Cette thèse vise la continuité des questions d’échelle à travers la gouvernance de l’eau qui ne peut s’établir à un seul niveau mais doit au contraire envisager tous les niveaux à la fois. Cela constitue une difficulté méthodologique majeure que la gestion internationale ne parvient encore à résoudre. La subsidiarité en était un moyen avec l’inconvénient de séparer brutalement les niveaux d’échelle. Mais le bassin versant considéré comme un espace de projet délimité, dont la gestion ne vise pas seulement son administration mais la coordination de politiques, induit une gestion au-delà des découpages administratifs, avec un processus décisionnel continu et négocié entre acteurs aux pouvoirs de différents niveaux, aux intérêts et aux logiques divers, souvent contradictoires. S’il est partagé par nature, en faire un bien commun impose de franchir l’obstacle de « l’égoïsme » qui peut être attaché à la souveraineté de chaque État sur son territoire. La réalisation d’ouvrages majeurs se détache du principe de « chacun chez soi ». C’est justement ce principe souverainiste qui engendre des hydro-conflits transfrontaliers. Ainsi, s’interroger sur la signification concrète du concept de gouvernance par l’exemple des eaux partagées du fleuve Niger dans ses portions Bénin, Niger et Nigéria, c’est poser le principal problème qui permet de hiérarchiser les différentes pièces du calcul. À travers une démarche inclusive, il sera question d’établir un diagnostic de gouvernance du bassin versant du Niger, d’identifier les impacts d’une telle approche sur le développement des ressources en eau et d'appréhender les pratiques sociales des usagers de l'eau notamment ceux impliqués dans le développement de l’agriculture irriguée et ceux qui subissent les impacts environnementaux qu’engendrent les infrastructures hydrauliques d’envergure à l’instar de Kainji et de Jebba. / This thesis is the continuity of scale through the water governance that cannot be established at one level but must instead consider all levels at once. This was a major methodological difficulty that international management is still able to solve. Subsidiarity was a way with the disadvantage to brutally separate scale levels. But the watershed is considered as a project space delimited, whose management is not only the administration but the coordination of policies, induced a management beyond administrative cuts, with an ongoing decision-making process and negotiated between actors in the powers of different levels, interests and various, often contradictory logic. It is shared by nature, make a common good requires the hurdle of "selfishness" that can be attached to the sovereignty of each State over its territory. The realization of major works stands the principle of "everyone home." It is precisely this sovereigntist principle that generates cross-border hydro-conflits. So, wonder about the real meaning of the concept of governance by the example of the shared waters of the Niger River in Benin, Niger and Nigeria portions, this is the main problem that allows to prioritize the different parts of the calculation. Through an inclusive approach, it will issue a diagnosis of governance of the catchment area of Niger, to identify the impacts of such an approach on the development of water resources and to understand the social practices of users of water including those involved in the development of irrigated agriculture and those undergoing environmental impact generate the large-scale like Kainji and Jebba hydraulic infrastructure.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ItaloWLP_DISSERT.pdf: 1934348 bytes, checksum: 3582773a591e1d97d71e7da2afbd3d45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / With the growth of irrigation, the need arises for more efficient systems for the use of water. Low cost irrigation systems enable greater efficiency providing productions at relatively lower prices. With that thought, the aim with this work was to evaluate low cost localized irrigation systems that meet theoretical specifications and, above all, to be accessible to farmers. This work was accomplished in two moments, the first being in the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Technological and the second in the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, both of the Federal Rural University of the Semiarid (UFERSA), in Mossoró, RN, Brazil, generating usage information of irrigation systems submitted to pressures of 10, 20 and 30 kPa. Initially we evaluated the emitters on a test bench, where it was determined the coefficient of manufacturing variation (CVf), the distribution uniformity coefficient (CUD) and the average flow (qmed) of the same, in certain pressure conditions. With the information generated were determined maximum allowable lengths of the lateral line, in function on the pressure variation (Δq). The results was provided to formulate an alternative kit (six lateral lines of 16 mm diameter, spaced 1 m between themselves, with 15 m length, perforated manually, where was inserted at every 0.3 m, a dripper type GA-4). Along with a commercial kit of the John Deere Water (formerly Plastro), both were submitted and evaluated under field conditions through the distribution uniformity coefficient (CUD), of soil characteristics and the materials used. The kits demonstrated the viability of usage adequate when in low pressure (10, 20 and 30 kPa) / Com o crescimento da irrigação, surge a necessidade de sistemas mais eficientes quanto ao uso de água. Sistemas de irrigação de baixo custo possibilitam uma maior eficiência proporcionando produções a preços relativamente menores. Com esse pensamento, objetivou-se com este trabalhoavaliar sistemas de