Students enrolled for the Network Systems III module at the Vaal University of Technology are experiencing problems with passing this module. Many of them fail due to the fact that they do not understand the subnet masking part of it. In an attempt to increase the students' pass rate, this study will make additional study material available to them, complying with their learning style preferences. This material will be available as elearning material on the Internet. The usage and success of elearning material implies a holistic approach towards learning styles. Learning styles consist of different interrelated learning elements. This study will make use of an action research approach comprising four phases. In the first phase, different learning styles are diagnosed by means of a literature study. The information obtained is applied to compile an interpretive questionnaire for completion by students. This questionnaire will enable the researcher to do an empirical study with regard to their learning preferences. The data obtained from the questionnaires will be analysed and information obtained will be applied to make additional module related elearning material available on the Internet. During the second phase, results obtained from the empirical investigation will be used to develop elearning material on subnetting, while also addressing the identified learning styles of participants. The elearning material is provided on the Moodle learning management system, enabling students to use it according to their own preferences. In the third phase, the success of the intervention on the elearning material is investigated. In this phase, the activities of students using the elearning material are analysed and tests and examination results processed to determine whether there is any correlation between time spent on elearning material and these results. The usage of elearning material is tested by means of an interpretive questionnaire to the students. The last part of the action research approach deals with the question of whether the research was conducted successfully. A second iteration of the process proved the results to be satisfactory. The elearning material was positively received by students participating in the research, while a growing interest in this material was noticed from the last semester in 2007 to the first semester in 2008. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Computer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Abstract in Afrikaans Onderwyseresse is dikwels onseker oor die wyse waarop hulle tweede of addisionele taal graad R-leerders behoort te onderrig. Gevolglik stel hulle dieselfde kommunikasie-eise en op dieselfde wyse aan tweede taal leerders as aan moedertaalleerders. `n Groot aantal Suid-Afrikaanse graad R-leerders se basiese interaktiewe taalvaardighede in Engels as onderrigtaal, is dikwels nie op peil aan die einde van graad R nie, omdat hulle nie Engels magtig is by toetrede tot graad R nie. Gevolglik kan hierdie leerders se kognitiewe akademiese taalvaardighede nie toereikend ontwikkel in Engels nie en beskik hulle nie aan die einde van graad R oor doeltreffende kommunikasievaardighede vir skool-gereedheid nie. Vir die doel van hierdie studie is daar spesifiek gefokus op graad R-onderwyseresse asook op leerders se kommunikasievaardighede vir skoolgereedheid. `n Transformerend-opeenvolgende ontwerp bestaande uit `n gemengde metodiek van kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe benaderings in drie fases is vir die uitvoer van die studie geselekteer. Fase een het bestaan uit `n literatuurstudie, vir fase twee is graad R-onderwyseresse as deelnemers geselekteer en by fase drie is data van fases een en twee met mekaar vergelyk. Data-insameling het deur middel van vraelyste, `n onderhoudskedule vir semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, en `n skedule vir die fokusgroepbespreking geskied. `n Omvattende ontwikkelingsgebaseerde lys voorvereistes van kommunikasievaardighede (die lys), is in die literatuur vir spraak-taalpatologie geïdentifiseer asook kommunikasievaardighede wat deur die amptelike graad R-kurrikulum geïmpliseer word. Resultate van fase twee het getoon dat graad R-onderwyseresse nie al die kommunikasievaardighede van graad R-leerders in ooreenstemming met die lys vereis het nie. Volgens fase drie se bevindinge het die onderwyseresse meer kommunikasievaardighede van leerders verwag as wat deur die graad R-kurrikulum geïmpliseer word. Die kliniese waarde van die studie is geleë in die feit dat riglyne verskaf word vir interaksie tussen graad R-onderwysers en leerders vir die fasilitering van taalontwikkeling by die leerders. Die navorsingsbevindinge beaam vorige bevindinge dat graad R-onderwysers kan baat by addisionele opleiding oor spraak-taalontwikkeling en kommunikasievaardighede vir skoolgereedheid. Hierdie addisionele opleiding kan gesamentlik volgens die model van samewerkende dienslewering deur die onderwysers en die spraak-taalterapeut beplan word. Die navorsingsresultate kan aangewend word as uitgangspunt vir toekomstige navorsing oor die problematiek wat deur hierdie navorsing geïdentifiseer is. Op grond van die gevolgtrekkings is kliniese implikasies en aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing geïdentifiseer. Die data wat tydens die navorsing ingesamel is, word as betekenisvol beskou vir die ontwikkeling van `n aanvullende program vir onderwysers om jong kinders se taalontwikkeling te fasiliteer. / Dissertation (Master of Communication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted

