La décomposition des litières est un processus clé du fonctionnement du sol contribuant à de nombreux services écosystémiques. En climat tempéré, les lombriciens en interaction avec les micro-organismes du sol, contribuent significativement à ce processus. Cependant, les connaissances sur les lombriciens ciblent le plus souvent les trois catégories écologiques selon lesquelles ils sont définis : les épigés, les endogés et les anéciques. Les anéciques sont très répandus dans les sols tempérés, constituent la majeur partie de la biomasse lombricienne et interviennent dans la décomposition des litières. Plusieurs études ont observé des traits comportementaux, morphologiques et physiologiques distinguant deux sous-catégories au sein des anéciques : les épi-anéciques et les anéciques stricts. Le premier objectif de ce travail de thèse était de vérifier si cette distinction avait une réalité dans le cadre du processus de décomposition des litières. En conditions contrôlées, nous avons évalué (i) le rôle des principales espèces anéciques dans le processus de décomposition, (ii) l’impact de ces espèces sur les communautés de microorganismes et (iii) les activités enzymatiques des microorganismes du sol et (vi) l’impact des interactions entre espèces anéciques sur le processus de décomposition. A partir d’observations sur le terrain, le second objectif de ce travail de thèse était de définir les règles d’assemblages des communautés lombriciennes en prairie compte-tenu de leurs rôles majeurs dans divers processus du sol. Les résultats obtenus ont confirmé la distinction entre lombriciens anéciques stricts et épi-anéciques : les épi-anéciques étant les seuls à contribuer au processus de décomposition des litières et celui-ci étant corrélé à la biomasse individuelle moyenne de chaque espèce. Cette contribution passe par une plus forte stimulation des activités enzymatiques du sol, indépendamment des espèces considérées. En revanche, contrairement aux bactéries, les communautés fongiques du sol dépendent de l’espèce épi-anécique avec laquelle ils interagissent. Ce travail met également en évidence que l’abondance, la biomasse et la diversité des communautés lombriciennes des sols prairiaux sont régulées par différents filtres environnementaux dont la diversité du paysage. Cette thèse met en évidence que les deux sous-catégories écologiques au sein des anéciques ont des rôles différents sur le processus de décomposition des litières et qu’elles contribuent donc à des services écosystémiques fournis par le sol de manière différenciée. / Litter decomposition is a key process in soil functioning that contributes to many ecosystem services. In temperate climates, earthworms interacting with soil microorganisms contribute significantly to this process. However, knowledge about earthworms most often targets the three ecological categories in which they are defined: epigeics, endogeics and anecics. Anecics are very common in temperate soils, constitute the major part of the earthworm biomass and are involved in the litter decomposition. Several studies have observed behavioral, morphological and physiological traits that distinguish two subcategories within anecics: epi-anecics and strict-anecics. The first objective of this thesis was to verify if this distinction had a reality in the context of the litter decomposition process. Under controlled conditions, we evaluated (i) the role of the main anecic earthworm species in the decomposition process, (ii) the impact of these species on microorganism communities and (iii) soil enzymatic activities and (vi) the impact of interactions between anecic species on the decomposition process. Taking into account their major roles in various soil processes, based on field observations, the second objective of this thesis was to define the assembly of earthworm communities in grassland, The results obtained confirmed the distinction between epi and strict-anecic earthworms: only epic-anecics contribute to the litter decomposition process, which is correlated to the average individual biomass of each species. This contribution involved a greater stimulation of soil enzymatic activities, regardless of the species considered. In contrast to bacteria, soil fungal communities depend on the epi-anecic earthworm species with which they interact. This work also highlights that the abundance, biomass and diversity of earthworm communities in grassland soils are regulated by different environmental filters, including landscape diversity. This thesis highlights that the two ecological subcategories within the anecic category have different roles in the litter decomposition process and therefore contribute to ecosystem services provided by the soil in a differentiated way.