irrigação localizada de baixo custo que atendam especificações teóricas e, acima de tudo, que sejam acessíveis a agricultores familiares. Este trabalho foi realizado em dois momentos, sendo o primeiro no Laboratório de Hidráulica do Departamento de Ciências Ambientais e Tecnológicas e o segundo na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, ambos da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido(UFERSA), gerando informações de uso de sistemas de irrigação submetidos a pressões de 10, 20 e 30 kPa. Inicialmente foram avaliados os emissores em uma bancada de testes, onde se determinou o coeficiente de variação de fabricação (CVf), o coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD) e a vazão média (qmed) dos mesmos, nas condições de pressão determinadas. Com as informações geradas determinaram-se os comprimentos máximos permitidos da linha lateral, em função da variação de pressão (Δq). Os resultados proporcionaram a formulação de um kit alternativo (seis linhas laterais de 16 mm de diâmetro, cada uma espaçada de 1 m entre si, com 15 m de comprimento, perfuradas manualmente, onde inseriu-se, a cada 0,3 m,um gotejador tipo GA-4). Juntamente com um kit comercial da John DeereWater (antiga Plastro),ambos foram submetidos e avaliados em condições de campo através do coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD),das características do solo e os materiais utilizados. Os kits demonstraram a viabilidade de uso adequado quando em baixa pressão (10,20 e 30 kPa)

L’usage des eaux souterraines est à l’origine de l’expansion de l’économie agricole du Saïss, une région située au Nord du Maroc. Bien que cachées dans les sous-sols, les eaux souterraines de l’aquifère du même nom sont mises en visibilité par les objets techniques, intermédiaires indispensables à leur exploitation. D’une grande diversité, ces objets incluent les ouvrages d’exhaure (puits, forages, puits-forés) et leurs équipements (moteurs et pompes). D’un objet technique à l’autre, les transitions techniques qui traversent la région marquent le basculement des usages sur la nappe, des eaux souterraines superficielles aux eaux profondes. Au-delà des conditions hydrologiques et des pratiques de pompage qui changent, ce basculement témoigne du passage entre deux mondes sociaux spécifiques : un « monde de la pénurie » qui repose sur l’usage des puits et des eaux de la nappe phréatique ; et un « monde de l’abondance » où les forages permettent d’atteindre les ressources en eau de la nappe profonde, plus facilement exploitables, avec des débits plus importants et plus constants. L’évolution entre les deux mondes n’est pas linéaire, apparentée à une forme d’hybridité plutôt qu’à une rupture car leurs frontières sont rendues à la fois mouvantes et poreuses par les agriculteurs et des artisans innovants. En se constituant en objets de réseaux qui mettent en contact et créent des interdépendances entre les acteurs, les objets techniques dessinent un tissu réticulaire dont la maille ne relève pas de façon immédiate d’un lien territorial. La thèse explore ce que construit socialement la dynamique d’exploitation des ressources en eau souterraine, en caractérisant le type d’assemblages du social qui est généré - tout en y contribuant- par l’usage d’une ressource individualisée. L’analyse des mécanismes de récupération et la transformation des moteurs d’extraction révèle une société en émergence dont les systèmes d’échanges et de communication sont basés sur l’institution sociale du « bazar ». Structure sociale et culturelle traditionnelle dans les sociétés marocaines et orientales en général, le « bazar » offre des propriétés qui sont réinvesties de nos jours pour façonner les interrelations autour d’objets techniques nouveaux. En périphérie de ces processus, les acteurs publics contribuent à la réification des mondes sociaux, en disqualifiant le monde des puits pour encourager le monde « plus rationnel et mieux maîtrisé » des forages. L’approche de cette société des eaux cachées par l’intermédiaire de la technique et du rapport à l’eau souterraine se révèle d’une grande richesse, et capable de rendre visibles et explicites des dynamiques sociopolitiques caractéristiques du Maghreb contemporain. On voit alors se dessiner dans la relation ressources naturelles-objets techniques-acteurs des lignes de fracture sociologique entre monde de la ruralité souvent perçu par les acteurs publics comme « en retard » sur le développement et monde de la modernité qui encourage la course aux nouvelles technologies et à la technicité. / Groundwater-based irrigation enabled the development of a dynamic agricultural economy in the Saïss plain, located in the north of Morocco. Hidden in the aquifer system, the groundwater resources are made visible by technical objects used for their extraction. These techniques are multiple, including dug wells, tube-wells, and their equipment: motors and pumps. The shift from one technique to the other brought about major agrarian transitions in the region accompanied by a change of groundwater uses by switching from the shallow phreatic aquifer to the deep Liassic aquifer. Beyond changes over the hydrological context and practices of pumping, the change in the uses of the aquifer also shows the shift between two specific social worlds around groundwater exploitation. A “world of scarcity” based on the use of dug wells and the shallow aquifer; and a “world of abundance” where tube-wells can easily pump in the deep Liassic aquifer with its large and more regular flow rate. From one social world to another, the shift is neither a one-way process nor a rupture. On the contrary, their frontiers and limits remain flexible and porous due to the movements of