Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:33:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 399430.pdf: 291154 bytes, checksum: b0c55cc0b93819c8d50f1df21fff2538 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-17 / A disserta??o tem por objetivo o exame das quest?es sobre Tempo e Direito no processo civil brasileiro. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em tr?s cap?tulos. No primeiro cap?tulo, ? esbo?ada uma an?lise conceitual de Tempo, na perspectiva de fil?sofos como Santo Agostinho, Leibniz, Kant, Hegel, Heidegger. Ao t?rmino do primeiro cap?tulo, examinamos o conceito de conflito de leis no tempo e sua forma??o no direito brasileiro. Depois, no segundo cap?tulo, intentamos a an?lise dos efeitos produzidos na tens?o entre Tempo e Direito nas primeiras tr?s ondas de reformas do C?digo de Processo Civil. Na conclus?o clarificamos pontos de controv?rsia na pesquisa realizada

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-15T13:35:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Pereira Coelho.pdf: 1150069 bytes, checksum: 41c8074cda8ddfa734c1aa851330faf2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-15T13:35:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Pereira Coelho.pdf: 1150069 bytes, checksum: 41c8074cda8ddfa734c1aa851330faf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Article 1.047 of the 2015 Civil Procedure Code, by providing transitional provisions on evidence rights, brought to the forefront a relevant and necessary debate on the intertemporal law on evidence in the civil procedure arena. For a long time now, there has been a discussion about the (ir)retroactivity (subjectivists) and immediate effect (objectivists) of law, with special attachment to the evidence rules` legal nature for the identification of the conflict resolution regime arising from the pretension of simultaneous incidence of succeeding and succeeded laws. Due to the insuperable dissent among those who have always intended to establish an universal criteria, unbreakable dogmas or fixed and invariable rules, but have always arrived, although by using different paths, to the same results, it is necessary to meditate about the substitution of abstract schemes aprioristically fixed through the adoption of principles to be used as guidelines in the evaluation process, always in accordance with the peculiarities of the concrete case. Thus, an attempt has been made to identify the adequate understanding and assortment of the transitional provision and the intertemporal law in the arena of the legal intertemporality, with a crucial view to the relation between these institutes and to the evolvement of the several doctrines about intertemporal law, investigating the existence of procedure vested rights with the aim to establish an adequate constitutional interpretation of the aforesaid transitional provisions found in the 2015 Civil Procedural Code, without forgetting the analysis of the specific conflicting situations caused by the developments implemented by the new Civil Procedure Statute / O artigo 1.047 do Código de Processo Civil de 2015, ao prever disposição transitória relativa às regras de direito probatório, trouxe à tona pertinente e necessária discussão a respeito do direito intertemporal em matéria de provas no âmbito do processo civil. Há muito se discute a respeito da (ir) retroatividade (subjetivistas) e efeito imediato (objetivistas) das leis, com especial vinculação à natureza jurídica das normas sobre provas para fins de identificação do regime de solução dos conflitos decorrentes da pretensão de incidência simultânea das leis que se sucedem no tempo. Diante do insuperável dissenso havido entre aqueles que sempre pretenderam estabelecer critério universal, dogmas inquebráveis ou regras fixas e invariáveis, mas que sempre chegaram, ainda que por caminhos diversos, aos mesmos resultados, faz-se necessária uma reflexão a respeito da substituição de esquemas abstratos fixados aprioristicamente pela adoção de princípios a serem utilizados como diretrizes no processo de ponderação, sempre de acordo com as peculiaridades do caso concreto. Assim, procurou-se identificar a adequada compreensão e localização das disposições transitórias e do direito intertemporal no campo da intertemporalidade jurídica, com a indispensável abordagem da relação havida entre os institutos, bem como a evolução das diversas doutrinas de direito intertemporal, investigando a respeito da existência de direitos processuais adquiridos, com vistas a assentar a adequada interpretação constitucional da referida disposição transitória positivida no diploma processual civil, sem se olvidar da análise de específicas situações conflituosas decorrentes das alterações advindas pelo novo estatuto processual

