Orientador: Caroline Joy Steel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T10:09:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_CinthiaSoares_M.pdf: 2848359 bytes, checksum: e2cefcd39026a0a746d80f4ba1f784b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As barras de cereais surgiram como uma alternativa aos confeitos tradicionais e apresentam alto potencial de inovação, possibilitando a incorporação de ingredientes funcionais. As barras de cereais são produtos de grande interesse comercial por sua facilidade de consumo, além do apelo de saudável e de ser fonte de fibras. Com o advento dos alimentos funcionais, surgiu o interesse em se avaliar o comportamento das barras de cereais com ingredientes funcionais como as fibras prebióticas e as culturas probióticas, objetivo final deste estudo. Foram considerados aspectos nutricionais, de qualidade microbiológica e sensorial. Inicialmente, foi estudado o perfil das barras de cereais comerciais para direcionar a elaboração de novas formulações e foi verificado os baixos índices de fibras e diferenças nos parâmetros de textura e umidade, devido à grande variabilidade de ingredientes utilizados. Definida uma formulação controle, as concentrações de fibras prebióticas (inulina e fruto-oligossacarídeos) foram avaliadas por meio de delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), tendo como variáveis respostas os parâmetros: atividade de água, firmeza instrumental e umidade. As formulações com teores de fibras prebióticas superiores a 3,5 % foram analisadas sensorialmente e estiveram na região de aceitação positiva, entre gostei ligeiramente (6,0) e gostei muito (8,0). A formulação prebiótica com 10,5 % de fibras, similar (p = 0,05) em aceitação à formulação controle, foi selecionada para a adição da cultura probiótica na tentativa de se elaborar uma barra de cereais simbiótica. Análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas foram realizadas ao longo de 60 dias de armazenamento. A tentativa de fornecer probióticos em uma matriz de cereais enfrentou desafios durante o processamento e armazenamento do produto final, ficando as barras de cereais com quantidades viáveis para a alegação probiótica, apenas por 15 dias / Abstract: Cereal bars have emerged as an alternative to traditional confectionery and have a high potential for innovation, enabling the incorporation of functional ingredients. Cereal bars are products of great commercial interest for their ease of consumption and the possibility of incorporating ingredients, besides their health and source of fiber appeal. With the advent of functional foods, the interest in assessing the behavior of cereal bars with functional ingredients such as prebiotic fibers and probiotic cultures, ultimate goal of this study, increased. The nutritional, microbiological and sensory quality of the cereal bars was considered. Initially, the profile of commercial cereal bars was studied to drive the development of new formulations. Low levels of dietary fiber and differences in the parameters of texture and moisture, due to the great variability of ingredients used, were found. A control formulation was defined and the concentrations of prebiotic fibers (inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides) were evaluated by means of a central composite rotational design (CCRD), having as response variables the quality parameters: water activity, instrumental firmness and moisture. Formulations with prebiotic fiber content higher than 3.5% were analyzed sensorially and were in the region of positive acceptance between "liked slightly¿ (6.0) and "liked very much¿ (8.0). The prebiotic formulation with 10.5% dietary fiber, similar (p = 0.05) in acceptance to the control formulation, was selected for the addition of the probiotic culture in an attempt to develop a symbiotic cereal bar. Physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes were carried out over 60 days of storage. The aim of providing probiotics in a matrix of grains presented challenges faced during processing and storage of the final product, concluding that the cereal bars had viable quantities to claim as probiotic only for 15 days / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Tecnologia de Alimentos

The diploma thesis on The use of selected model vegetable species follows the bachelor thesis Possibilities of using the species Scorzonera hispanica L. from 2015. First part of this thesis looked into available information about this vegetable and was focused more closely on substances contained in it. The practical part of the experiment consisted of field trial and laboratory experiment. The field section used was divided into four variants, where the influence of irrigation and fertilization on the morphological and nutritional parameters was monitored. Morphological parameters and content of the black salsifies were determined in the laboratory experiment. The statistical evaluation showed positive effect of irrigation on higher levels of potassium, phosphorus and inulin. Variants without irrigation contained more fiber, magnesium and nitrates. Different processing methods of black salsify were used to determine inulin. Most inulin was found in the frozen variety and the least in cooked. To examine the possibility of introducing a black salsify into gastronomic facilities, a black salsify product was created and engaged in gastronomy for one month.

No description available.