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise do comportamento térmico da estrutura intra-ocular humana durante a cirurgia de remoção de catarata. O procedimento cirúrgico em estudo, conhecido por facoemulsificação, baseia-se em destruir o cristalino opaco, removê-lo da estrutura intra-ocular e substituí-lo por uma lente artificial. A destruição do cristalino é realizada por aplicação de energia ultra-sônica, resultante da vibração do cristal piezoelétrico existente na ponteira do equipamento cirúrgico. O campo acústico imposto à estrutura intra-ocular aquece a mesma, elevando sua temperatura até valores críticos. Pelo fato da córnea poder atingir valores entre 40oC e 115oC durante este procedimento, inúmeras complicações pós-operatórias podem ser diagnosticadas, tais como: danos ao estroma e endotélio da córnea, formação de fístula, astigmatismo residual e impossibilidade de autoselamento da incisão, sendo necessário suturar a esclera. Para o estudo deste superaquecimento identificado como crítico, foi realizada a modelagem do comportamento térmico da estrutura intra-ocular humana durante a facoemulsificação. Foram desenvolvidos modelos para quantificar o campo acústico imposto à estrutura pelo equipamento, bem como para avaliar o aquecimento e o resfriamento da estrutura ocular. Dos resultados obtidos a partir destes modelos, o equilíbrio térmico nos tecidos da córnea forneceu o resfriamento necessário a ser imposto pelo fluido de irrigação (6,62 W), a fim de se manterem os níveis normais de temperatura na estrutura (30ºC). Enquanto na literatura estudos têm sido apresentados no sentido de melhorar a facoemulsificação ou mesmo desenvolver novas técnicas, mais complexas, em busca de menor prejuízo à integridade da estrutura, a análise conjunta entre medicina e engenharia desenvolvida neste trabalho apresentou como resultado a proposta de resfriamento do fluido utilizado na irrigação, sendo esta uma solução simples e prática. Para permitir o resfriamento do fluido, dimensionou-se um sistema de troca de calor acessório ao equipamento utilizando o Efeito Peltier, por permitir a fabricação de resfriadores miniaturizados, compactos e eficientes. / This research presents an analysis of the thermal behavior of the human intra-ocular structure during surgery of cataracts removing. The surgical procedure under study, known as phacoemulsification, is based on destructing the lens with cataracts, removing it from the intra-ocular structure and changing it into artificial lens. The destruction of the lens is achieved by using ultrasound energy, resulting from the vibration of a piezoelectric crystal existent in the surgical equipment. The acoustic beam incident in the intra-ocular structure heats it, increasing its temperature up to critical values. As the corneal structure can achieve from 40oC to 115oC during this procedure, many postoperative complications can happen, such as: damage to the corneal stroma and endothelium, fistula formation, induced astigmatism and inability to close the incision, necessitating a scleral patch graft. For the studies regarding this over heating identified as critical, a model of the thermal behavior of the human intraocular structure during phacoemulsification was created. Models were developed to quantify the acoustic beam incident in the structure by the equipment, as well as models to valuate the heating and cooling of the intra-ocular structure. With the results from these models, the thermal equilibrium on the corneal tissues gave the necessary cooling to be incident by the irrigation fluid (6,62 W) so that the normal temperature levels could be kept on the structure (30ºC). While in the literature studies have been presented on the way to improve phacoemulsification or even develop new techniques, more complex, aiming to have less prejudice to the integrity of the structure, the analysis together involving medicine and engineer developed within this research presented as result a proposal of cooling the irrigation fluid, what seemed to be a simple and practical solution. To allow this cooling, it was dimensioned a heat changing system as an accessory to the surgical equipment using the Peltier effect, as it allows the construction of miniaturized, compact and efficient coolers.

