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Abstract Amorphous Selenium (a-Se) was first commercialized for use as a photoconductor in xerography during the middle of the twentieth century. Since then the hole transport properties of a-Se have been studied extensively, however the study of electron transport remains relatively limited. Flat panel digital X-ray detectors using a-Se as a photoconductor have been developed and are being used in mammographic screening. The charge transport properties of the photoconductor layer will in part determine the performance of the flat panel detector. X-ray absorption causes electron-hole pair generation in the bulk of the photoconductor, requiring both electrons and holes to drift across the sample and be collected. If these carriers are lost in the many localized trapping states as they cross the sample, they will not contribute to the image signal resulting in unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient. Eleven a-Se samples were deposited at the University of Saskatchewan varying in thickness from 13 μm to 501 μm. Pure a-Se was chosen to ensure uniformity across the thickness of the samples, that is, to ensure the composition of the film did not change across the thickness. Time of flight transient photoconductivity experiments (TOF) and interrupted field time of flight (IFTOF) measurements were performed to measure the electron drift mobility and lifetime respectively. The product of electron drift mobility μ and lifetime τ, hence the carrier range (μτ) at a given applied electric field. The electron range is an important parameter as this places limits on the practical thickness of the photoconducting layer in a detector. This study also includes an investigation into the effect of the definition of transit time on the calculated drift mobility and analysis of the dispersive transport properties of a-Se. It was observed that as sample thickness (L) increased, electron drift mobility (μ) decreased. In addition electron lifetime (τ) decreased dramatically in samples thinner than 50 μm. Electron range (μτ) was 2.26 × 〖10〗^(-6) cm^2/V in the 147μm sample and 5.46 × 〖10〗^(-8) cm^2/V in the 13 μm sample, a difference of almost two orders of magnitude. The comparison of the half current method and inflection point methods to calculate the transit time of the same TOF curve, shows that the calculated mobility can vary by as much as 24%. This illustrates clearly that it is important to use the same point on the TOF curve to define the transit time. Charge packet dispersion (spread) in the time domain in pure a-Se samples was proportional to L^m where L is the photoconductor thickness and m ~ 1.3, measured at both 1 V/μm and 4 V/μm.

Seasonality influences life history through its effect on the availability of essential resources, with birds timing breeding to occur during peak food availability. Due to density-dependence, investment in breeding is determined largely by the seasonality of food availability, with an increased investment being traded-off against adult survival. A bird's mass acts as an index of a species' foraging environment, because a bird bases its foraging decisions on a trade-off between the risk of predation and the risk of starvation. Under constant predation risk a bird increases its mass as insurance against increased foraging unpredictability. In tropical savannahs day length and temperature remains relatively constant, and there is not a season of increased density-dependent mortality which acts across all species. Thus species have evolved a broad range of life history traits under the same environmental conditions, although how a species experiences seasonality depends largely on its foraging niche. This thesis shows that most savannah species varied their mass across the year, having a reduced mass in the non-breeding season which suggests that foraging remained predictable. Independent of gonad or egg growth they then increased their mass as they started to breed, with the timing of breeding coinciding with peak food availability. Across species in the same foraging niche mass acts as an index of breeding investment, with females increasing their mass more than males. While across species in different foraging niches an increased mass response was associated with higher adult survival, probably because breeding strategy and subsequently adult survival are governed by food limitation. This thesis shows that birds adaptively manage their mass during breeding and that mass is not a result of energetic stress, thus under constant predation risk a bird's mass is a result of foraging predictability as a function of competition for available food and investment in breeding.