Seventy-six percent of men and 71% of women over the age of 55 in the United States are considered overweight or obese,1 and the numbers are expected to rise2 especially since the population is aging.3 Aside from various metabolic comorbidities, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary artery disease,4 overweight and obesity are also linked to decreased mobility5 and increased rate of falls in elderly,6 all of which may lead to premature death. Furthermore, adults over the age of 65 have 339% greater obesity-related medical expenses compared to younger adults (18-30 years old),7 thus strategies to promote weight management are needed. Belonging to the group of fiber, prebiotics are selectively fermented non-digestible food ingredients that have a favorable impact on the composition and activity of the gut microbiota. Specifically, inulin-type fructans (ITF) including inulin, oligosaccharides, and fructooligosaccharides have been generating interest in the prebiotic area in the past two decades. A lot of attention has been directed at weight management, since ITFs are known to stimulate the excretion of anorectic gut hormones glucagon like peptide-1 and peptide YY upon fermentation in the colon.8 Research done to date has included samples with wide age and BMI ranges, various doses of inulin, as well as different study designs. More investigations are needed in specific populations, such as older adults who might have age-related alterations in gastric emptying.9 This pilot research study investigated the effects of short-term pre-meal inulin consumption (10 g, mixed into 500 ml water) on energy intake (EI) and appetite sensations over a 24-hour period, in overweight and obese middle-aged and older adults (n=7, 55-67 years old), in order to determine the potential role of prebiotics in weight loss and weight management. A randomized crossover design was used, with participants completing both pre-meal inulin and control (500 ml water alone) conditions. There were no differences in EI, gram weight, nor energy density of foods consumed between the inulin and control conditions. However, observed subgroup differences suggest variances in response to the inulin preload related to gender, habitual fiber consumption, cognitive dietary restraint, and BMI status. / Master of Science

Le procédé industriel d’extraction d'inuline consiste en une diffusion de longue durée et à température élevée. Ce procédé induit l’extraction des sucres mais également des impuretés. Les étapes de purification de jus deviennent alors plus complexes. Pour pallier à ces problèmes, il est essentiel de réduire la température de diffusion pour limiter l’extraction des impuretés. Récemment, la technique de champs électriques pulsés (CEP) a démonté ses avantages dans le domaine sucrier et également dans d’autres applications agro-alimentaires. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de d’optimiser et valider la faisabilité de cette techniques dans le cas de la chicorée. Une purification par filtration dynamique est envisagée et proposée pour remplacer la purification classique. Les résultats de l’extraction montrent qu’il est possible d’intensifier l’extraction de l’inuline par application de CEP. Le prétraitement des cossettes de chicorées à 600 V/cm et 50 ms, réduit de 20°C la température de diffusion (60°C au lieu de 80°C actuellement). Une économie d’énergie importante est réalisée (gain 90 kJ/kg chicory juice). La combinaison innovante d’un prétraitement électrique et un traitement thermique (chauffage ohmique) provoque une perméabilisation importante des cellules et permet de réaliser des diffusions « à froid ». Les analyses qualitatives de jus de diffusion classique et jus CEP montrent que la pureté des extraits CEP est plus élevée (87.2% vs 86.7%). Les essais de filtration sur membrane montrent que les performances de la filtration (pureté, flux, colmatage,…) dépendent énormément de l’origine de l’extrait. Le jus CEP contient moins d’impureté que le jus thermique, est donc plus facile à filtré. Cependant, col matage de membrane restent dans les deux cas important. Un module de filtration dynamique avec disque rotatif a été utilisé pour améliorer les performances de la filtration. Ce module a permit de réduire le colmatage des membranes, améliorer la pureté des extraits et atteindre des facteurs de réduction volumique important (10). / Industrial inulin extraction requires high temperature and long duration to ensure inulin productivity. In addition complex steps are necessary to purify extracted chicory juice and to obtain inulin with desirable purity. In order to avoid the extracting of inulin at high temperature, to obtain chicory juice with better quality and to purify chicory juice with more simple operation, pulsed electric fields (PEF) and membrane filtration were applied to this study : PEF was used to intensify inulin extraction from chicory roots. By pre-treatment of chicory slices at 600 V/cm, diffusion temperature at pilot scale can be decreased to 60oC from about 80oC (industrial extraction condition) to obtain comparable juice inulin concentration. Moreover, this moderate temperature diffusion brought out interesting energy savings compared to that of conventional diffusion. For the goal of extracting inulin at “cold” condition (for example 30oC) PEF induced combined electroporation/ohmic heating pretreatment was applied for chicory tissue denaturation. Better solute extraction was observed after effective damage of chicory tissue diffusivity.Juice extracted from PEF assisted diffusion (PEF juice) was confirmed had higher inulin purity and less impurity in comparison to juice from conventional thermal diffusion process. The juice was purified by membrane filtration in order to investigate a simple chicory juice purification method. Since it contains less impurity, dead-end filtration performance of PEF juice was significantly improved, with less membrane fouling and higher inulin purity in filtrate. However, permeate flux of membrane filtration was seriously restricted by the membrane fouling. In order to improve filtration flux, rotating disk module was introduced in this study for clarification and purification of chicory juice. Elevated shear rate of rotating disk (1500–2000 rpm) could effectively control or even eliminate membrane fouling and lead to satisfying carbohydrate transmission (98%) and desirable permeate flux even at high volume reduction ratio (10). In view of energy saving, optimization of RDM assisted chicory juice filtration was carried out and yielded optimal operation conditions to maximize average flux and minimize specific energy consumption.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a viabilidade da cepa probiótica Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 incorporado em margarina, suplementada com inulina, concentrado protéico de soro (WPC) e concentrado de caseína (CMP), bem como avaliar as características do produto e a resistência do probiótico às condições simuladas do trato gastrintestinal humano. Foram produzidos 7 diferentes tipos de margarinas de mesa (60% de lipídios: 60 % de óleo de palma + 40% de óleo de canola), empregando-se um modelo de mistura, onde inulina, WPC e CMP foram as variáveis estudadas. Uma formulação controle foi produzida (M8), sem adição desses ingredientes. A utilização da mistura do óleo de palma com óleo de canola favoreceu nutricionalmente as formulações, fornecendo produtos contendo ácidos graxos essenciais em sua composição e ausência de ácidos graxos trans. As formulações M1 a M7, exceto a formulação M2 após o 21º dia de armazenamento, apresentaram populações satisfatórias de Bb-12 para um alimento probiótico, com populações acima de 6 log UFC/g durante 35 dias de armazenamento. Margarinas suplementadas com inulina apresentaram populações satisfatórias durante todo o armazenamento, atingindo populações de 8,01 log UFC/g ao 35º dia (M1). Além disso, M3 e M6, revelaram populações de Bb-12 de 6,87 log UFC/g e 7,27 log UFC/g (dia 35), respectivamente. Por outro lado, M8 não foi caracterizada como margarina probiótica, uma vez que apresentou populações abaixo de 6 log UFC/g, já ao 1º dia de armazenamento. Embora WPC seja utilizado em pesquisas para aumentar a viabilidade de probióticos em alimentos, a suplementação de margarina com WPC sem inulina ou CMP não resultou em populações satisfatórias de Bb-12, apresentando decréscimo de 7,82 (dia 1) para 4,64 log UFC/g (M2, dia 35) (p<0,05). Durante todo o ensaio de resistência in vitro, Bb-12 apresentou sobrevivência significativamente superior (p<0,05) em M1 e revelou populações acima de 6 log UFC/g após 6h de ensaio mesmo ao 28º dia. As populações observadas para M2 diminuíram drasticamente durante o ensaio in vitro (5 log UFC/g após 2h no dia 7). Para as outras formulações, as populações de Bb-12 diminuíram 2 log UFC/g após 2h de ensaio in vitro. Entretanto, M1, M2 e M5 (dias 14 e 28) revelaram aumento significativo nas populações de Bb-12 (p<0,05) entre a fase gástrica (2h) e a segunda fase entérica (6h). As margarinas suplementadas com inulina, principalmente M1, revelaram decréscimo significativo no pH durante todo o armazenamento (p<0,05). Entretanto, isto não afetou a qualidade sensorial dos produtos, uma vez que não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre as formulações após 7 e 14 dias de armazenamento (p>0,05). A suplementação de margarina com inulina e CMP garantiu populações apropriadas de Bb-12 durante o armazenamento estudado pelo menos até o 28º dia. Além disso, contribuiu para sua sobrevivência durante o ensaio de resistência in vitro. Os resultados revelaram que a margarina apresenta-se como uma matriz alimentar adequada para administração de Bb-12, principalmente quando a inulina foi adicionada. / This study aimed to determine the viability of probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 incorporated in margarine, with inulin, whey protein concentrate (WPC) and caseinomacropeptide (CMP) supplementation. In addition, the in vitro resistance of Bb-12 incorporated in margarine and