Physical inactivity, a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) both in persons with intellectual disability (ID) and non-ID, is considered the fourth leading cause of death in the world. Long-term regular participation in physical activity is associated with a reduced risk for CHD. Literature currently lacks evidence on the effect of long-term physical activity on the functional capacity and risk factors for developing CHD in persons with ID. The purpose of this study was firstly, to determine the effect of a long-term physical activity intervention on the risk factors associated with developing CHD and secondly the effect of a combined aerobic and resistance physical activity intervention on the functional capacity of persons with ID. A cohort of seventy-four (74) participants living in a care facility in Potchefstroom, South Africa, participated in this study, a seven-year follow-up physical activity intervention study. To determine the effect of a seven-year combined aerobic and resistance exercise intervention programme, data was collected in 2006 and in 2013. At baseline (2006) and end (2013), a CHD risk profile was determined by means of a questionnaire and physical assessment. The physical assessment included resting blood pressure, peripheral glucose and cholesterol measurements, and body composition by means of body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body fat percentage derived from skinfold measurements. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by means of the adapted sub-maximal YMCA bicycle ergometer protocol from which a physical work capacity (PWC) was calculated. The participants followed a structured physical activity intervention two days per week for at least 45 minutes for a seven year period. The exercise intervention consists of cardiorespiratory exercises, muscle stretches and muscle endurance exercises. All data analyses were performed with SPSS 22.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY) statistical analysis software programme. The descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviations) as well as frequencies were calculated to describe the characteristics of the participants and the point prevalence of the CHD risk factors. General Linier Model analyses were applied to determine the significant changes in CHD risk factors measured from baseline to end with adjustment for baseline measurements. McNemar exact test indicated significant changes in the point prevalence of the CHD risk factors from baseline to end. The relationship between the changes in the cardiorespiratory fitness and the measured risk factors were performed with a partial correlation analysis adjusting for age in 2013. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. The results indicate that the prevalence of inactivity decreased with 50% after the seven-year intervention program. Prevalence of age as a risk factor for developing CHD increased significantly post-intervention from 10% to 18%. Body mass decreased significantly in men (1.25 ± 5.43 kg) and increased significantly in women (0.15 ± 6.83kg). BMI changes reflect changes in body mass of the participants. Body fat percentages increased both in men (2.98%) and in women (0.95%). A significant increase in systolic blood pressure (6.2 ± 10.1 mmHg) for men and diastolic blood pressure (6.35 ± 10.42 mmHg) for women was found. Physical work capacity in both male (1.90 ± 0.73 watt/kg) and female (1.55 ± 0.43 watt/kg) participants decreased to 1.43 ± 0.45 watt/kg and 1.14 ± 0.46 watt/kg respectively during the intervention period. Although a correlation between changes in PWC and the risk factors for CHD was found, none of the correlations was significant when adjusted for age in 2013. The conclusion drawn from this study is that a long-term physical activity intervention in a population with ID reduced the point prevalence for physical inactivity and overweight and obesity, in spite of a decrease in cardiorespiratory fitness. The changes in cardiorespiratory fitness did not relate to the changes observed in the risk factors of CHD. / MSc (Biokinetics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Children constitute a large part of the client group that social workers deal with on a daily basis. Establishing a helping relationship between the child client and the social worker is crucial for accurate assessments and successful interventions. In the rural areas there are limited resources for social workers and that impedes referrals for therapeutic interventions with children. The social worker is then expected to be able to intervene in order for children to deal with their problems and improve their well-being. If the social worker is unable to establish a relationship with the child client, then his/her assessments and interventions would be affected detrimentally. The literature is clear that an established helping relationship is necessary in order for social workers to be able to intervene successfully. This study endeavoured to qualitatively explore the relationship building experiences in the initial phase of social work intervention between social workers and child clients in their middle childhood years. The findings of the study showed that it is indeed a wonderful and motivating experience to be able to establish a helping relationship with a child and to be allowed to influence the child’s life. But social work is practical and sometimes has to focus on immediate needs and crisis decisions instead of solely focusing on building a helping relationship. First impressions are lasting and the helping relationship often has to be built swiftly and in difficult circumstance. There are a few major constraints to establishing the