation de normes internationales en matière de développement rural a été plus effective dans le changement organisationnel et normatif au sein des institutions multilatérales telles que la FAO que dans la réorientation des instruments politiques au sein des institutions publiques des pays du Sud, dans notre cas le Mozambique. Cette conclusion repose sur l’idée selon laquelle l’internationalisation d’instruments d’action publique fait l’objet d’un processus politique impliquant des réseaux d’acteurs à de multiples niveaux. Nous identifions trois ordres de facteurs influençant les résultats des interactions entre les acteurs brésiliens et les « récepteurs » des normes au niveau multilatéral aussi bien que national : i) les stratégies d’acteurs impliquant la redistribution des ressources politiques ; ii) le changement du cadre cognitif de la coalition dominante ; et/ou iii) l’altération du contexte intérieur ou extérieur au système politique (structure d’opportunité). Ces étapes devraient nous permettre de mieux saisir les enjeux de la transformation de l’État dans un contexte de mondialisation et de consolidation de nouvelles recettes mondiales de solutions publiques. / The proliferation of export and import of social, economic and policy management models has recently found a new arena: that of South-South relations. Brazil gained wide international recognition during the 2000s for its agricultural modernisation and social policies. The country’s domestic moves were especially significant in a context of weak political responses to the worldwide challenges of « fight against poverty ». Global interest in Brazil has strengthened in view of its diplomatic efforts to intensify cooperation, trade and investment with developing countries, especially in Africa. This study aims to understand the content, the process and the political implications of the internationalization of Brazil’s rural public policy instruments. The study also intends to broadly analyse the dynamics of power distribution at the international level resulting from the emergence of new actors and new public policy frameworks, taking into account the historical and political distinctiveness of South-South exchanges. We show that the influence of Brazilian actors in the production and the circulation of international norms of rural development has been more effective in producing organisational and normative change within multilateral institutions, such as the FAO, than in the reorientation of policy instruments and institutions in the Global South, and in particular in Mozambique which is our case study. This assumption is grounded in the idea that internationalization of policy instruments is subject to a political process involving actors’ networks at multiple levels. For our study, we identify three factors influencing the interactions between Brazilian players and the “receivers” of norms at multilateral and national levels: i) strategies of the actors involved in the redistribution of political resources; ii) changes in the cognitive frame of the ruling coalition; and/or iii) changes to the internal or external context of the political system (opportunity structure). This analysis should enable a clearer understanding of the drivers of state transformation in a context of globalisation and the consolidation of new global policy solutions. / A multiplicação de movimentos de exportação e importação de modelos de gestão social, política e econômica tem se intensificado a partir de um novo eixo: o das relações entre países do “Sul”. A experiência brasileira de modernização agrícola e de implementação de políticas sociais foi reconhecida pela comunidade internacional nos anos 2000, principalmente num contexto de fragilidade das respostas políticas face aos desafios mundiais de “luta contra a pobreza”. Tal interesse internacional tem se aprofundado diante dos esforços da diplomacia brasileira em intensificar a cooperação, o comércio e os investimentos nos países em desenvolvimento, em particular no continente africano. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o conteúdo, os processos e as implicações políticas da internacionalização de instrumentos brasileiros de políticas públicas para o setor rural. Ele busca ainda examinar de maneira mais ampla as dinâmicas de distribuição de poder na esfera internacional, como resultado da emergência de novos atores e de novos marcos de políticas públicas, levando-se em conta as particularidades histórico-políticas das relações Sul-Sul. Nós mostraremos que a influência de atores brasileiros na produção e na circulação de normas internacionais em matéria de desenvolvimento rural se mostrou mais efetiva na mudança organizacional e normativa no âmbito das instituições multilaterais, como a FAO, do que na reorientação de instrumentos políticos nas instituições públicas dos países do Sul, em particular em Moçambique que representa no nosso estudo de caso. Tal conclusão baseia-se na ideia de que a internacionalização de instrumentos de políticas públicas representa um processo político envolvendo redes de atores em múltiplos níveis de ação. Três principais fatores influenciam os resultados das interações entre atores brasileiros e os “receptores” das normas no âmbito multilateral e nacional: i) as estratégias dos atores levando à redistribuição de recursos políticos; ii) a mudança da estrutura cognitiva da coalizão dominante; e/ou iii) a alteração do contexto interno ou externo ao sistema político (estrutura de oportunidade). Esta análise deverá proporcionar uma melhor compreensão do processo de transformação do Estado num contexto de globalização e de consolidação de novas soluções globais de políticas públicas.