A caracterização da variabilidade genética intra-hospedeiro do vírus da dengue (DENV) é fundamental para a compreensão de sua evolução e dinâmica populacional no contexto atual como um importante patógeno viral humano. A diversidade viral acumulada em hospedeiros infectados influencia diretamente em outros aspectos como patogênese, transmissão e imunidade do hospedeiro. Contudo, apesar de existirem vários estudos sobre a diversidade genética intra-hospedeiro em dengue, nenhum tem sido relatado para DENV-4 até o presente momento. O ressurgimento e disseminação desse sorotipo foi associado com a sua co-circulação e o substituição dos sorotipos 1, 2 e 3 durante os recentes surtos no município do Guarujá-SP. Com base neste quadro epidemiológico, este estudo visou identificar a variação genética intra-hospedeiro do DENV-4 em amostras coletadas durante o surto de 2013, utilizando tecnologias de sequenciamento de nova geração. Portanto, nós caracterizamos a variabilidade genética de DENV-4 em diferentes níveis e as forcas evolutivas que afetam essa diversidade. Em adição, foram explorados os principais eventos na transmissão das variantes de DENV-4 identificadas. Nossos resultados revelaram uma baixa diversidade genética intra-hospedeiro para DENV-4. No entanto, mutação e pressões seletivas foram mecanismos importantes na variabilidade genética do vírus. A nível populacional, as variantes estão sujeitas á seleção natural negativa, não obstante identificamos seleção positiva atuando sob sítios específicos. Nenhuma evidência de recombinação foi detectada. Além disso, contra-intuitivamente, variantes de baixa frequência estão sendo transmitidas e contribuindo para diversidade genética do DENV-4 circulando em Guarujá. Nossos resultados fornecem novas evidências potencialmente úteis para futuros trabalhos focados em infecções mistas, escape imunológico, assim como o espalhamento e diversificação viral. / Characterizing intra-host genetic variability in dengue virus (DENV) virus is paramount for understanding its evolution and population dynamics in the context of its current status as a major human viral pathogen. The extent to which viral diversity accrues in infected host influences aspects such as pathogenesis, transmission, and host immunity. Although there are several studies about intra-host genetic diversity in dengue, so far nothing has been revealed about DENV-4. In the Guarujá municipality in the State of São Paulo, the reemergence and spread of this serotype was associated with its co-circulation and the displacement of serotypes 1, 2 and 3 during recent outbreaks. Based on this epidemiological framework, we seek to identify the intra-host genetic variation of DENV-4 strains from samples collected during the 2013 outbreak by using deep sequencing technologies. We characterized the genetic variability of DENV-4 at different levels, and the forces shaping this diversity. Likewise, we explored major transmission events among DENV-4 variants. Our results revealed a low intra-host genetic diversity for DENV-4. However, we found selective and mutational pressures contributing to genetic diversity, while recombination did not seem play an important role. We further identified purifying selection at population level but sites subject to potential diversifying selection. Additionally, we observed low frequency haplotypes being transmitted among hosts and contributing to the viral diversity of DENV-4 circulating in Guarujá. Our findings provide preliminary insights for future studies in mixed infections, drug resistance, virus variant spread and immune scape. This study is the first effort to investigate the intra-host diversity of DENV-4.

A caracterização da variabilidade genética intra-hospedeiro do vírus da dengue (DENV) é fundamental para a compreensão de sua evolução e dinâmica populacional no contexto atual como um importante patógeno viral humano. A diversidade viral acumulada em hospedeiros infectados influencia diretamente em outros aspectos como patogênese, transmissão e imunidade do hospedeiro. Contudo, apesar de existirem vários estudos sobre a diversidade genética intra-hospedeiro em dengue, nenhum tem sido relatado para DENV-4 até o presente momento. O ressurgimento e disseminação desse sorotipo foi associado com a sua co-circulação e o substituição dos sorotipos 1, 2 e 3 durante os recentes surtos no município do Guarujá-SP. Com base neste quadro epidemiológico, este estudo visou identificar a variação genética intra-hospedeiro do DENV-4 em amostras coletadas durante o surto de 2013, utilizando tecnologias de sequenciamento de nova geração. Portanto, nós caracterizamos a variabilidade genética de DENV-4 em diferentes níveis e as forcas evolutivas que afetam essa diversidade. Em adição, foram explorados os principais eventos na transmissão das variantes de DENV-4 identificadas. Nossos resultados revelaram uma baixa diversidade genética intra-hospedeiro para DENV-4. No entanto, mutação e pressões seletivas foram mecanismos importantes na variabilidade genética do vírus. A