related properties were evaluated. Seven margarine-making trials (60% of fat: 60% of palm oil +40% canola oil) were produced, using a mixture model, where inulin, WPC and CMP were the variables studied. Also, a control formulation without these ingredients was manufactured. The use of blending palm oil with canola oil improved the margarine formulations nutritionally, providing products containing essential fatty acids in its composition and absence of trans fatty acids. The formulations M1 to M7, except M2 after 21 days of storage, revealed satisfactory Bb-12 populations for a probiotic food, with counts above 6 log CFU/g during 35 days of storage at 5±1ºC. Margarines supplemented with inulin presented suitable Bb-12 populations throughout the whole storage period, reaching up to 8 log CFU/g by the end of storage (M1). Also, M3 and M6, revealed Bb-12 populations of 6.87 log CFU/g and of 7.27 log CFU/g (day 35), respectively. In contrast, M8 was not characterized as probiotic margarine, since it showed Bb-12 populations below 6 log CFU/g on day 1. Even though whey protein is largely employed in probiotic foods, margarine supplementation with WPC without inulin or CMP did not lead to Bb-12 satisfactory populations, decreasing from 7.82 (day 1) to 4.64 log CFU/g (M2, day 35) (p<0.05). During the whole in vitro assays, Bb-12 survived significantly better (p<0.05) in M1 and revealed populations above 6 log CFU/g after 6h even after 28 days. M2 populations decreased drastically during the in vitro assays for all storage period tested (reduction of 5 log CFU/g after 2h of in vitro assays on day 7 and populations of 2.8 log CFU/g after 6h). For the other formulations, Bb-12 populations decreased 2 log CFU/g after 2h of the in vitro assays. However, for M1, M2 and M5 (on day 14 and 28) the populations of Bb-12 increased significantly (p<0.05) between the gastric phase (2h) and the enteric phase (6h). Formulations containing inulin, mainly M1, showed a significant decrease in pH values during the whole storage period (p<0.05). However, this ingredient did not affect the sensory quality of products, since no significant differences between formulations after 7 and 14 days of storage were observed (p>0.05). The supplementation of margarine with inulin and CMP guaranteed appropriate Bb-12 populations during storage for at least 28 days, and also contributed for its survival throughout the in vitro assays. Therefore, margarine might be considered an appropriate food matrix for Bb-12 survival, mainly when inulin is also added.

O trabalho teve como objetivos desenvolver sorvetes com leite de cabra, polpa de cajá e cepas potencialmente probióticas Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 e Lactobacillus paracasei LBC82, verificar a viabilidade dessas cepas e avaliar as características dos produtos ao longo de seu armazenamento a -18ºC por até 12 semanas, bem como a resistência das cepas incorporadas nos produtos a condições gástricas e entéricas simuladas in vitro. Primeiramente, foi desenvolvido creme de leite de cabra para aplicação no produto. Em seguida, foram realizados os ensaios de desenvolvimento dos sorvetes, os quais variaram de acordo com a adição de gordura láctea caprina (sorvetes SC) e a sua substituição por inulina (sorvetes SI) e com a adição de 2 cepas de Lactobacillus - L. rhamnosus HN001 (Lr) e L. paracasei LBC82 (Lp), tendo sido assim denominados: SCr - com gordura láctea caprina + Lr; SCp - com gordura láctea caprina + Lp; SIr - com inulina + Lr; SIp - com inulina + Lp. Os sorvetes foram armazenados a -18±3ºC por até 12 semanas (84 dias) e analisados quanto às seguintes características: overrun (durante a elaboração), fração de derretimento e dureza instrumental (após 14 dias), composição centesimal (após 21 dias), pH (após 1, 28, 56 e 84 dias), viabilidade dos probióticos (durante o processamento e após 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56 e 84 dias) e sua resistência às condições gástrica e entérica simuladas in vitro (após 28 e 84 dias). Os sorvetes foram, ainda, comparados quanto à sua aceitação sensorial (escala hedônica de 9 pontos, com 1 = desgostei muitíssimo e 9 = gostei muitíssimo) na Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral, CE (após 7, 42 e 84 dias) e, para efeito de comparação entre consumidores de dois locais e público distintos, também foram submetidos à análise sensorial, 7 dias após a sua produção, na FCF/USP, SP. Todos os sorvetes, apesar dos valores de pH inferiores a 4,5, apresentaram populações médias de Lactobacllus spp. acima de 8 log UFC/g e estáveis, durante 84 dias de armazenamento. Por outro lado, as cepas testadas mostraram baixa sobrevivência nos testes in vitro realizados, com ligeiro aumento dessa sobrevivência na presença de inulina aos 28 dias de armazenamento, particularmente para SIp. Os 4 sorvetes estudados apresentaram notas médias que variaram de 6,9 (SIr, aos 42 dias) a 8,0 (SCp, aos 7 dias) na avaliação sensorial, sem diferenças significativas entre os sorvetes, mas com uma diminuição significativa