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:43:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sheila Cristina Jacumasso.pdf: 3640428 bytes, checksum: 9f48682e159a5b7129a15abc7bb73945 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The AA7050 class from the 7XXX series alloys based on Al-Zn-Mg-Cu are widely used in aerospace structures and fuselage components, when the same are subjected to high stress loading due to its high ratio mechanical strength to density, in addition, to its corrosion resistance. The increased resistance of these alloys is obtained by heat treatment that involves solution treatment and ageing followed precipitation of a fine and homogeneous phase from the own chemical composition. In this, the present study aimed to perform the of AA7050 aluminum alloy microstructural characterization with different ageing heat treatment from the T7451, T6 and T6I4-65 conditions. Thus, different characterization techniques from the Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Extraction of second phase particles, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used. It was evaluated which condition results is higher precipitation hardening phases that are responsible for the increased resistance of the alloy. The most significant results were obtained by TEM where it was possible to determine the morphology of the GPII zones in needles form with approximate size of 30nm and 10nm for both T6 and T6I4-65 conditions, respectively. Moreover, the metastable η' phase was identified in platelets form in the T7451, T6 and T6I4-65 conditions with approximate size of 50nm, 20nm and 10nm, respectively. The surface roughness analyses obtained by AFM have revealed that the T6I4-65 condition has higher surface roughness (Ra=14,87nm) when compared to the T7451 (Ra=7,65nm) and T6 (Ra=8,35nm) conditions. Indicating in this case, a higher density of small particles homogeneously distributed in the T6I4-65 aluminum alloy matrix. / As ligas da série 7XXX, da classe AA7050, à base de Al-Zn-Mg-Cu, são muito utilizadas na indústria aeroespacial, em estruturas de fuselagem e componentes sob alta tensão de carregamento, devido à sua alta relação entre resistência mecânica e densidade, além de sua resistência à corrosão. O aumento da resistência destas ligas é obtido por tratamento térmico de solubilização e envelhecimento, através da precipitação de uma fase fina e homogênea, proveniente da própria composição química. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal realizar a caracterização microestrutural de uma liga de alumínio AA7050, submetida a diferentes tratamentos térmicos de envelhecimento nas condições T7451, T6 e T6I4-65. Desse modo, fez-se o uso de diferentes técnicas de caracterização entre elas Microscopia Ótica (MO), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Microscopia de Força Atômica (AFM), Extração de Partículas de segunda fase, Difração de Raios X (DRX) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão. Consequentemente, avaliou-se qual condição apresenta maior precipitação de fases endurecedoras que são responsáveis pelo aumento de resistência da liga. Os resultados mais significativos foram obtidos por MET onde foi possível determinar a morfologia das zonas GPII presentes na forma acicular (needles) com tamanho aproximado de 30nm na condição T6 e 10nm na condição T6I4-65. A fase metaestável η’ foi identificada na forma de plaquetas finas (platelets) nas condições T7451, T6 e T6I4-65 com tamanho aproximado de 50nm, 20nm e 10nm respectivamente. A rugosidade superficial obtida por AFM revelou que a condição T6I4-65 apresenta maior rugosidade superficial (Ra=14,87nm) quando comparado às condições T7451(Ra=7,65nm) e T6 (Ra=8,35nm), indicando maior densidade de partículas de pequena dimensão distribuída homogeneamente na matriz da liga de alumínio.

Cette thèse a consisté à développer une nouvelle stratégie analytique en utilisant le couplage chromatographie liquide - spectrométrie de masse (LC-MSn) afin d’identifier dans les huiles et corps gras, les triglycérides (TAGs) et leur régio-spécificité. Cette méthodologie analytique générale a été appliquée à 8 huiles de graine de résineux en particulier, à l’huile de pignon de Pinus Koraiensis car ses TAGs sont constitués d’acides gras, possédant une double liaison en position Δ5, non-méthylène alternée, susceptibles de jouer un rôle anti-cholestérol chez l’homme.La thèse se décompose en quatre chapitres: les deux premiers, bibliographiques, traitent respectivement de la taxonomie des 8 résineux étudiés, de la composition en acide gras (AG) de leur graine et des techniques analytiques déjà décrites pour caractériser les TAGs. Le troisième chapitre, expérimental, est dédié au développement de nouvelles stratégies analytiques NARP-LC-MSn