nível populacional, as variantes estão sujeitas á seleção natural negativa, não obstante identificamos seleção positiva atuando sob sítios específicos. Nenhuma evidência de recombinação foi detectada. Além disso, contra-intuitivamente, variantes de baixa frequência estão sendo transmitidas e contribuindo para diversidade genética do DENV-4 circulando em Guarujá. Nossos resultados fornecem novas evidências potencialmente úteis para futuros trabalhos focados em infecções mistas, escape imunológico, assim como o espalhamento e diversificação viral. / Characterizing intra-host genetic variability in dengue virus (DENV) virus is paramount for understanding its evolution and population dynamics in the context of its current status as a major human viral pathogen. The extent to which viral diversity accrues in infected host influences aspects such as pathogenesis, transmission, and host immunity. Although there are several studies about intra-host genetic diversity in dengue, so far nothing has been revealed about DENV-4. In the Guarujá municipality in the State of São Paulo, the reemergence and spread of this serotype was associated with its co-circulation and the displacement of serotypes 1, 2 and 3 during recent outbreaks. Based on this epidemiological framework, we seek to identify the intra-host genetic variation of DENV-4 strains from samples collected during the 2013 outbreak by using deep sequencing technologies. We characterized the genetic variability of DENV-4 at different levels, and the forces shaping this diversity. Likewise, we explored major transmission events among DENV-4 variants. Our results revealed a low intra-host genetic diversity for DENV-4. However, we found selective and mutational pressures contributing to genetic diversity, while recombination did not seem play an important role. We further identified purifying selection at population level but sites subject to potential diversifying selection. Additionally, we observed low frequency haplotypes being transmitted among hosts and contributing to the viral diversity of DENV-4 circulating in Guarujá. Our findings provide preliminary insights for future studies in mixed infections, drug resistance, virus variant spread and immune scape. This study is the first effort to investigate the intra-host diversity of DENV-4.

Este trabalho tentou compreender o envelhecimento populacional da cidade de Santos-SP e o cotidiano da sua população no espaço intra-urbano. Por meio do estudo da formação da estrutura urbana de Santos, de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e de uma reflexão sobre a sociabilidade na aposentadoria, sugerimos que a maioria da população idosa santista, que tem autonomia física e financeira, se faz mais presente em certos espaços da cidade do que em outros, conforme a lógica estrutural que organizou as áreas residenciais e as localizações urbanas na cidade. O estilo de vida engendrado durante os anos em que foram trabalhadores e o ideal cada vez mais socializado de um envelhecimento autônomo faz com que o segredo do bem envelhecer seja cada vez mais se abrir para o mundo de fora de casa. O uso de pontos do espaço intra-urbano por esses idosos como local de permanência e de sociabilidade - não só de rápida passagem marcam-nos como localizações urbanas de idosos, conferindo uma nova identidade à cidade, à velhice e aos próprios idosos. / This work aims to comprehend the populational aging of the city of Santos, in São Paulo, Brazil, and the day-by-day of its aging population in the intra-urban space. By the study of the making of Santoss urban structure and through the analysis of interviews halfstructured, we suggest that the major part of the aged population of Santos with its physical and financial autonomy is more present in some spaces than in others, according to the logic of the urban structure that organized the residential areas and the urban locations in the city. The use of the certain places to stay instead of just a place to pass though marks them and the city itself. We call this marked places as aging urban locations

L’objectif de cette étude est de quantifier la contribution intra et intergranulaire lors d’une sollicitation à haute température d’un alliage de magnésium (AZ31). Afin de répondre à cette problématique scientifique, un essai de traction in situ à haute température dans un MEB a été mis en place. Un important travail de développement a été réalisé autour de cet essai afin de lever un nombre de verrous technique conséquent. Ces verrous expliquent en partie pourquoi il existe aujourd’hui peu d’étude in situ à haute température sur des alliages de magnésium. Un marqueur local ayant la forme d’une microgrille a été déposé sur notre échantillon étant donné que celui-ci n’offre aucun contraste local pour la corrélation d’image numérique (CIN). Afin le dépôt du marqueur local, une cartographie EBSD a été réalisée. À l’aide des joints de grains issus de la carte EBSD, on peut venir superposer les joints de grains aux champs de déformation issue de la CIN.