helping relationship in the initial phase of social work. Limited time and resources prevent social workers from committing to individual intervention with a child. Children are wary of social workers due to the stigma of statutory work, and building rapport is thus difficult as a result of the resistance the social worker experiences from the child client and/or his parents. Rural social workers often have to travel to the child client as the child does not have the means to come to the social worker, and these guest locations are usually not child- and/or intervention-friendly. The participants observed that the children are not familiar with play material which limits the initial relationship building activities that one can employ. An interesting experience that the social workers had, was that they withdrew from certain individual interventions with children for fear that they might worsen the child’s experience due to their lack of skills in working with children on sensitive matters. Certain professional attributes of the social workers aid the initial relationship building experience with children. It was observed that the natural appeal between the social worker and child plays a significant role in establishing the relationship and that it cannot be forced. Based on the findings of the study certain recommendations could be made towards further research in the future. Apart from discussing their experiences and constraints in relationship building during the initial phase, the children and social workers also made suggestions for practice. These suggestions were captured in guidelines for the readers of this report. Propositions are made to non-government organisations for training opportunities for social workers in the field. A few recommendations are also made to researchers who propose to do research with children as participants. / MSW, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The national electricity utility in South Africa, Eskom, is currently under pressure to supply the increasing demand for electricity on a national level. To address this problem in the short term, Eskom partially funds load management and energy efficiency projects. In the meantime, Eskom is also increasing their generation capacity through the erection of new power stations. To finance these capital projects, sharp tariff increases, higher than inflation, are levied, resulting in higher operating expenditures for the consumers. These increased tariffs are especially affecting industrial institutions. Large industries are therefore willing participants in the partially Eskom funded electricity savings programme that hold benefits for both parties. One of these large industries is the Mining Sector. This sector is an energy intensive group and consumes up to 15% of Eskom’s total output. The refrigeration and pumping systems used in the sectors are two of the major electricity consumers. As part of Eskom’s Demand Side Management (DSM) initiative, an electrical energy savings project was implemented in the deep mines’ chilled water systems. The cooling system is optimally controlled to ensure less underground water usage. This ensures that less water is pumped out by the dewatering system, reducing electrical energy usage. A variety of components, such as refrigeration and energy recovery depend on chilled water to function properly. Every relevant component was simulated and the verification of results was done through correlations with process data obtained from the mine. The simulation results showed acceptable error margins that would not influence accuracy. Two sites where a water supply optimisations project was implemented were selected as case studies. In both case studies, thermal results of the refrigeration and cooling system showed a reduction in cooling effectiveness. In case study A, the energy recovery components showed negative results. All of the results were converted to electrical energy costs to enable comparison. Constraints were evident during deep mine water supply optimisation. These were determined and the thermal effects were simulated. This study enabled basic quantifications of environmental impact and also determining project cost savings. The studies showed that positive and negative effects can be brought on in the mining systems with the reduction in chilled water use. In some cases the cooling system components showed a decrease in cooling effectiveness, but exhibited electrical energy savings. This impact was during periods where no personnel were underground in the working area. In conclusion the study also showed that cost savings resulting from the reduced chilled water are substantially higher than negative financial losses seen on the other components. / MIng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Physical inactivity, a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) both in persons with intellectual disability (ID) and non-ID, is considered the fourth leading cause of death in the world. Long-term regular participation in physical activity is associated with a reduced risk for CHD. Literature currently lacks evidence on the effect of long-term physical activity on the functional capacity and risk factors for developing CHD in persons with ID. The purpose of this study was firstly, to determine the effect of a long-term physical activity intervention on the risk factors associated with developing CHD and secondly the effect of a combined aerobic and resistance physical activity intervention on the functional capacity of persons with ID. A cohort of seventy-four (74) participants living in a care facility in Potchefstroom, South Africa, participated in this study, a seven-year follow-up physical activity intervention study. To determine the effect of a seven-year combined aerobic and resistance exercise intervention programme, data was collected in 2006 and in 2013. At baseline (2006) and end (2013), a CHD risk profile was determined by means of a questionnaire and physical assessment. The physical assessment included resting blood pressure, peripheral glucose and cholesterol measurements, and body composition by means of body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body fat percentage derived from skinfold measurements. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by means of the adapted sub-maximal YMCA bicycle ergometer protocol from which a physical work capacity (PWC) was calculated. The participants followed a structured physical activity intervention two days per week for at least 45 minutes for a seven year period. The exercise intervention consists of cardiorespiratory exercises, muscle stretches and muscle endurance exercises. All data analyses were performed with SPSS 22.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY) statistical analysis software programme. The descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviations) as well as frequencies were calculated to describe the characteristics of the participants and the point prevalence of the CHD risk factors. General Linier Model analyses were applied to determine the significant changes in CHD risk factors measured from baseline to end with adjustment for baseline measurements. McNemar exact test indicated significant changes in the point prevalence of the CHD risk factors from baseline to end. The relationship between the changes in the cardiorespiratory fitness and the measured risk factors were performed with a partial correlation analysis adjusting for age in 2013. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. The results indicate that the prevalence of inactivity decreased with 50% after the seven-year intervention program. Prevalence of age as a risk factor for developing CHD increased significantly post-intervention from 10% to 18%. Body mass decreased significantly in men (1.25 ± 5.43 kg) and increased significantly in women (0.15 ± 6.83kg). BMI changes reflect changes in body mass of the participants. Body fat percentages increased both in men (2.98%) and in women (0.95%). A significant increase in systolic blood pressure (6.2 ± 10.1 mmHg) for men and diastolic blood pressure (6.35 ± 10.42 mmHg) for women was found. Physical work capacity in both male (1.90 ± 0.73 watt/kg) and female (1.55 ± 0.43 watt/kg) participants decreased to 1.43 ± 0.45 watt/kg and 1.14 ± 0.46 watt/kg respectively during the intervention period. Although a correlation between changes in PWC and the risk factors for CHD was found, none of the correlations was significant when adjusted for age in 2013. The conclusion drawn from this study is that a long-term physical activity intervention in a population with ID reduced the point prevalence for physical inactivity and overweight and obesity, in spite of a decrease in cardiorespiratory fitness. The changes in cardiorespiratory fitness did not relate to the changes observed in the risk factors of CHD. / MSc (Biokinetics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Children constitute a large part of the client group that social workers deal with on a daily basis. Establishing a helping relationship between the child client and the social worker is crucial for accurate assessments and successful interventions. In the rural areas there are limited resources for social workers and that impedes referrals for therapeutic interventions with children. The social worker is then expected to be able to intervene in order for children to deal with their problems and improve their well-being. If the social worker is unable to establish a relationship with the child client, then his/her assessments and interventions would be affected detrimentally. The literature is clear that an established helping relationship is necessary in order for social workers to be able to intervene successfully. This study endeavoured to qualitatively explore the relationship building experiences in the initial phase of social work intervention between social workers and child clients in their middle childhood years. The findings of the study showed that it is indeed a wonderful and motivating experience to be able to establish a helping relationship with a child and to be allowed to influence the child’s life. But social work is practical and sometimes has to focus on immediate needs and crisis decisions instead of solely focusing on building a helping relationship. First impressions are lasting and the helping relationship often has to be built swiftly and in difficult circumstance. There are a few major constraints to establishing the helping relationship in the initial phase of social work. Limited time and resources prevent social workers from committing to individual intervention with a child. Children are wary of social workers due to the stigma of statutory work, and building rapport is thus difficult as a result of the resistance the social worker experiences from the child client and/or his parents. Rural social workers often have to travel to the child client as the child does not have the means to come to the social worker, and these guest locations are usually not child- and/or intervention-friendly. The participants observed that the children are not familiar with play material which limits the initial relationship building activities that one can employ. An interesting experience that the