farmers and artisans. By becoming objects within networks that create links and interdependences between actors, techniques are constitutive of a socio-technical network regardless of any direct territorial link with the aquifer. The thesis explores what is socially constructed through the dynamics of groundwater exploitation, by characterizing types of social assemblages generated by the uses of an individualized resource. The analysis of mechanisms around the recycling and transformation of extractive motors reveals an emerging society where relationships between actors of the market are based on a “bazaar economy”. Used to describe and analyse the social, economic and cultural structure in traditional Moroccan societies and oriental societies in general, the properties of the bazaar economy have been reorganised nowadays to organize interrelations between new technical objects. In this system, public actors contribute to the differentiation between the two social worlds around groundwater exploitation, trying to marginalize the social world of wells and supporting the “more rational and tamed” social world of tube wells. Understanding the society of hidden waters by the mediation of techniques and through the relationships of actors to groundwater makes visible the socio-political dynamics in contemporary North Africa. The relation between natural resources-techniques-actors also reveal sociological frontiers between the world of rurality considered by public actors as being “behind” in the economic development of the Nation; and the world of modernity or new technologies which is ahead in this development.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:23:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 928739 bytes, checksum: 9b45a1d8c8bed82d815c9db53d110f21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Quantifying the water consumption by crops and the correct scheduling for its application are valuable issues to the irrigation management. It was developed at the Federal University of Viçosa an evapo-pluviometric equipment named Irrigâmetro, which allows measuring the evapotranspiration and the precipitation, providing the right time to irrigate, the running time for the irrigation system or its speed as well. The objectives of this research were: (a) to determine the coefficient of Irrigameter (KI) to the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 cm water depths in the evaporator, for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days intervals; (b) evaluate the performance of the Irrigameter estimating the reference evapotranspiration in the climate of the Alto Paranaíba-MG, in August 2008 to May of 2009, and (c) evaluate the interactions of the meteorological elements maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and radiation on the reference evapotranspiration estimated by the Irrigameter, operating with different depths of water in the evaporator. The study was conducted at the experimental station of the Federal University of Viçosa, located in the campus of Rio Paranaíba in the municipality of Rio Paranaíba, MG. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of Irrigameters equipped with evaporator operating with the following water depths: N1 = 1, N2 = 2, N3 = 3, N4 = 4, N5= 5 and N6 = 6 cm, taken from the own equipment reference level, totaling 18 Irrigâmetros. The KI coefficient was obtained by the ratio between estimated crop evapotranspiration obtained by the Irrigameter and reference evapotranspiration obtained by the Penman-Monteith - FAO 56 method. The analysis of the performance of the Irrigameter to estimate the reference evapotranspiration was made comparing the results with those obtained from the device to the equation Penman-Monteith - FAO 56. The ranking of the evapotranspiration estimative was based on the values of the standard estimative error (SEE), coefficient of determination (r2) and the equation parameters (a and b) of the linear regressions. The best alternative was the one that had higher r2, lower SEE and b near to the unit. The accuracy was amended by the WILLMOT agreement index, represented by the letter "d", where the values range from zero for no agreement to 1 for perfect agreement. To evaluate the direct and indirect effects of each climatic component on the evapotranspiration estimated by the Irrigameter, the path analysis was used, where evapotranspiration was the dependent variable and the climatic elements were the independent variables. The coefficient of Irrigameter increased with the increase of water level within the evaporator, for all time intervals. The water depth in evaporator to estimate the evapotranspiration of reference were: 4.1, 4.0, 3.6, 3.8, 3.3, 3.0, 2.5, 3.3, 3, 0 and 2.9 cm for the months of August, September, October, November, December, January, February, March, April and May, respectively. For the path analysis, the climatic factors that had high correlation with the estimate of the evapotranspiration of Irrigameter were the relative humidity for the months of August and January, minimum temperature and relative humidity for the month of September, maximum temperature and relative humidity, for the month of October and minimum temperature for the month of May. The lowest correlation with the main variable was presented by the variable wind speed, and not significant at 1 and 5% probability by the test t. / A quantificação do consumo de água pelas culturas agrícolas e o momento correto para sua aplicação são informações de grande valor no manejo da irrigação. Na Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), em Viçosa, MG, foi desenvolvido um aparelho evapopluviométrico denominado Irrigâmetro, que possibilita medir