À l’aide des essais de traction in situ à haute température, on a pu mettre en avant l’effet de la température sur les différents mécanismes de déformation actif. Tout ce travail de développement nous permet ainsi de pouvoir localiser les hétérogénéités de déformation plastique à la fois en fonction de l’évolution de la déformation et pour plusieurs températures. D’après les essais menés, on a pu mettre en évidence le fait que plus la température est élevée, que plus les hétérogénéités de déformation plastique se localisent au voisinage des joints de grains. Basé sur une hypothèse cœur/manteau, on a pu venir quantifier la contribution intergranulaire, et mettre en avant que celle-ci devenait plus importante avec la température. / The aim of this study is to quantify the intra and intergranular contribution of the deformation during a high temperature micromechanical test on a magnesium alloy (AZ31). In order to answer this scientific issue, we have developed an in situ tensile test at high temperature within a SEM. It has required a significant preparation work in order to push the current technical limits of this type of test on magnesium alloy. These technical limits can partly explain why there are currently few in situ studies at high temperature on magnesium alloys. A local marker in the form of a microgrid was placed on our sample as it does not provide any local contrast for digital image correlation (DIC). Before the deposition of the microgrid, EBSD mapping was made. Using the grain boundaries from the EBSD, we can superimpose the deformed grain boundaries on the strain map from the DIC.Using high temperature in-situ tensile tests, we were able to highlight the effect of the temperature on the different active deformation mechanisms. This whole development work enables us to locate the plastic deformation heterogeneities both according to the evolution of the deformation and for several temperatures. From the tests conducted, it has been shown that the higher the temperature, the more heterogeneous the plastic deformation heterogeneities are located in the vicinity of the grain boundaries. Based on a heart/coat hypothesis, we were able to quantify the intra and intergranular contribution, and show that it became more important with temperature.

La mobilité économique est une des aspirations de toute société moderne, mais comment peut-on savoir la véritable évolution de la mobilité sociale ? C’est-à-dire : 1) peut-on mesurer la mobilité sociale avec les données ou la technologie disponibles aujourd’hui? 2) Quelles sont les tendances de la mobilité sociale qui a traversées la génération actuelle? Ou encore 3) à quel point la société actuelle est-elle mobile par rapport aux anciennes générations? Ce sont les trois questions à la base de cette thèse. Nous soutenons ici que c’est possible de connaître encore plus sur l’évolution de la mobilité sociale en restreignant son analyse à quelques dimensions dans le champ de l’économie : le revenu et l’éducation. Le première article s’attaque au problème du manque des données nécessaires pour l’analyse des dynamiques du revenu à l’intérieur d’une génération. Il est avéré que les données longitudinales sont rares et très peu disponibles dans la plupart des pays, ce qui est vrai même pour les pays développés ! Nous avons essayé d’assembler ce casse-tête par des approches méthodologiques récentes, telles que les «panels synthétiques», une méthodologie normalement utilisée pour l’analyse des dynamiques de la pauvreté. Les articles deux et trois décrivent, plus spécifiquement, les tendances à long terme de la mobilité économique pour le revenu et pour l’éducation, respectivement. Le deuxième papier s’occupe de la mobilité intra-générationnelle, tandis que le troisième est dédié à la mobilité intergénérationnelle. Tous les deux répondent aux questions deux et trois posées plus en haut, en cherchant d’améliorer la façon dont la dimension temporaire est incluse dans l’analyse du bien-être économique, ceci avec pour but de reproduire l’effet d’un film fait avec plusieurs clichés. Cette thèse cherche à élargir le savoir expérimental sur la mobilité économique, vu que la plupart des études ne prennent en compte que quelques années de mobilité intra-générationnelle ou à peine quelque génération. En outre, la plupart des résultats des expériences existantes font référence aux pays scandinaves ou à des pays fortement industrialisés. Pour cette thèse nous avons donc pris l’exemple du Mexique, mais les approches et les principes méthodologiques utilisés pourront être appliqués à n’importe quel autre pays. Les chemins de nos vies sont dans un mouvement perpétuel : par monts et par vaux. Dans une société démocratique, il semble utile de savoir si notre appartenance sociale nous permet de nous en sortir malgré nos origines, ou si au contraire, notre destin est voué à l’échec à cause d’elles. Il nous faut en effet, des résultats empiriques pour répondre à ces délibérations. Cette thèse est peut-être une invitation osée à mettre en marche cette conversation. / Economic