social workers had, was that they withdrew from certain individual interventions with children for fear that they might worsen the child’s experience due to their lack of skills in working with children on sensitive matters. Certain professional attributes of the social workers aid the initial relationship building experience with children. It was observed that the natural appeal between the social worker and child plays a significant role in establishing the relationship and that it cannot be forced. Based on the findings of the study certain recommendations could be made towards further research in the future. Apart from discussing their experiences and constraints in relationship building during the initial phase, the children and social workers also made suggestions for practice. These suggestions were captured in guidelines for the readers of this report. Propositions are made to non-government organisations for training opportunities for social workers in the field. A few recommendations are also made to researchers who propose to do research with children as participants. / MSW, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The national electricity utility in South Africa, Eskom, is currently under pressure to supply the increasing demand for electricity on a national level. To address this problem in the short term, Eskom partially funds load management and energy efficiency projects. In the meantime, Eskom is also increasing their generation capacity through the erection of new power stations. To finance these capital projects, sharp tariff increases, higher than inflation, are levied, resulting in higher operating expenditures for the consumers. These increased tariffs are especially affecting industrial institutions. Large industries are therefore willing participants in the partially Eskom funded electricity savings programme that hold benefits for both parties. One of these large industries is the Mining Sector. This sector is an energy intensive group and consumes up to 15% of Eskom’s total output. The refrigeration and pumping systems used in the sectors are two of the major electricity consumers. As part of Eskom’s Demand Side Management (DSM) initiative, an electrical energy savings project was implemented in the deep mines’ chilled water systems. The cooling system is optimally controlled to ensure less underground water usage. This ensures that less water is pumped out by the dewatering system, reducing electrical energy usage. A variety of components, such as refrigeration and energy recovery depend on chilled water to function properly. Every relevant component was simulated and the verification of results was done through correlations with process data obtained from the mine. The simulation results showed acceptable error margins that would not influence accuracy. Two sites where a water supply optimisations project was implemented were selected as case studies. In both case studies, thermal results of the refrigeration and cooling system showed a reduction in cooling effectiveness. In case study A, the energy recovery components showed negative results. All of the results were converted to electrical energy costs to enable comparison. Constraints were evident during deep mine water supply optimisation. These were determined and the thermal effects were simulated. This study enabled basic quantifications of environmental impact and also determining project cost savings. The studies showed that positive and negative effects can be brought on in the mining systems with the reduction in chilled water use. In some cases the cooling system components showed a decrease in cooling effectiveness, but exhibited electrical energy savings. This impact was during periods where no personnel were underground in the working area. In conclusion the study also showed that cost savings resulting from the reduced chilled water are substantially higher than negative financial losses seen on the other components. / MIng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The low physical activity (PA) levels of children have become a national public health concern in South Africa. Moreover, the quality of Physical Education (PE) in South African schools has been compromised by challenges resulting from the subject’s reintroduction after a long absence from the school curriculum. Up to date no study has investigated the effects of a quality PE programme, within the prescriptions of the South African Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS), on the PA and fitness levels of twelve to thirteen years old South African children. Furthermore, no PA measuring instrument exists that has been validated specifically for South African children of this age group, with which to conduct such a study. The objectives of this study were therefore, firstly, to validate a standardised PA questionnaire for Grade 7 learners in a South African context; secondly, to evaluate the effects of an enhanced quality PE programme presented by well-trained teachers, on the PA levels, and thirdly on the physical and motor fitness of Grade 7 learners in Potchefstroom, South Africa. For the first objective, 108 schoolchildren aged twelve to thirteen years (boys, n=45; girls, n=63) from two primary schools in Potchefstroom participated in this study to validate the Children’s Leisure Activities Study Survey (CLASS) for children in a South African context. Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was examined with an interval of 3 weeks, while validity was assessed by comparing measurements of the reported minutes in PAs from questionnaire responses with ten physical fitness parameters using the Eurofit test battery. Data analysis included Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, paired t-test and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), and Spearman correlation coefficients (r). The results showed substantial internal consistency and significant intra-class correlations estimates for all intensities of PA and sedentary time (ST). Non-significant differences were found in the means of test and retest measurements. Aerobic fitness was significantly correlated with all intensities of PA and ST, and the results of several of the other fitness tests had significant associations with vigorous PA. For the fulfillment of the second and the third objectives, 110 Grade 7 learners (experimental school, n = 40; control schools, n = 70) were studied. The twelve-week PE intervention programme was presented according to the prescriptions of the CAPS which allocates one hour per week to PE, but included 5 quality-enhancing components namely well-trained teachers, homework activities, a reward system, improvised apparatus and the monitoring of activity intensity. Data was collected by means of the validated CLASS questionnaire, anthropometric measurements as well as physical and motor fitness tests, by means of the Eurofit test battery. Data analysis included Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, a series of analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), Tukey’s post hoc analysis, and interpreting effect sizes for practical significance. The results showed practically and statistically significant increases in moderate PA, vigorous PA, and total PA as well as decreases in sedentary behaviours. Furthermore, the learners’ data on physical and motor fitness levels showed statistically significant improvements among most of the experimental groups with regard to six of the ten fitness parameters. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the enhanced quality PE programme is effective in improving the PA, physical and motor fitness levels of South African primary school children. Therefore it is recommended that PE programmes in South Africa include the quality-enhancing components used in this intervention programme. Moreover, the modified CLASS questionnaire is a valid and reliable measure of PA among South African Grade 7 schoolchildren. / PhD (Human Movement Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Until recently, the health professions have largely followed a medical model, which seeks to treat patients by focusing on medicine and surgery, and gives less importance to beliefs and to the faith in healing, in the physician, and in the doctor-patient relationship. This reductionist view of patients being only material body is no longer satisfactory. Patients and healthcare professionals have begun to value the role of elements such as faith, spirituality, hope and compassion in the healing process. The effect of such spiritual elements in health and quality of life has led to research in this field in an attempt to move towards a more holistic view, which included the non-material dimension. The goal of this study was to explore the understanding of spirituality among healthcare professionals and patients at the CHBAH. The primary research question, which this study attempted to answer, was: What is the understanding of spirituality among the healthcare professionals and patients at CHBAH? In view of this primary research question, the following secondary research questions were formulated: * What does a literature review produce regarding spirituality in healthcare and what are the current practices related to spirituality in healthcare. * What are the views of healthcare professionals and patients concerning the relevance of spirituality in their day-to-day lives and healthcare interventions? * What are the spiritual needs of patients and to what extent does spirituality contribute towards their coping with health-related issues? * Which practical and scientific recommendations can be offered to healthcare professionals regarding including/incorporating spirituality in healthcare services in CHBAH? In view of the aim, the researcher identified the following specific objectives for this study: * To explore spirituality in healthcare by means of a literature review; * To explore and describe the views of medical social workers and other healthcare professionals about the relevance of spirituality in a healthcare setting; * To explore and describe the understanding of spirituality among healthcare professionals and patients in CHBAH; * To propose a protocol as an organizational framework on the incorporation of spirituality in healthcare at CHBAH. This protocol should be implemented during social workers‟ and other healthcare professionals‟ interactions with patients. Chapter 1 provides an introduction, problem formulation, goal, research question and the objectives of this study and a brief overview of the methodology. Chapter 2 focuses on the description of research methodology that was utilised in this study. Chapter 3 is composed of a literature study on spirituality and the religions identified and explored in CHBAH, as well as existing practices related to spirituality in health care. In Chapter 4, the data generated through narratives from focus-group discussions and healthcare professionals‟ spiritual journey is processed and reported. In Chapter 5 a proposed protocol for inclusion of spirituality in healthcare services in CHBAH is presented and discussed in detail Chapter 6 consists of the conclusions and summary of this study. / PhD (Social Work), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014