mises en place pour identifier les TAGs présents dans les huiles et plus particulièrement à l’huile de pignon de Pinus Koraiensis. Grâce à l’ajout post colonne de sel d’argent, il a été possible de déterminer de manière non ambigüe la structure de tous les TAGs d’un lipide, même ceux présents en faible quantité, par Ag+-NARP-LC-MS mais aussi de déterminer la structure de chaque AG constitutif d’un TAG par fragmentation de l’adduit moléculaire par Ag+-NARP-LC-MS2. Le problème de la distinction des TAGs ayant la même masse moléculaire, les mêmes longueurs de chaine mais des positions de double liaisons différentes, a été résolu en développant une méthode d’identification des TAGs à partir des lois de rétention chromatographiques qui relient linéairement le logarithme du facteur de rétention de chaque TAG soit au nombre total de carbone soit au nombre total de double liaisons. Cette étude a permis d’identifier 22 nouveaux TAGs parmi un nombre total de 58 TAGs caractérisés. Elle a amené la preuve que le résidu AG saturé à 17 atomes de carbone est ramifié et non linéaire. Elle a mis en évidence la présence de trois AGs constitutifs qui n’ont jamais été décrit: 19:1, 19:2 et 24:0 dans l’huile de pignon de Pinus Koraiensis. Le quatrième chapitre porte sur le développement de trois méthodes de détermination de la régiospécificité des TAGs, grâce à la seule SM: (1) une méthode Ag+-NARP-LC-ESI-MS2 utilisant les rapports des ions diglycériques des TAGs. Il en ressort que cette méthode n’est pas assez fiable pour déterminer la structure des TAGs. (2) la seconde méthode fait appel à des expériences MS4/ MS5 sur les adduits argent des TAGs. Elle s’avère pertinente à condition d’avoir à disposition les couples de TAGs standards. (3) enfin une troisième méthode, utilisant la MS2, s’appuie sur le principe de la méthode de dissociation compétitive d’une paire [TAGref – Li -TAG]+. En utilisant la méthode des ajouts dosés il est montré qu’elle ne nécessite que de la disponibilité d’un seul des deux TAGs stéréoisomères comme standard.Ces méthodes originales ont permis, malgré leurs limites respectives de caractériser la régiospécificité d’un certain nombre de TAGs présents dans l’huile de graine de Pinus Koraiensis. / This thesis consisted of developing a new analytical strategy using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MSn) to identify in oils and fats, triglycerides (TAGs) and their regio-specificity. The general analytical methodology was applied to 8 conifers seed oils, in particular, the seed oil of Pinus koraiensis. These conifer seed oils differ from common edible vegetable oils by having a series of unusual polyunsaturated fatty acids (UPIFA) with a polymethylene-interrupted (PMI) double bond system and a double bond at the 5 position which may have anti-cholesterol properties. This thesis is composed of four chapters: the two first chapters, literature review, are devoted respectively to TAGs of the 8 resinous seed oils studied and analytical techniques already used. The third chapter is dedicated to the development of a new analytical strategy combining HPLC with mass spectrometry method to identify TAGs in Pinus Koraiensis seed oil. Thanks to post column addition of silver salt, it was possible to determine the TAGs present by Ag+-NARP-LC-MS and also the fatty acids composition of the TAGs by Ag+-NARP-LC-MS2. Concerning the distinction between TAGs with the same mass, same chain length but differing positions of double bond on fatty acid chain, it was determined by chromatographic retention rules which link linearly the logarithm of retention factor of each TAG to the total carbon number or the total number of double bonds. This study has identified 22 new TAGs from a total of 58 TAGs characterized. It confirmed the knowledge that the saturated fatty acid with 17 carbon atoms is branched, not linear. It highlighted the presence of three constituent fatty acids that have never been described: 19:1, 19:2 and 24:0 in the seed oil of Pinus koraiensis. The last experimental part is devoted to the regiospecificity determination of TAGs. Three methodologies were developed. The first one used the ratios of diacylglycerol ions of TAGs but was not reliable enough. The second method used the LC-MS4 experiments (It is relevant if they have available couples of TAG standards). Finally, a third method, using MS2, based on the principle of the method of competitive dissociation of a pair [TAGref - Li-TAG] +. Using the method of standard additions it has been shown that it requires the availability of one of the two stereoisomers TAGs as a standard.These methods provide a significantly different approach to regioisomer characterization of TAGs and overcome most of the shortcomings of existing methodologies.