nas notas ao longo do armazenamento para os sorvetes com creme (p<0,05), o que não foi observado para os sorvetes com inulina, que mostraram, ainda, maior firmeza (p<0,05), com teores inferiores de lipídeos. Quando os 2 públicos de regiões distintas foram comparados quanto à aceitação sensorial, não foi verificada diferença significativa para os sorvetes com inulina, enquanto que aqueles com creme de cabra obtiveram notas significativamente inferiores (p<0,05) do público de SP (médias de 7,60 e 7,46, respectivamente, para SCr e SCp), comparado àquele do CE (médias de 7,95 e 8,03, respectivamente, para SCr e SCp). Conclui-se que os sorvetes de leite de cabra com polpa de cajá desenvolvidos apresentaram uma boa sobrevivência das cepas de Lactobacillus estudadas no produto e boas características sensoriais. As formulações contendo inulina seriam a melhor opção, por apresentarem, ainda, características prebióticas, teores inferiores de lipídeos, com maior estabilidade quanto à aceitação sensorial com o armazenamento e quando avaliados pelo público dos 2 diferentes locais testados. Os sorvetes estudados são uma opção viável para empregar alimentos como o leite de cabra e a polpa de cajá no desenvolvimento de produtos que contenham características funcionais, portanto, alto valor agregado. / This study aimed to develop a goat milk-based ice-cream with yellow mombin pulp and supplemented with the potentially probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Lactobacillus paracasei LBC82, check the viability of these strains and evaluate the products\' features throughout their storage at -18ºC for up to 12 weeks, besides the resistance of the strains incorporated into the products through in vitro gastric and enteric simulated conditions. Firstly, a goat milk cream was developed to be used in the product. Next, tests were conducted for the ice-cream formulations developed. These formulations varied according to the addition of goat milk cream (ICMC) or substitution of milk cream by inulin (ICI) and with the addition of two strains of Lactobacillus - L. rhamnosus HN001 (Lr) and L. paracasei LBC82 (Lp), and were designated as follows: ICMCr - with goat milk cream + Lr; ICMCp - with goat milk cream + Lp; ICIr - with inulin + Lr; ICIp - with inulin + Lp. The ice-creams were stored at -18±3°C for up to 12 weeks (84 days) and analyzed for the following features: overrun (during production), melting rate and instrumental hardness (after 14 days), chemical composition (after 21 days), pH (after 1, 28, 56, and 84 days), probiotics viability (during production and after 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, and 84 days) and their resistance to in vitro simulated gastric and enteric conditions (after 28 and 84 days). The ice-creams were also compared for their sensory acceptability (9-point hedonic scale, with 1 = dislike extremely and 9 = like extremely) at Embrapa Sheep and Goats, Sobral, CE (after 7, 42, and 84 days). In order to compare sensory acceptability between consumers and local public from two different areas, sensory analysis was also conducted at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at USP, SP, seven days after their production. The four kinds of ice-creams, even though with pH values below 4.5, showed Lactobacllus spp. mean populations above 8 log CFU/g and stable up to 84 days of storage. Nevertheless, the strains tested showed low survival through the in vitro tests and a slight increased survival in the presence of inulin at 28 days of storage, particularly for the ICI ice-creams. The four products studied had mean scores ranging from 6.9 (ICIr, at 42 days) up to 8.0 (ICMCp, at 7 days) in the sensory evaluation, with no significant differences between the ice-creams, but with a significant decrease in the scores during storage for the ice-creams with goat milk cream (p <0.05). This was not observed for the ice-creams with inulin, which also showed higher firmness (p <0.05), with lower lipids levels. When the consumers of the two different areas were compared regarding sensory acceptability of ice-creams, no significant difference was found among ice-creams with inulin, whereas those with goat milk cream received significantly lower scores (p <0.05) from SP consumers (mean 7.60 and 7.46, respectively, for ICMCr and for ICMCp), compared to those of CE (mean 7.95 and 8.03, respectively, for ICMCr and ICMCp). In conclusion, the goat milk-based ice-cream with yellow mombin pulp developed showed good survival of the Lactobacillus strains studied in the product and good sensory features. Formulations containing inulin would be the best option, as they also presented prebiotic characteristics, lower lipid levels, showed greater stability regarding sensory acceptability during storage and when evaluated by the public from the two different areas tested. The ice-creams studied are good options for employing foods like goat milk and yellow mombin pulp in the development of products with functional properties and, therefore, with high added values.