Nos últimos anos, um grande número de estudos tem investigado o consumo de cigarros com base em uma teoria que permeia uma relação entre custos e benefícios, envolvendo trocas entre consequências em curto e longo prazo, que tem sido proposta para explicar porque escolhas insalubres – incluindo exemplos nos âmbitos de poupança, procrastinação, vício e auto-confiança – ocorrem, apesar de refletirem prejuízos. Esta abordagem, aqui definida como preferência de tempo, é um fenômeno conhecido quando os benefícios estão no presente e os custos são projetados para o futuro, permeando a teoria de tomada de decisões ao longo do tempo (escolha intertemporal) – que reflete uma escolha entre uma recompensa menor imediata e uma recompensa maior atrasada. A fim de analisar a relação de escolha entre ganhos e perdas imediatos e atrasados, em diferentes contextos, e os diversos fatores que influenciam essa escolha, um questionário foi desenvolvido a partir de artigos anteriores (Kirby, 2009; Myerson et al., 2016) e aplicado a uma amostra da população de fumantes. O objetivo das análises do presente estudo baseia-se em avaliar a influência de variáveis como domínio, gênero, idade e impulsividade em cada uma das condições do questionário, chegando a conclusões a respeito da influência das mesmas, dependendo de variáveis como contexto, tipo e efeito. Os resultados do estudo comprovam que a preferência de tempo é uma medida válida para predizer o processo de tomada de decisão de consumidores de cigarros, o que significa que fumantes são mais propensos a escolher resultados imediatos em vez de resultados atrasados. Isto indica que, de modo geral, fumantes preferem recompensas imediatas do que benefícios futuros. No entanto, os resultados do estudo apontam que, sob determinadas condições, esse efeito de preferência de tempo se reduz, aumentando a propensão de escolha por resultados atrasados em vez de resultados imediatos. Estas circunstâncias foram encontradas em diferenças relacionadas ao contexto (fumo x genérico), diferenças relacionadas ao efeito de sinal (ganho x perda), diferenças em relação aos domínios (financeiro, saúde, estético e social), diferenças a cerca do modo de comprometimento de participação (pessoal x outros) e diferenças relacionadas às características demográficas dos respondentes (faixa etária e gênero). / In the last past years, a large number of studies have investigated cigarette smoking based on a theory that permeates a relationship between costs and benefits, involving trade-offs between short and long-term consequences, which has been proposed to explain why unhealthy choices, including exemples in the areas of savings, procrastination, addiction and self-confidence - occur, even though they reflect losses. This approach, here defined as time preference, is a known phenomenon when benefits are at the present and costs are projected into the future, permeating a decision-making theory over time (intertemporal choice) - which reflect a choice between a immediate but small reward and a larger but late reward. In order to analyze these choices between immediate and delayed gains and losses in different contexts, and the various factors that influence this choice, a questionnaire was developed based on previous articles (Kirby, 2009, Myerson et al., 2016) and applied into a sample of the population of smokers. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the influence of variables such as domain, gender, age and impulsivity in each of the conditions of the questionnaire, leading to conclusions about their influence, depending on variables such as context, type and effect. The results of the study prove that time preference is a valid measure to predict the decision-making process of smokers, which means that smokers are more likely to choose immediate outcomes rather than late outcomes. This indicates that, overall, smokers prefer immediate rewards than future benefits. However, the study results point out that, under certain conditions, this time preference effect is reduced, increasing the tendency to choose for delayed results rather than immediate results. These circumstances were found in differences related to the context (smoking x generic), differences related to the sign effect (gain x loss), differences in relation to the domains (financial, health, aesthetic and social), differences about the mode of commitment of participation (personal x other) and differences related to the demographic characteristics of the respondents (age rage and gender).

No description available.