This thesis addresses aspects of preparedness, by not-for-profit humanitarian relief organizations, for effectively responding to natural disasters. It asks how not-for-profit organizations, engaged in humanitarian supply chain management, develop capabilities and implement various elements of preparedness. The research methods consist of a combination of case-based research and grounded research in examining two very different organizations, one comparatively small and faith based and the other larger and secular. Data collection consisted of mostly open-ended interviews with representatives of the two organizations. The findings consist of a number of themes centred on the concept of a local focus on vulnerable communities. Associated themes include the importance of establishing a presence in the community, local capacity building, and early needs assessment. These themes are summarized as testable propositions. A summary framework is presented for the integration of international and local supply chains, in preparing to respond to natural disasters.

This thesis addresses aspects of preparedness, by not-for-profit humanitarian relief organizations, for effectively responding to natural disasters. It asks how not-for-profit organizations, engaged in humanitarian supply chain management, develop capabilities and implement various elements of preparedness. The research methods consist of a combination of case-based research and grounded research in examining two very different organizations, one comparatively small and faith based and the other larger and secular. Data collection consisted of mostly open-ended interviews with representatives of the two organizations. The findings consist of a number of themes centred on the concept of a local focus on vulnerable communities. Associated themes include the importance of establishing a presence in the community, local capacity building, and early needs assessment. These themes are summarized as testable propositions. A summary framework is presented for the integration of international and local supply chains, in preparing to respond to natural disasters.

Submitted by Hamilton Jose de Mello null (hamilton@feb.unesp.br) on 2017-09-11T20:33:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Hamilton Mello.pdf: 8269040 bytes, checksum: 3f0c6bf3cfd3ea01ba9055e3b8e5895b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-12T17:24:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mello_hj_dr_bauru.pdf: 8269040 bytes, checksum: 3f0c6bf3cfd3ea01ba9055e3b8e5895b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T17:24:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mello_hj_dr_bauru.pdf: 8269040 bytes, checksum: 3f0c6bf3cfd3ea01ba9055e3b8e5895b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-28 / A busca por melhorias no processo de usinagem é cada vez maior, principalmente no que diz respeito aos procedimentos finais de corte, como a retificação. Isso porque tais técnicas é que irão garantir, na maioria das vezes, os parâmetros tão desejados no produto final, como tolerâncias dimensionais e geométricas, além da rugosidade. Especificamente no campo da retificação, muito já se avançou com o desenvolvimento de métodos de dressagem de rebolos, de lubrirrefrigeração e outros mais. Todavia, todos estes progressos foram conseguidos apenas no que diz respeito ao corte contínuo. Nesse sentido, torna-se necessário o estudo de todos estes parâmetros no processo de retificação por corte interrompido (peça com ranhuras), pois pouco, ou mesmo nenhum conhecimento e/ou estudo foi desenvolvido com este enfoque, visto que não é encontrado material algum na literatura formal, salvo aqueles em que o rebolo é o detentor das ranhuras. Na retificação, o calor gerado na zona de corte é extremamente elevado e o uso de fluidos de corte se faz indispensável para que seja possível refrigerar tanto a peça quanto o rebolo. O uso adequado dos fluidos implica em melhorias na operação de corte, propiciando uma maior produtividade, e, por isso, o mais comum é a utilização de fluido em abundância, tendo em vista que os agentes de arrefecimento e lubrificação são capazes de proporcionar uma retificação muito satisfatória, sem que haja quaisquer danos térmicos. Portanto, a presente tese teve o propósito de estudar o processo de retificação cilíndrica externa de mergulho do aço ABNT 4340, temperado e revenido com dureza média de 54 HRC com corte descontínuo (no qual o corpo de prova é que possui os entalhes) sob aplicação de refrigeração abundante e de alta pressão. Os rebolos que foram utilizados são do tipo convencional de óxido de alumínio, com ligante vitrificado e outro com ligante resinoide. A análise dos resultados foi feita através da avaliação das variáveis de saída do processo de retificação, tais como: comportamento de força tangencial de corte, rugosidade, desvios de circularidade, emissão acústica, desgaste diametral do rebolo, microscopia óptica e microdureza. / The search for improvement in the process of machining is always increasing, especially in regards to the final cutting procedures, like grinding. That is because such techniques will guarantee, most of the time, the much desired parameters of the final product, such as dimensional and geometric tolerances, besides surface roughness. Specifically in the field of grinding, there has been much advancement with the development of grinding wheel dressing methods, lubrication and cooling and more. However, all this progress was obtained only when it comes to continuous cutting. In that sense, it becomes necessary to study all these parameters in the process of interrupted cutting in grinding (workpiece with grooves), since little to no knowledge and/or study was developed with that focus, seeing that no material is found in the formal literature, except for that in which the grinding wheel is the element with grooves. In grinding, the heat generated in the cutting zone is extremely high and the use of cutting fluids becomes indispensable to allow the cooling of both workpiece and grinding wheel. The adequate use of cutting fluids brings improvements in the cutting operation, providing higher productivity, and, because of that, the most usual technique is to use abundant cutting fluids, seeing that the cooling and lubrication agents are capable of providing a much more satisfactory grinding, without the occurrence of thermal damage. Therefore, the present thesis held the purpose of studying the process of external cylindrical grinding of the ABNT 4340 steel, quenched and tempered with an average hardness of 54 HRc in discontinuous grinding (in which the workpiece is the element with grooves) under application of abundant and high pressure cooling. The grinding wheels used were conventional aluminum oxide wheels, one with vitrified bond and the other with resin bond. The analysis of the results was made through the evaluation of the output variables of the grinding process, such as: behaviour of tangential cutting force, surface roughness, circularity deviations, acoustic emission, diametrical wear of grinding wheel, optic microscopy and microhardness of the workpiece.