A obesidade é um problema sério de saúde pública e o consumo de alimentos com teores reduzidos de açúcar e gordura, associado à mudanças de hábitos alimentares e exercícios físicos vem de encontro ao desejo das pessoas que precisam perder peso. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver diversas formulações de preparado lácteo funcional com diferentes teores de açúcar, gordura e inulina, além de quantidades préestabelecidas de linhaça e frutooligossacarídeo. Foram elaborados sorvetes de massa que além do preparado em pó, continham água e polpa de mangaba. Pode-se concluir que os preparados em pó e a fabricação dos sorvetes se apresentaram com forte potencial à comercialização, já que são ricos do ponto de vista nutricional e contemplam a demanda dos consumidores por produtos simultaneamente atrativos e saudáveis. / Obesity is a serious public health and the consumption of foods with reduced levels of sugar and fat, associated with changes in eating habits and exercise comes against the desire of people who need to lose weight. This study aimed to develop various functional dairy formulations prepared with different amounts of sugar, fat and inulin, and preestablished quantities of fructooligosaccharide and flaxseed. Were prepared ice cream mass than the powder form, containing water and mangaba. It can be concluded that the powder preparation and manufacture of ice cream that had a strong potential to marketing, since they are rich in nutritional point of view and contemplate the consumer demand for products simultaneously attractive and healthy.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi melhorar as características sensoriais de uma emulsão alimentícia previamente desenvolvida pelo grupo de pesquisa, elaborada com a cepa probiótica B. animalis Bb-12, inulina e caseínomacropeptídeo (CMP), bem como caracterizar e avaliar a aceitabilidade do produto sob o ponto de vista sensorial, suas características físico-químicas e de textura instrumental durante seu armazenamento refrigerado e verificar a viabilidade da cepa probiótica incorporada à emulsão alimentícia e a sua sobrevivência in vitro a condições gastrointestinais simuladas. Foram preparadas 6 misturas binárias de gordura do leite (GL) (x1) e oleína de palma (OP) (x2) em diferentes proporções, sendo que duas delas correspondiam aos componentes isoladamente. Para as misturas GL:OP, foram determinados a composição em ácidos graxos, o índice de acidez (IA), os comportamentos de cristalização e fusão e a consistência. Adicionalmente, uma margarina comercial (MC) foi analisada como padrão de referência para as emulsões alimentícias potencialmente probióticas desenvolvidas e sua base gordurosa (BGMC) foi analisada como referência para a seleção das misturas GL:OP mais adequadas para a produção das emulsões. Após a seleção das misturas, foram produzidas duas emulsões alimentícias com adição de inulina, CMP e B. animalis Bb-12, que foram monitoradas durante o seu armazenamento a 5 °C no dia 0 (após o processamento) e após 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas, de pH, teste de sobrevivência às condições gastrointestinais simuladas in vitro, análise de consistência e aceitação sensorial. Aos 35 dias de armazenamento, repetiu-se o ensaio in vitro para posterior extração de DNA do probiótico no produto a fim de comparar os métodos de semeadura em ágar seletivo e de qPCR com e sem tratamento com o agente intercalante de DNA Propidium Monoazide (PMA). Os ácidos palmítico e oleico foram os ácidos graxos mais abundantes nas misturas GL:OP, entre 30 e 34% e entre 10 e 50%, respectivamente. A adição de OP à GL resultou em um retardamento do início da cristalização das misturas binárias GL:OP, devido à interação física resultante da diluição dos triacilglicerois de alto ponto de fusão provenientes da GL. A consistência das misturas binárias GL:OP variou entre 385,9 e 12.172,3 gf/cm2 a 5 °C, sendo que as misturas GL:OP 40:60 e 20:80 apresentaram consistência mais semelhante à da BGMC a 10 °C. Dessa forma, as misturas GL:OP 40:60 e 20:80 foram selecionadas para a produção de emulsões alimentícias por apresentarem comportamento térmico e consistência mais adequados a este fim. Após a produção das formulações, as populações de Bb-12 permaneceram estáveis entre 8 e 9 log UFC/g durante os 28 dias de armazenamento a 5 °C (p>0,05) e sua viabilidade não foi influenciada pela diminuição de pH. Houve uma redução em até 2 ciclos logaritmos da população do probiótico das formulações após 6 horas de simulação gastrointestinal em todos os períodos estudados (7, 14, 21 e 28 dias) (p<0,05). No entanto, o período de armazenamento estudado não influenciou de maneira significativa a taxa de sobrevivência da Bb-12 (p>0.05) e, ao final dos 28 dias, a taxa de sobrevivência foi de 80% para EA 40:60 e 75% para a EA 20:80. Os métodos de semeadura convencional e de qPCR com PMA mostraram correlação positiva em quase todas as fases do ensaio in vitro. Contudo, a formulação EA 40:60 apresentou maiores contagens de células viáveis em qPCR com PMA, comparado ao método convencional em ágar. A aceitação sensorial das emulsões tiveram notas semelhantes, com notas entre 6,2 e 6,9, o que significa \"gostei ligeiramente\". As consistências das formulações variaram de 213,3 a 2466,6 gf/cm2 entre 5 e 15 °C. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a formulação EA 40:60 pode ser considerada a melhor formulação, uma vez que revelou características tecnológicas mais vantajosas e boa viabilidade do probiótico e sobrevivência ao estresse gastrointestinal, além de ter apresentado melhor aceitabilidade sensorial. / The purpose of this study was to improve the sensory attributes of a tablespread previously developed by our research group, supplemented with the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12, besides inulin, and caseinomacropeptide, as well as to evaluate the product sensory acceptance, its physico-chemical and instrumental texture profile during refrigerated storage, and to verify the viability of the probiotic incorporated into the tablespread and its in vitro survival under conditions simulating the gastrointestinal tract during storage. Six binary blends of milk fat (MF) (x1) and palm olein (PO) (x2) were prepared in different proportions, whith two samples representing the pure components and four corresponding to binary blends, The fatty acid composition, free fatty acids, crystallization, and melting behaviors, and consistency analyses were performed for all MF:PO blends. Additionally, a commercial margarine (CM) was analyzed as a reference standard to the potentially probiotic tablespreads to be developed and its lipid base (CMLB) was analyzed as a reference for the selection of the MF:PO blends most suitable for the tablespreads preparation. Then, two MF:PO blends were selected to produce two tablespreads with Bb-12, inulin, and caseinomacropeptide, which were monitored during storage at 5 °C in time 0 (after processing), and after 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Microbiology assays, pH test, in vitro gastrointestinal survival, consistency, and sensory acceptance were performed. After 35 days of storage, the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal assay was repeated for subsequent probiotic DNA extraction in the food matrix in order to compare the different methods, including plate count and species-specific qPCR combined with the use of the Propidium Monoazide (PMA). All the MF:PO blends showed high concentration of palmitic and oleic acids, in the range between 30-34% and 10-50%, respectively. The addition of PO into MF resulted in an onset crystallization temperature delay for the MF:PO blends due to a physical interaction resulting from the MF high melting point triacylglycerol dilution. The consistency of the MF:PO blends varied between 385.9 and 12.172 gf/cm2 at 5 °C and 40:60 and 20:80 MF:PO blends presented consistency similar to (CMLB) at 10 °C. Thus, the 40:60 and 20:80 MF:PO blends were selected for the production of tablespreads, for presenting thermal behavior and consistency most suitable for this purpose. Following the tablespreads production, the Bb-12 populations remained stable ranging from 8 to 9 cfu/g throughout 28 days of storage at 5 °C (p>0.05) and their viability was not influenced by pH reduction. There was a decrease of up to 2 log cfu/g of the probiotic populations after 6 h of simulated gastrointestinal in vitro assay during all the studied periods (7, 14, 21, and 28 days) (p<0.05). On the other hand, the storage period did not significantly influence the survival rate of Bb-12 (p>0.05) and after 28 days the tablespreads TS 40:60 and 20:80 showed values of 80 and 75%, respectively. The different methods, count plate and qPCR with PMA, showed positive correlation in almost all steps of the in vitro assay. However, the tablespread TS 40:60 presented higher viable cell counts with the qPCR with PMA, when compared to the conventional plating method. The tablespreads sensory acceptability presented similar scores, ranging from 6.2 to 6.9, with consistency between 213.3 and 2,466.6 gf/cm2 between 5 and 15 °C. Therefore, the results obtained suggest that the TS40:60 tablespread may be considered the best formulation due the good technological parameters and good probiotic viability and survival under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal stress, besides presenting the highest sensory acceptance.