a lâmina evapotranspirada e a precipitação pluvial, fornecendo diretamente o momento de irrigar e o tempo de funcionamento de um sistema de irrigação ou a sua velocidade de deslocamento. Nesta pesquisa, os objetivos foram: (a) determinar o coeficiente do Irrigâmetro (KI), mensalmente, nas alturas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 cm do nível de água no evaporatório, em intervalos de um, três, cinco e sete dias; (b) avaliar o desempenho do Irrigâmetro para estimar a evapotranspiração nas condições do Alto Paranaíba, MG, nos meses de agosto de 2008 a maio de 2009; e (c) analisar, mensalmente, os efeitos das interações dos elementos meteorológicos temperatura máxima, temperatura mínima, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento e radiação na evapotranspiração estimada pelo Irrigâmetro operando com diferentes alturas do nível de água no evaporatório. O estudo foi conduzido numa estação experimental da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, localizada no Campus de Rio Paranaíba, no Município de Rio Paranaíba, MG. O experimento foi montado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de Irrigâmetros equipados individualmente com evaporatórios operando com água nas alturas N1 = 1, N2 = 2, N3 = 3, N4 = 4, N5 = 5 e N6 = 6 cm, tomadas a partir de um nível de referência próprio do aparelho, totalizando 18 Irrigâmetros. O coeficiente KI foi obtido pela relação entre a estimativa de evapotranspiração da cultura obtida no Irrigâmetro e a evapotranspiração de referência obtida pelo método de Penman- Monteith-FAO 56. A análise do desempenho do Irrigâmetro para estimar a evapotranspiração de referência foi feita comparando-se os resultados do aparelho com os obtidos pela equação de Penman-Monteith-FAO 56. A hierarquização das estimativas da evapotranspiração foi feita com base nos valores do erro-padrão da estimativa (SEE), do coeficiente de determinação (r2) e dos parâmetros da equação (a e b) das respectivas regressões lineares simples. A melhor alternativa foi aquela que apresentou maior r2, menor SEE e b próximo da unidade. A exatidão foi dada pelo índice de concordância de Willmott, representado pela letra d , em que os valores variam de zero para nenhuma concordância a 1 para a concordância perfeita. Para avaliar os efeitos direto e indireto de cada componente climático sobre a evapotranspiração estimada pelo Irrigâmetro, utilizou-se a análise de trilha, em que a evapotranspiração foi a variável dependente e os elementos do clima, as variáveis independentes. O coeficiente do Irrigâmetro aumentou com a elevação do nível da água dentro do evaporatório, onde os níveis de água indicados para se estimar a evapotranspiração de referência foram: 4,1; 4,0; 3,6; 3,8; 3,3; 3,0; 2,5; 3,3; 3,0 e 2,9 cm nos meses de agosto, setembro, outubro, novembro, dezembro, janeiro, fevereiro, março, abril e maio, respectivamente. Pela análise de trilha, os elementos climatológicos que apresentaram maior correlação com a estimativa da evapotranspiração do Irrigâmetro foram a umidade relativa, dos meses de agosto e janeiro, temperatura mínima e umidade relativa (no mês de setembro), temperatura máxima e umidade relativa (no mês de outubro) e temperatura mínima (no mês de maio). A menor correlação com a variável principal foi apresentada pela variável velocidade do vento, sendo não significativa a 1 e 5% de probabilidade, pelo teste t.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tomazela_abg_dr_botfca.pdf: 1126728 bytes, checksum: cc8ec5470f3eb8b5bf45fa957a450d18 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar sistemas de tratamento de águas residuárias em áreas rurais, a fim de obter água com qualidade de reúso para irrigação. Os sistemas de tratamento foram montados na Fazenda Experimental Lageado localizada nas coordenadas 22o 55 S e 48o 26 W Gr, em Botucatu - SP/ Brasil. O primeiro sistema S1 envolveu tanque de sedimentação e sistema fitológico. O sistema S2 apresentou tanque de sedimentação, filtros anaeróbios e sistema fito-pedológico e o sistema S3 abrangeu tanque de sedimentação, reatores anaeróbios horizontais de leito fixo e sistema fitopedológico. No sistema fitológico S1, o índice de vazios da pedra britada foi de 0,456 e a vazão foi de 35,50+ 4,62 L h-1 a um tempo de detenção hidráulica de 13,2+ 1,92 h. A condutividade hidráulica saturada (Ks), volume de passagem (Vp) e porosidade nos leitos filtrantes do sistema fito-pedológico S2, que apresentavam ou não as camadas de areia grossa, foram, respectivamente de 7,0521 m h-1; 12,41 m3 h-1 e 0,46; a vazão de 43,05+3,41 L h-1 foi maior que a vazão de saída de 24,27+5,38 L h-1. Nas estruturas que compunham o sistema fito-pedológico S3, os resultados dos índices físicos foram de 7,0521 m h-1 (Ks), 7,26 m3 h-1 (Vp) e 0,46 (porosidade); os valores da vazão e do tempo de detenção hidráulica foram de respectivamente 5,26 L h-1; 44 h e 3,01 L h-1 e 76 h. Como bons parâmetros de desempenho e estabilidade dos sistemas de tratamento, os valores do pH apresentaram-se numa faixa adequada para o processo de digestão anaeróbia variando de 5,94 até 7,43, os da DQO, sólidos 2 em suspensão e P total sofreram reduções de até 90,5%; 87% e 72,7%, respectivamente e os do NTK apresentaram tendência de aumento de até 23,8%, na maioria das unidades de tratamento. A areia grossa não influiu nos valores da condutividade hidráulica saturada e nem na porosidade do leito... / The present work had as objective evaluates wastewater treatment systems in rural areas, in order to obtain water with quality for reuse in irrigation. The wastewater treatment systems were mounted in Experimental Farm located in the coordinates 22o 55 S and 48o 26 W Gr, in Botucatu - SP / Brazil. The first system S1 involved sedimentation tank and fitologic system. The system S2 presented sedimentation tank, anaerobic filters and fito-pedologic system and the system S3 included sedimentation tank, horizontal anaerobic immobilized biomass reactors and fito-pedologic system. In the fitologic system S1, the emptiness index of the broken stone was of 0,456 and the flow was from 35,50+ 4,62 L h-1 to a time of hydraulic detention of 13,2+ 1,92 h. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), passage volum (Vp) and porosith in the filtering bed of fito-pedologic system S2, that presented or no the layers of thick sand, were, respectively of 7,0521 m h-1; 4 12,41 m3 h-1 and 0,46; the flow of 43,05+3,41 L h-1 was larger than the flow of exit of 24,27+5,38 L h-1. In the structures that composed the fito-pedologic system S3, the results of the physical indexes were of 7,0521 m h-1 (Ks), 7,26 m3 h-1 (Vp) and 0,46 (porosith); the values of the flow and of the time of hydraulic detention were of respectively 5,26 L h-1; 44 h and 3,01 L h-1; 76 h. As good acting parameters and stability of the treatment systems, the values of the pH came in an appropriate strip for the anaerobic digestion process varying from 5,94 to 7,43, the one of DQO, suspension solids and P total suffered reductions of up to 90,5%; 87% and 72,7%, respectively and the one of NTK presented increase tendency of up to 23,8%, in most of the treatment units. The thick sand didn't influence on the saturated hydraulic conductivity values and neither in the bed porosith system, but it interfered in the acting of the fito-pedologic unit... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Orientador: Raimundo Leite Cruz / Banca: Célia Regina Lopes Zimback / Banca: Hélio Grassi Filho / Banca: Marcelo Zaiat / Banca: Guilherme Augusto Biscaro / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar sistemas de tratamento de águas residuárias em áreas rurais, a fim de obter água com qualidade de reúso para irrigação. Os sistemas de tratamento foram montados na Fazenda Experimental Lageado localizada nas coordenadas 22o 55’ S e 48o 26’ W Gr, em Botucatu - SP/ Brasil. O primeiro sistema S1 envolveu tanque de sedimentação e sistema fitológico. O sistema S2 apresentou tanque de sedimentação, filtros anaeróbios e sistema fito-pedológico e o sistema S3 abrangeu tanque de sedimentação, reatores anaeróbios horizontais de leito fixo e sistema fitopedológico. No sistema fitológico S1, o índice de vazios da pedra britada foi de 0,456 e a vazão foi de 35,50+ 4,62 L h-1 a um tempo de detenção hidráulica de 13,2+ 1,92 h. A condutividade hidráulica saturada (Ks), volume de passagem (Vp) e porosidade nos leitos filtrantes do sistema fito-pedológico S2, que apresentavam ou não as camadas de areia grossa, foram, respectivamente de 7,0521 m h-1; 12,41 m3 h-1 e 0,46; a vazão de 43,05+3,41 L h-1 foi maior que a vazão de saída de 24,27+5,38 L h-1. Nas estruturas que compunham o sistema fito-pedológico S3, os resultados dos índices físicos foram de 7,0521 m h-1 (Ks), 7,26 m3 h-1 (Vp) e 0,46 (porosidade); os valores da vazão e do tempo de detenção hidráulica foram de respectivamente 5,26 L h-1; 44 h e 3,01 L h-1 e 76 h. Como bons parâmetros de desempenho e estabilidade dos sistemas de tratamento, os valores do pH apresentaram-se numa faixa adequada para o processo de digestão anaeróbia variando de 5,94 até 7,43, os da DQO, sólidos 2 em suspensão e P total sofreram reduções de até 90,5%; 87% e 72,7%, respectivamente e os do NTK apresentaram tendência de aumento de até 23,8%, na maioria das unidades de tratamento. A areia grossa não influiu nos valores da condutividade hidráulica saturada e nem na porosidade do leito... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work had as objective evaluates wastewater treatment systems in rural areas, in order to obtain water with quality for reuse in irrigation. The wastewater treatment systems were mounted in Experimental Farm located in the coordinates 22o 55’ S and 48o 26’ W Gr, in Botucatu - SP / Brazil. The first system S1 involved sedimentation tank and fitologic system. The system S2 presented sedimentation tank, anaerobic filters and fito-pedologic system and the system S3 included sedimentation tank, horizontal anaerobic immobilized biomass reactors and fito-pedologic system. In the fitologic system S1, the emptiness index of the broken stone was of 0,456 and the flow was from 35,50+ 4,62 L h-1 to a time of hydraulic detention of 13,2+ 1,92 h. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), passage volum (Vp) and porosith in the filtering bed of fito-pedologic system S2, that presented or no the layers of thick sand, were, respectively of 7,0521 m h-1; 4 12,41 m3 h-1 and 0,46; the flow of 43,05+3,41 L h-1 was larger than the flow of exit of 24,27+5,38 L h-1. In the structures that composed the fito-pedologic system S3, the results of the physical indexes were of 7,0521 m h-1 (Ks), 7,26 m3 h-1 (Vp) and 0,46 (porosith); the values of the flow and of the time of hydraulic detention were of respectively 5,26 L h-1; 44 h and 3,01 L h-1; 76 h. As good acting parameters and stability of the treatment systems, the values of the pH came in an appropriate strip for the anaerobic digestion process varying from 5,94 to 7,43, the one of DQO, suspension solids and P total suffered reductions of up to 90,5%; 87% and 72,7%, respectively and the one of NTK presented increase tendency of up to 23,8%, in most of the treatment units. The thick sand didn't influence on the saturated hydraulic conductivity values and neither in the bed porosith system, but it interfered in the acting of the fito-pedologic unit... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Doutor