mobility constitutes a social aspiration in many modern societies however do we really know the actual evolution of social mobility? In other words: 1) how can we measure economic mobility with the data available or with the technology at hand? 2) What are the trends of economic mobility experienced by the current generation? Moreover 3) how mobile is a society relative to previous generations? These questions motivate this dissertation. The complexity of these issues may derive in some sort of paralysis but it is claimed here that it may be possible to learn something about its evolution by restricting analysis to a couple of key dimensions within the economic discipline: income and education. This is the scope followed by this research. The first paper in this dissertation is devoted to deal with the lack of the required data to examine the income dynamics within one generation. It is well known that longitudinal data is often scarce and is seldom available in many countries. This is the case even in well-developed countries! This conundrum has been partially addressed through recent methodological approaches by the so-called synthetic panels. The second part of this dissertation is entirely devoted to applied research. More specifically, the second and third papers describe long run trends of economic mobility in income and education respectively. The former is devoted to intra-generational mobility while the later is devoted to inter-generational mobility. Each of them address the second and third interrogations referred above. In a way this dissertation attempts to improve the addition of the time dimension in the analysis of economic wellbeing. It attempts to produce the effect of a motion picture by the use multiple snapshots. The trends contained herein are far from being perfect and complete but they are based on the use of extensive data and multiple methods covering three decades and the same number of generations in each case. This research expects to expand our knowledge on the empirics of economic mobility as most of the studies refer to few years of intra-generational mobility or to a couple of generations only. Furthermore, most of the empirical evidence available refers to Nordic and highly industrialized countries. Mexico is the canvas of this work but the approaches and principles followed here could be easily mimicked elsewhere. The roads of our lives are constantly moving: rising and falling. In a democratic context, it is useful to know, whether our society provides the chance to get ahead regardless of our origins, or whether this chance is ruled or doomed by them. Empirical evidence is needed to foster these deliberations. This dissertation may well be an invitation to sustain this kind conversation.

Este trabalho tentou compreender o envelhecimento populacional da cidade de Santos-SP e o cotidiano da sua população no espaço intra-urbano. Por meio do estudo da formação da estrutura urbana de Santos, de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e de uma reflexão sobre a sociabilidade na aposentadoria, sugerimos que a maioria da população idosa santista, que tem autonomia física e financeira, se faz mais presente em certos espaços da cidade do que em outros, conforme a lógica estrutural que organizou as áreas residenciais e as localizações urbanas na cidade. O estilo de vida engendrado durante os anos em que foram trabalhadores e o ideal cada vez mais socializado de um envelhecimento autônomo faz com que o segredo do bem envelhecer seja cada vez mais se abrir para o mundo de fora de casa. O uso de pontos do espaço intra-urbano por esses idosos como local de permanência e de sociabilidade - não só de rápida passagem marcam-nos como localizações urbanas de idosos, conferindo uma nova identidade à cidade, à velhice e aos próprios idosos. / This work aims to comprehend the populational aging of the city of Santos, in São Paulo, Brazil, and the day-by-day of its aging population in the intra-urban space. By the study of the making of Santoss urban structure and through the analysis of interviews halfstructured, we suggest that the major part of the aged population of Santos with its physical and financial autonomy is more present in some spaces than in others, according to the logic of the urban structure that organized the residential areas and the urban locations in the city. The use of the certain places to stay instead of just a place to pass though marks them and the city itself. We call this marked places as aging urban locations