The theme of this diploma thesis is the analysis of the legal status of Palestine. The theoretical part of this thesis examines the history of Palestine, the relations between Palestine and Israel, the rejection of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 by Arab states, Palestinian membership in international organisations, the Oslo I Accord and the Montevideo criteria for statehood.The thesis also evaluates the final status negotiations between Israel and Palestine and various Palestinian government programs. The second part of the thesis analyses the constraints posed by divided Palestinian territories and the dynamics and interactions between Palestinian populations living in and outside the territory. Furthermore this diploma thesis focuses on the Palestinian public sector; especially on the areas of justice, education, health system and defense. Individual chapters also deal with the economic instability of Palestine and its financial dependence on the other, mostly European, countries. In conclusion, this diploma thesis will give not only a comprehensive legal view of the status of Palestine, but also views on Palestinian governance.

In view of the adopted SDGs in 2015 and their focus on domestic resource mobilisation, this diploma thesis attempts to fulfil two main objectives. First, it aims to describe and analyse the current tax system often labelled not only by developing states as unfit for the 21st century's globalized economy. Second, it tries to provide deeper understanding of reasons that lead certain countries not to support the creation of a UN Tax Body, the only platform where all countries could participate in the negotiating of tax harmonization on an equal footing. Three hypotheses based on a neorealist, liberal and functional regime theory are put forward. Using data obtained from interviews conducted with delegates at the UN, it can be concluded that the organisational infrastructure is the power reflection. While the OECD BEPS mechanism is recognised by many as efficient and sufficient, this is possible due to the enabling power relations that exclude more than hundred developing countries from the negotiation of international tax rules. It can thus be concluded that the current OECD mechanism does not address existing policy loopholes that cause losses to developing countries. To match the SDGs' rhetoric with reality, policy-makers should create a more inclusive and universally agreed on standard-setting...

The thesis is focused on some questions stemming from the limitations of the right to free access to information in connection with the implementation of classified information protection in the context of activities of state security organizations. The basic legislation covering this area has been summarized. Further, the thesis explores theoretical as well as practical procedures and principles aimed at minimization of both real and potential threats to individual rights and basic principles of the open society in cases of performance of such sorts of limitations. Besides, some examples of the solutions carried out in certain countries and in addition several decisions of the European Court on Human Rights are mentioned. Finally, the contemporary status of the matter in the Czech Republic is examined.

La redéfinition des conditions d’exercice de la souveraineté aérienne des États membres, par un transfert progressif de compétences au profit de l’Union européenne, ne peut être analysée uniquement en termes de dépossession et de réduction de leur puissance individuelle. Les compétences aériennes confiées à l’Union permettent l’affirmation de l’ensemble européen sur la scène internationale. Ce processus, mouvant et encore inachevé, se traduit par une prise en compte accrue de la spécificité européenne en matière d’aviation civile. Malgré des réticences certaines émanant aussi bien des États membres que des États tiers, l’Union s’érige progressivement au rang d’acteur de poids, capable d’influencer le contenu normatif du droit aérien contemporain, de la même manière que le font les puissances aériennes traditionnelles et notamment les États-Unis. Ces nouvelles tendances, révélatrices de la souplesse et de la plasticité de la convention de Chicago, permettent de dresser des perspectives quant aux possibles évolutions futures de l’ordre international de l’aviation civile. / The way in which the Member States have redefined the conditions regarding how they exercise their air sovereignty, by progressively transferring power to the European Union, cannot be viewed solely as them removing and reducing their individual powers. The powers conferred to the European Union in aviation matters are resulting in an affirmation of the international role of Europe as a whole. This on-going, and as yet incomplete process, may be seen in a greater recognition of the specific European aspect regarding Civil Aviation. In spite of the hesitance of Member States and non-member States, the European Union has progressively taken its place among the key players, able to influence developments in modern aviation law, in the same way as other established aviation authorities and especially the United States. These new trends reveal the flexibility and elasticity of the Chicago Convention and the potential future developments in International Civil Aviation.