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work notices the transformations occurred in rural areas of the sub-médio San Francisco River and it analyses the development of irrigated agricultural perimeters since the implementation of public projects of irrigation in the region by Codevasf. Those public projects focus on the process of transference of management to small farmers and the factors that interfere in these processes. Some difficulties arise from the relationship Codevasf and small farmer workers. To solve them, reference was taken from the proposal of work of emancipation programs elaborated by the Ministério da Integração Nacional that guides the work done by Codevasf. In this study, we try to comprehend the complexity of practices of different actors involved in the relationship between those parties and their effects in the internal dynamism of irrigated perimeters. We made reference on how this process is done in the access to the land in Brazil since the first occupations up to the present moment and the importance of the role of the Lei de Irrigação. Also, the vital role of the San Francisco River was observed when the implementation of public policies in the agricultural development of the San Francisco Valley through programs of settlement of small farm workers in irrigated areas. It was tried to understand the web that involves the irrigated perimeters. The principal part of the analyses was done in the Maniçoba Project in Juazeiro Bahia for it is the perimeter where most of the time was spent on professional practices. Codevasf still works in a paternal way in relation to the farmers and political interference is still done which creates a dependence from the part of the producers and their organizations. To reverse this situation, it is necessary that Codevasf take the decision to set itself apart from the management of the irrigated perimeters and it should put into practice the needed actions to overcome obstacles that have put the effectiveness of its emancipation in order to make agricultural workers responsible for their own acts. / Este trabalho observa as transformações ocorridas no espaço rural do submédio São Francisco e o desenvolvimento da agricultura, com a implantação dos projetos públicos de irrigação, implantados e administrados pela Codevasf. Enfoca o processo de transferência de gestão da Codevasf para os pequenos produtores (emancipação), levando em consideração os fatores que interferem no referido processo. É tomada como referência a proposta de trabalho dos programas de emancipação, preconizados pelo Ministério da Integração Nacional que orienta os trabalhos da Codevasf. Neste estudo, vem à luz, a complexidade das práticas dos atores (Codevasf/Pequenos Produtores), envolvidos nesta trama de relações e os efeitos delas na dinâmica interna dos perímetros. Trata também de como se realiza o processo de acesso à terra no Brasil, reportando-se às primeiras ocupações na história (posse e colonização) até o acesso à terra nos perímetros públicos irrigados e do papel determinante da lei de irrigação na operacionalização dos programas de irrigação. Ressalta a importância do Rio São Francisco na implantação de políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento da região e para o crescimento agrícola do vale sanfranciscano, através de programas de assentamento de pequenos produtores em áreas irrigadas. São evidenciados os impactos das políticas públicas de irrigação e seus efeitos sobre os pequenos produtores dos perímetros irrigados, no município de Juazeiro-BA. A análise de documentos oficiais, depoimentos de técnicos, observações in loco, os contatos diretos com os produtores são instrumentos para compreensão da problemática que envolve os perímetros de irrigação. A ênfase maior da análise centra-se no Projeto Maniçoba, em Juazeiro-BA, por ter sido o perímetro onde foi vivenciado o maior tempo da prática profissional da autora. Constata-se que a forma de atuação da Codevasf é ainda bastante paternalista em relação aos produtores e que as ingerências políticas têm gerado um comportamento dependente tanto dos produtores, quanto de suas organizações. Conclui-se daí que para reverter a situação evidenciada, a Codevasf deve tomar a decisão de afastar-se da gestão dos perímetros, colocar em prática ações necessárias para superação dos obstáculos que têm dificultado a efetivação da emancipação, deixando que os produtores se responsabilizem por seus atos.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as variÃveis de produÃÃo da mamoneira, variedade IAC Guarani, sob diferentes nÃveis de irrigaÃÃo e doses crescentes de adubaÃÃo potÃssica, aplicadas via fertirrigaÃÃo. Em conseqÃÃncia, trÃs distintos trabalhos, denominados de 1, 2 e 3, foram implantados em uma Ãrea experimental da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, no municÃpio de Fortaleza (03Â44âS, 38Â33âW, 19,5 m). O delineamento experimental dos trÃs experimentos foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes, definidos em funÃÃo do nÃvel de irrigaÃÃo (1 e 2) e da dose de adubaÃÃo potÃssica (3). Nos experimentos 1 e 2, os tratamentos corresponderam a 25; 50; 75; 100 e 125% da evaporaÃÃo medida no tanque reduzido (EVAr) e 35; 70; 105; 140 e 175% da evaporaÃÃo medida no evaporÃmetro de Piche (EPi), respectivamente. No experimento 3, os tratamentos foram definidos em funÃÃo da adubaÃÃo potÃssica: 0; 50; 100; 150 e 200% da recomendaÃÃo da anÃlise de solo. Em todos, foram avaliadas as seguintes variÃveis: tamanho do racemo de 1 ordem, nÃmero de frutos por racemos, peso de 100 sementes por racemos, produtividade dos racemos (1Â, 2 e 3 ordens) e produtividade total. Verificou-se que a mamoneira respondeu em produtividade à aplicaÃÃo de Ãgua e à fertirrigaÃÃo potÃssica, chegando a valores mÃximos de produtividade de 4.161; 4.010 e 3.341 kg ha-1 nos experimentos 1; 2 e 3, respectivamente. No experimento 1 e 2, concluiu-se que a produtividade total da mamoneira aumentou com a elevaÃÃo do nÃvel de irrigaÃÃo aplicado atà o nÃvel de 89% da evaporaÃÃo medida no tanque reduzido e 107% da evaporaÃÃo medida no evaporÃmetro de Piche, respectivamente. No experimento 3, a produtividade total da mamoneira aumentou com a elevaÃÃo da dose potÃssica, aplicada via fertirrigaÃÃo, atà a dosagem de 31,8 kg ha-1 de K2O. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the vari ables of production of the castor bean, variety IAC Guarani, under different levels o f irrigation and increases levels of potassium fertilization, applied through fertirriga tion. As a consequence, three different works, denominated of 1, 2 and 3, they were implanted in an experimental area of the Federal University of CearÃ, in Fortale za (03Â44'S, 38Â33'W, 19,5 m). The experimental maping of the three experiments was in blocks at random, with five treatments and four repetitions, defined in functio n of the level of irrigation (1 and 2) and of the level of potassium fertilization (3). In the experiments 1 and 2, the treatments corresponded to 25; 50; 75; 100 and 125% of the evaporation measured by evaporimeter reduced tank (EVAr) and 35; 70; 105 ; 140 and 175% of the evaporation measured in the Piche evaporimeter (EPi), respectively. In the experiment 3, the treatments were defined in function of the potassium fertilization: 0; 50; 100; 150 and 200% of the recommendation of the soil analysis. In all, they were following variables were appraised: size of the rac emo of 1st order, number of fruits, weight of 100 seeds, productivity of the racemes (1 Â, 2 and 3 orders) and total productivity. It was verified that the castor bean answered in productivity to the application of water and the potassium fertirrigati on, arriving to maximum values of productivity of 4.161; 4.010 and 3.341 kg ha -1 in the experiments 1; 2 and 3, respectively. In the experiment 1, it was ended tha t the use for the producing of larger irrigation sheets increases to a certain value limi ts the weight of 100 seeds for racemes of 2 and 3 orders and the productivity, f rom which these variables start to decrease; the reduced tank was efficient to esteem the water requirements of the castor bean. In the experiment 2, the use for the p roducing of larger irrigation sheets increases to a certain value limits the productivit y for raceme of 2 and 3 orders and positive way about the productivity of the castor bean.

The irrigated agriculture in the Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) of Pakistan is characterized by huge water utilization both from surface and groundwater resources. Need of utilization of water from five rivers in Punjab province along with accelerated population growth has forced the construction of world’s largest irrigation network. Nevertheless, huge irrigation infrastructure, together with inappropriate drainage infrastructure, led to a build-up of shal-low groundwater levels, followed by waterlogging and secondary salinization in the soil profile. Following this era, decreased efficiency of irrigation supply system along with higher food demands had increased burdens on groundwater use, which led to a drop in groundwater levels in major parts of LCC. Previous studies in the study region revealed lacking management and maintenance of irrigation system, inflexible irrigation strategies, poor linkages between field level water supply and demands. No future strategy is present or under consideration to deal with this long time emerged groundwater situation particularly under unchanged irrigation water supply and climate change. Therefore, there is an utmost importance to assess the current profile of water use in the irrigation scheme and to device some workable strategies under future situations of land use and climate change. This study aims to investigate the spatio-temporal status of water utilization and performance of irrigation system using remote sensing data and techniques (SEBAL) in combination with other point data. Different irrigation performance indicators including equity, adequacy and reliability using evaporation fraction as main input parameter are utilized. Current profiles of land use/land cover (LULC) areas are assessed and their change detections are worked out to establish realistic future scenarios. Spatially distributed seasonal net recharge, a very important input parameter for groundwater modeling, is estimated by employing water balance approaches using spatial data from remote sensing and local norms. Such recharge results are also compared with a water table fluctuation approach. Following recharge estimation, a regional 3-D groundwater flow model using FEFLOW was set up. This model was calibrated by different approaches ranging from manual to automated pilot point (PP) approach. Sensitivity analysis was performed to see the model response against different model input parameters and to identify model regions which demand further improvements. Future climate parameters were downscaled to establish scenarios by using statistical downscaling under IPCC future emission scenarios. Modified recharge raster maps were prepared under both LULC and climate change scenarios and were fed to the groundwater model to investigate groundwater dynamics. Seasonal consumptive water use analysis revealed almost double use for kharif as compared to rabi cropping seasons with decrease from upper LCC to lower regions. Intra irrigation subdivision analysis of equity, an