Natural aging leads to substantial brain changes. These biological changes can, and often do, precede changes in affect, cognition, and behavior. Even subtle changes, for example in affective experience, can create problematic outcomes in day-to-day emotion regulation and decision-making. For example, poor emotion regulation may lead an individual to fall prey to an emotionally potent scam. Similarly, an overly positive individual may not fully attend to or consider potentially negative future outcomes when faced with a decision. This work characterizes changes in affect across the lifespan, and how affect corresponds to brain function, as indexed by the blood oxygen dependent signal, during tasks taxing emotion regulation and decision-making functions. I predicted that age would correlate with greater positive relative to negative emotions and with a more global (i.e., less specific and less complex) representation of emotions. The former predicted pattern indicates increased "affective optimization" and the latter indicates reduced "affective complexity." I predicted that affective optimization and complexity would correlate with brain function during emotion regulation and decision-making. I used time-based experience sampling, self-reported affect, implicit measures of affect, and performance based measures of affect to determine the associations between age and affective optimization and complexity. Results show that age negatively correlates with affective complexity. Specifically, older age was associated with less negative affect complexity, less positive emotion regulation, less affective awareness. Also, older age corresponded to lower levels of negative affect, as indexed by their experiences and an implicit measure of affect. Next, I examined emotion regulation using a cognitive reappraisal task. I found that older age was associated with less successful reappraisal of negative and positive affect. I also found individual differences in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex among older adults during emotion regulation. Lastly, I examined decision-making patterns using an intertemporal choice task. I found that younger adults’ experienced affect aligned more closely with their decision patterns. Among older adults, affective acceptance correlated with individual differences in the striatum and insula. Taken together, these results support the idea that lower levels of affective competence, rather than higher levels, characterize older age. Also, individual differences in affect parallel individual differences in brain function in the somatic marker circuitry. This suggests possible deficits in interpreting visceral information important to emotion regulation and decision-making. The findings from this work will be important for understanding why some older adults are more susceptible to scams, fraud, and decision-making problems.

In this dissertation, I study the performance of asset-pricing models in explaining the cross section of expected stock returns. The finance literature has uncovered several potential failings of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). I investigate the ability of additional risk factors, which are not considered by the CAPM, to explain these problems. In particular, I examine intertemporal risk and long-run risk in the cross section of returns. In addition, I develop a firm-level test to refine and reassess the cross-sectional evidence against the CAPM. In the first chapter, I test the cross-sectional implications of the Intertemporal CAPM (ICAPM) of Merton (1973) and Campbell (1993, 1996) using a new firm-level approach. I find that the ICAPM performs well in explaining returns. Consistent with theoretical predictions, investors require a large positive premium for taking on market risk and zero-beta assets earn the risk-free rate. Moreover, investors accept lower returns on assets that hedge against adverse shifts in the investment opportunity set. The ICAPM explains more cross-sectional variation in average returns than either the CAPM or Fama-French (1993) model. I also investigate whether the SMB and HML factors of the Fama-French model proxy for intertemporal risk and find little evidence in favor of this conjecture. In the second chapter, we propose an intertemporal asset-pricing model that simultaneously resolves the puzzling negative relations between expected stock return and analysts' forecast dispersion, idiosyncratic volatility, and credit risk. All three effects emerge in a long-run risk economy accommodating a formal cross section of firms characterized by mean-reverting expected dividend growth. Higher cash flow duration firms exhibit higher exposure to economic growth shocks while they are less sensitive to firm-specific news. Such firms command higher risk premiums but exhibit lower measures of idiosyncratic risk. Empirical evidence broadly supports our model's predictions, as higher dispersion, idiosyncratic volatility, and credit risk firms display lower exposure to long-run risk along with higher firm-specific risk. Lastly, in the third chapter, we examine asset-pricing anomalies at the firm level. Portfolio-level tests linking CAPM alphas to a large number of firm characteristics suggest that the CAPM fails across multiple dimensions. There are, however, concerns that underlying firm-level associations may be distorted at the portfolio level. In this paper we use a hierarchical Bayes approach to model conditional firm-level alphas as a function of firm characteristics. Our empirical results indicate that much of the portfolio-based evidence against the CAPM is overstated. Anomalies are primarily confined to small stocks, few characteristics are robustly associated with CAPM alphas out of sample, and most firm characteristics do not contain unique information about abnormal returns.