Neste estudo foi avaliado o efeito de frutanos do tipo inulina (FTI) na biodisponibilidade de minerais em ratos, com particular enfoque para o Ca e o Fe. Foram realizados dois ensaios: no primeiro utilizou-se um modelo fatorial 2×2×2, com dois níveis de Fe (0 e 35 mg/kg), Ca (0 e 5 g/kg) e FTI (0 e 100 g/kg) nas rações; no segundo, utilizou-se um modelo de repleção de Hb em ratos anêmicos. As fontes de FTI foram a Raftilose P95 (ensaios 1 e 2), fonte purificada, e a farinha de yacón (FY; ensaio 2); os sais de Fe utilizados foram o Fe4(P2O7)3 (ensaios 1 e 2) e o FeSO4 microencapsulado com alginato (ensaio 2). No primeiro ensaio foram avaliados parâmetros bioquímicos de Fe, concentração de minerais nos ossos, fígado e baço, e parâmetros de resistência e histomorfometria óssea. Após 33 d, não foram observados efeitos na retenção óssea de Ca, porém observou-se maior volume trabecular ósseo e parâmetros histomorfométricos de formação óssea nos animais deficientes em Fe alimentados com os FTI. No segundo ensaio foram determinados parâmetros hematológicos, de biodisponibilidade de Fe, e parâmetros intestinais (balanço mineral; pH, ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e espécies de Fe no conteúdo intestinal). A FY recuperou os animais da deficiência de Fe mais rapidamente do que a Raftilose. Esse efeito ocorreu em função de alterações intestinais provocadas pelo aumento da fermentação desses carboidratos, que afetou a solubilidade do Fe da dieta. Concluiu-se que os FTI aumentaram a biodisponibilidade de minerais, possivelmente por influência da concentração do mineral e pelas interações entre os minerais presentes na ração, pelo tempo de ensaio, pela matriz alimentar, e pelo modelo experimental utilizado. / This study evaluated the effect of inulin-type fructans (ITF) on mineral bioavailability in rats, focusing mainly on Ca and Fe. Two experiments were carried out: the first one considered a 2×2×2 factorial model using two levels of Fe (0 and 35 mg/kg), Ca (0 and 5 g/kg) and ITF (0 and 100 g/kg) in the diets; the second experiment considered a Hb repletion model in anemic rats. Raftilose P95 (experiments 1 and 2; purified source) and yacon flour (YF; experiment 2) were used as ITF sources; the Fe salts used were Fe4(P2O7)3 (experiments 1 and 2) and microencapsulated FeSO4 with alginate (experiment 2). In the first experiment, Fe biochemical parameters, mineral concentration in the bones, liver and spleen, bone strength and histomorphometrical parameters were evaluated. After 33 d, no effects on bone retention were observed, but a larger bone volume and larger bone-formation parameters were observed on Fe-deficient animals fed with ITF. In the second experiment, hematological, Fe bioavailability and intestinal parameters (mineral balance, pH, short-chain fatty acids and Fe species in the intestinal content) were determined. Fe-deficient animals fed with YF recovered more rapidly than those fed with Raftilose. This effect took place as a function of intestinal alterations caused by the increased fermentation of these carbohydrates, which affected dietary Fe solubility. It can be concluded that ITF increased the bioavailability of minerals, possibly due to the influence of mineral concentration and interactions between minerals in the diet, experiment duration, food matrix and experimental model used.