Genom en närläsning av filmerna Girl, Interrupted (James Mangold, 1999) och Min lilla syster (Sanna Lenken, 2015) söker denna uppsats att undersöka porträtteringen av kvinnliga karaktärer med psykisk ohälsa inom den kommersiella filmen. Huvudfokuset i uppsatsens undersökning är framförallt hur karaktärernas psykiska ohälsa framställs i enlighet med deras konformerande eller avvikande från acceptabel femininitet. Karaktärerna som är föremål för undersökningen är Susanna Kaysen (Winona Ryder), Lisa Rowe (Angelina Jolie) och Daisy Randone (Brittany Murphy) i Girl, Interrupted samt Katja (Amy Deasismont) i Min lilla syster. Med hjälp av feministisk filmteori söker uppsatsen att undersöka hur gestaltningen av karaktärernas psykiska ohälsa sammanflätas med dominerande föreställningar kring den kvinnliga könsrollen. Genom att använda termerna psykets estetik, delikat skärande, patientkarriär, fogliga kroppar och anorektiskt suicid blottlägger uppsatsen hur karaktärernas diagnoser genomsyras av kulturella föreställningar kring att vara kvinna och lida av psykisk ohälsa.

Burst abdomen (BA) is a severe complication after abdominal surgery, which often requires urgent repair. However, evidence on surgical techniques to prevent burst abdomen recurrence (BAR) is scarce. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with BA comparing them to patients with superficial surgical site infections from the years 2015 to 2018. The data was retrieved from the institutional wound register. We analyzed risk factors for BA occurrence as well as its recurrence after BA repair and surgical closure techniques that would best prevent BAR.:1 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 2 Einführung 2.1 Aufbau der Bauchwand und operative Zugangswege in der Abdominalchirurgie 2.1.1 Anatomie 2.1.2 Zugangswege 2.2 Wundinfektionen 2.3 Definition „Platzbauch“ 2.4 Risikofaktoren und Ursachen von Fasziendehiszenzen 2.4.1 Biochemische Einflüsse auf die Wundheilung 2.4.2 Mechanische und technische Faktoren 2.4.3 Allgemeine individuelle Faktoren 2.5 Management des Platzbauchs 2.6 Spätkomplikationen des Platzbauches 2.6.1 Narbenhernien 2.6.2 Intestinale Fisteln 2.6.3 Netzinfektion 2.6.4 Re-Dehiszenzen 3 Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Arbeit 4 Publikation 5 Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 5.1 Einleitung 5.2 Wundregister nosokomialer Wundinfektionen der Klinik für Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie am Universitätsklinikum Leipzig 5.3 Risikofaktoren für Platzbäuche 5.4 Platzbauchentstehung 5.5 Chirurgische Verschlusstechnik 5.6 Re-Dehiszenzen 5.7 Limitationen der Analyse 6 Literaturverzeichnis 7 Anlagen 7.1 Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags 7.2 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 7.3 Lebenslauf 7.4 Publikationen 8 Danksagung