The endowment effect occurs when owners assign more value to the products they own than do non-owners to the same products. Research on the endowment effect has identified factors that enhance or mitigate the effect, such as the duration of ownership, as well as information processing differences between sellers and buyers. However, these studies have primarily involved immediate transactions between sellers and buyers. An interesting question emerges as to whether the endowment effect will be observed for temporally distant transactions. The main purpose of the first two studies is to examine how the temporal distance from transactions influences customers' evaluations of products by comparing buyers' willingness to pay and sellers' willingness to accept in the present and future. Despite the fact that consumers often collect information today about product or services that will be consumed in the future, such as window shopping or looking at houses or cars for a future purchase, a limited number of endowment studies have considered the temporal effect on willingness to pay and willingness to accept. More specifically, studies 1, 2, and 3 find that the endowment effect disappears as temporal distance from the transaction increases. Study 2 and 3 demonstrates that when the transaction is expected to occur in the near future, sellers focus on their products, while buyers focus on their money. These different cognitive perspectives affect price gaps between sellers and buyers. Specifically study 2 demonstrates that when events are in the distant future, sellers' and buyers' cognitive perspectives change, and the endowment effect is eliminated. In study 3, the effects of role and time on memory trace and information structure were investigate to investigate the salience differences in transaction. Finally, the underlying psychological and temporal mechanism driving the salience differences investigated in study 4-a and 4-b.

The  Austrian  Business  Cycle  Theory  (ABC)  provides  a  qualitative  explanation  of  why economies go through ups and downs in terms of national income, production output and labor employment. The theory states that interest and money supply policy distort the time preferences of economic agents. If the monetary authority reduces the interest rate through artificial credit expansion the new economic conditions induce both increased production and consumption. The  framework of  the Austrian  theory depends on  savings  to  fuel  investments, i.e. reduced consumption in order to create increased future consumption. Artificially  induced  expansions  create  a wedge between  these producer  and  consumer preferences, and prolonging of the process widens the gap between the economic state and the free market  equilibrium which  is  long-term  sustainable. When  the  financial  system  eventually is unable to maintain inflation of credit to uphold the economy, there will be abandonment of capital investments, resulting in an unavoidable recession. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the theory from a short run perspective, using data from  the United Kingdom  economy. The  theory has previously primarily been  tested  in long run perspectives and mainly on the American economy. To achieve the noted a model was constructed based on the description of the theory by economists Hayek and Garrison, members of the Austrian school of economics. To empirically model the ABC theory the ratio between consumption and investment, the intertemporal  resource allocation, was  calculated and used as a dependent variable  in  regressions with money aggregates, credit and interest rate gap as independent variables. The empirical findings give some support to the theory, with a number of those findings directly in favor of the theory. Credit was shown to better explain changes in the C/I ratio than money aggregates, indicating that credit is more directly suited for investments. The coefficient for the interest rate gap, the difference between the natural interest rate and the market interest rate, showed strong significance. Overall differences between economic expansions and recessions were found statistically significant, which lends support to the model.

The presented thesis has closely examined the discussion on policy assignments that are restricted on an open macroeconomic model; very little reference has focused on a closed macroeconomic model. As we know, Ramirez (1986) is the first person who has applied policy assignment to a closed macroeconomic model. But Chang and Lai have clearly proved that Ramirez's model is not appropriate for policy assignment, and a way to redeem the problem is to introduce policy instrument to aggregate supply side. Also, this thesis is going to focus on, instead of introduced the policy instrument to aggregate supply side, use system endogenous on aggregate supply function. Could this kind of correction redeem the flaws made by Ramirez? Hence, this thesis would apply the reality intertemporal substitution effect of labor to subsume an aggregate supply side, then discuss the relationship on policy assignment that is between policy instrument and policy target that would derive the conclusion as below: When a model does not include the intertemporal substitution effect of labor, it degrades to a Ramirez's model (1986) and cannot be used for policy assignment. On the other hand, a model including intertemporal substitution effect of labor remedies the flaws in Ramirez's model (1986) and can be used for appropriate policy assignment assuming that government spending is in complement with private spending.

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