important irrigation performance indicator, shows less differences in water consumption in LCC. However, the other indicators (adequacy and reliability) indicate that the irrigation system is neither adequate nor reliable. Adequacy is found more pronounced during kharif as compared to rabi seasons with aver-age evaporation fraction of 0.60 and 0.67, respectively. Similarly, reliability is relatively higher in upper LCC regions as compared to lower regions. LULC classification shows that wheat and rice are major crops with least volatility in cultivation from season to season. The results of change detection show that cotton exhibited maximum positive change while kharif fodder showed maximum negative change during 2005-2012. Transformation of cotton area to rice cultivation is less conspicuous. The water consumption in upper LCC regions with similar crops is relatively higher as compared to lower regions. Groundwater recharge results revealed that, during the kharif cropping seasons, rainfall is the main source of recharge followed by field percolation losses, while for rabi cropping seasons, canal seepage remains the major source. Seasonal net groundwater recharge is mainly positive during all kharif seasons with a gradual increase in groundwater level in major parts of LCC. Model optimization indicates that PP is more flexible and robust as compared to manual and zone based approaches. Different statistical indicators show that this method yields reliable calibration and validation as values of Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency are 0.976 and 0.969, % BIAS are 0.026 and -0.205 and root mean square errors are 1.23 m and 1.31 m, respectively. Results of model output sensitivity suggest that hydraulic conductivity is a more influential parameter in the study area than drain/fillable porosity. Model simulation results under different scenarios show that rice cultivation has the highest impact on groundwater levels in upper LCC regions whereas major negative changes are observed for lower parts under decreased kharif fodder area in place of rice, cotton and sugarcane. Fluctuations in groundwater level among different proposed LULC scenarios are within ±1 m, thus showing a limited potential for groundwater management. For future climate scenarios, a rise in groundwater level is observed for 2011 to 2025 under H3A2 emission regime. Nevertheless, a drop in groundwater level is expected due to increased crop consumptive water use and decreased precipitations under H3A2 scenario for the periods 2026-2035 and 2036-2045. Although no imminent threat of groundwater shortage is anticipated, there is an opportunity for developing groundwater resources in the lower model regions through water re-allocation that would be helpful in dealing water shortages. The groundwater situation under H3B2 emission regime is relatively complex due to very low expectation of rise in groundwater level through precipitation during 2011-2025. Any positive change in groundwater under such scenarios is mainly associated with changes in crop consumptive water uses. Consequently, water management under such situation requires revisiting of current cropping patterns as well as augmenting water supply through additional surface water resources.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional and Community Planning / Eric A. Bernard / The Kansas High Plains region is a key global agricultural production center (U.S. G.S, 2009). The High Plains physiography is ideal agricultural production landscape except for the semi-arid climate. Consequently, farmers mine vast groundwater resources from the High Plains Ogallala Aquifer formations to augment precipitation for crop production. Growing global population, current policy and subsidy programs, declining aquifer levels coupled with regional climatic changes call into question both short-term and long-term resilience of this agrarian landscape and food and water security. This project proposes a means to simulate future irrigated agriculture land use and crop cover patterns in the Kansas High Plains Aquifer region based on coupled modeling results from ongoing research at Kansas State University. A Cellular Automata (CA) modeling framework is used to simulate potential land use distribution, based on coupled modeling results from groundwater, economic, and crop models. The CA approach considers existing infrastructure resources, industrial and commercial systems, existing land use patterns, and suitability modeling results for agricultural production. The results of the distribution of irrigated land produced from the CA model provide necessary variable inputs for the next temporal coupled modeling iteration. For example, the groundwater model estimates water availability in saturated thickness and depth to water. The economic model projects which crops will be grown based on water availability and commodity prices at a county scale. The crop model estimates potential yield of a crop under specific soil, climate and growing conditions which further informs the economic model providing an estimate of profit, which informs regional economic and population models. Integrating the CA model into the coupled modeling system provides a key linkage to simulate spatial patterns of irrigated land use and crop type land cover based on coupled model results. Implementing the CA model in GIS offers visualization of coupled model components and results as well as the CA model land use and land cover. The project outcome hopes to afford decision-makers, including farmers, the ability to use the actual landscape data and the developed coupled modeling framework to strategically inform decisions with long-term resiliency.