Dans le contexte de l’intégration internationale, les indicateurs économiques montrentd’importants changements de structure et de spécialisation du Maroc qui tend vers desproduits de manufactures intensifs en recherche et développement (r&d) et des secteursde moyenne haute intensité technologique. De plus, la croissance du commerce intraindustriedans les produits manufacturés témoigne du développement de l’industrieet d’un processus de rattrapage du Maroc. Pour ces raisons, l’objectif de cette thèse estd’examiner l’impact des accords de libre-échange (ale) sur la qualité de la spécialisationet l’intégration internationale du Maroc.L’impact des ale est analysé à partir du modèle de gravité dans deux études distinctes.Le premier modèle de gravité mesure l’évolution du potentiel des exportations du Marocentre 1998 et 2013 à partir d’un échantillon de 172 pays. Cette étude conclut à un impactpositif des accords sur les exportations marocaines. Parmi les partenaires commerciaux,l’Union européenne reste le principal partenaire avec un taux d’exportation de 98,83%par rapport aux exportations estimées. Les exportations dans le cadre des accordsbilatéraux avec les États-Unis, les Émirats arabes unis, la Turquie, l’Égypte et la Jordaniesont aux alentours de 91%. Cependant, il existe un potentiel d’échange inexploité avecles pays de l’Union du Maghreb arabe (uma).Dans la deuxième étude, le modèle de gravité est appliqué pour examiner le rôle del’ouverture commerciale sur les produits technologiques en utilisant des données depanel des exportations du Maroc vers 82 pays de 1967 à 2014. Les résultats confirmentun impact positif des ale sur les produits de moyenne haute technologie et de faibletechnologie et même pour les produits non manufacturés.Enfin, l’analyse de l’impact des ale au niveau des entreprises hétérogènes marocainesest réalisée dans la dernière étude. Les résultats du modèle de sélection de Heckman(1979) montrent que les entreprises créées après l’année 2000 et celles qui utilisent lesintrants importés, augmentent la probabilité d’exportation. Cependant, les contraintesnotamment douanières et fiscales réduisent l’intensité d’exportation des entreprises.Pour sa part, le modèle Tobit donne un résultat positif de l’effet de la technologie surl’intensité des exportations en utilisant la même base de données. / In the context of international integration, the trade indicators show the significantchanges in Morocco’s trade structure and specialization, which tend to intensive manufacturedproducts in r&d and medium high technological intensity. Moreover, thegrowth of intra-industry trade in manufactured products reflects the development ofthe industry and Morocco’s convergence. For this reasons, the aim of this thesis is toexamine the impact of free trade agreements (fta) on the quality of specialization andinternational integration of Morocco.The influence of the fta is analyzed by employing the gravity model in two separatestudies. In the first one, the model measures the potential of Morocco’s exports between1998 and 2013 from 172 countries. This study finds a positive impact of agreements onMoroccan exports. Among the trading partners, the European Union (eu) has remainedto be the Morocco’s main destination market with an export rate around 99% comparedto estimated exports. Meanwhile, the exports in framework of bilateral agreements withUnited States (us), United Arab Emirates (uae), Turkey, Egypt and Jordan are around91%. However, there is an untapped trade potential with Arab Maghreb Union (amu)countries.In the second study, the gravity model is applied to examine the role of trade openness ontechnological products by using a panel data of Morocco’s exports towards 82 countriesfrom 1967 to 2014. The results show a positive impact of fta on medium high technology,low technology and non-manufactured products.Finally, the analysis of fta’s impacts to Moroccan heterogeneous firms is conductedin the last research. The results of Heckman selection model (1979) show that thecompanies created after year 2000, which use the imported inputs, increase exportingprobability. However, customs and tax constraints reduce export intensity. Moreover,the Tobit model gives a positive effect of technology on export intensity by using thesame panel data.

Through the concept of longing, this study aims to explore non-binary embodiment and becoming, with a focus on examining how non-binary embodiment makes and is made possible. The study takes it departure in Karen Barads theories and concepts such as intra-action, and it is also from Barad the concept of longing is inspired. Longing is understood as the drive that is and makes possible life and the livable life. Longing is not reserved for humans but is rather tangent a posthuman understanding of matters agency, where matter is understood as an active agent in its own creation. The study is based on a combination of go-along interviews and semistructured interviews with six non-binary people.The study can be understood as an effort to make possible new or other ways to understand sex/gender, embodiment and becoming. Ways that is not based on a framework of understanding that in its foundational structure reduces the non-binary as something unintelligible. In the study longing is used as a means to create order and direction in the analysis of the participants stories. Longing has the benefit of being in constant movement and change, as such it contributes as a way of understanding that do not limit the participants stories of sex/gender, embodiment and becoming.