Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 2012. / Submitted by Jaqueline Ferreira de Souza (jaquefs.braz@gmail.com) on 2013-01-11T12:30:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MariannaGomesPimentelCardoso.pdf: 18370618 bytes, checksum: 41e7caa40ea684b74b542a7e247b84ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2013-01-21T10:57:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MariannaGomesPimentelCardoso.pdf: 18370618 bytes, checksum: 41e7caa40ea684b74b542a7e247b84ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-21T10:57:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_MariannaGomesPimentelCardoso.pdf: 18370618 bytes, checksum: 41e7caa40ea684b74b542a7e247b84ba (MD5) / Os jardins sempre fizeram parte da cultura humana, desde as mais antigas civilizações do mundo até os dias atuais. Um jardim pode ser considerado como um documento, e mostrar “vestígios sobre as origens e evolução do homem, e que, portanto, forma parte indiscutível das raízes que dão identidade aos povos” (BERTRUY, 2009, p.323). Além da importância documental, as obras paisagísticas possuem um inegável valor artístico, fruto do posicionamento do homem frente à natureza e ao momento histórico em que vive. Nesse sentido ressalta-se a importância de se estudar a fundo a temática dos jardins históricos e de levantar questionamentos sobre a preservação dos mesmos. Portanto, o presente estudo concentra-se na discussão da importância patrimonial do objeto jardim, apropriando-se do legado de Roberto Burle Marx em Brasília, em sua contribuição para o pensamento moderno e para o surgimento de uma nova linguagem no paisagismo mundial. _____________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Gardens have always been part of the human culture since the earliest civilization until today. A garden can be considered a document, and it can show "traces of the origins and evolution of man, and therefore, form part of the indisputable roots that give identity to the people" (BERTRUY, 2009, p.323). Besides the importance as a document, the landscape works have an undeniable artistic value, due to the positioning of man regarding nature in different moments of history. Thus, the present study highlights the importance of studying further the theme of historic gardens and raise questions about their preservation. Therefore, this study focuses on the discussion of the importance of gardens as a patrimonial object, addressing the Roberto Burle Marx’s legacy in Brasilia and his contribution to modern thought and to the rising of a new language in the world’s landscaping.

Na discussão atual sobre a Alfabetização Científica, há um consenso que esse processo ocorre ao longo da vida e em diferentes espaços educativos. A fim de colaborar com essa discussão, o presente estudo investigou se as exposições em jardins botânicos contribuem para a Alfabetização Científica de seus visitantes. A revisão da literatura referente à Alfabetização Científica e à educação em museus permitiu desenvolver uma Ferramenta de Análise para avaliar a presença de indicadores de Alfabetização Científica. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma exposição no Jardim Botânico de São Paulo e teve duas unidades de coleta de dados: exposição e público. Em ambas foi empregada a Ferramenta de Análise, sendo que, para o público, a análise dos diálogos identificou ainda a presença de habilidades investigativas. Os resultados revelam que a exposição, apesar de não ter sido elaborada na perspectiva da Alfabetização Científica, contempla todos os indicadores propostos científicos, institucionais, sociais e estéticos/afetivos e carrega 10 dos 19 atributos estabelecidos pela Ferramenta de Análise, sendo o Indicador Científico o mais presente na exposição. Quanto à análise dos diálogos das famílias, o Indicador Científico também foi o mais presente, mostrando que as afinidades pessoais e as vivências com o meio natural despertam a atenção dos visitantes para os assuntos relacionados à ciência. As habilidades investigativas mais evidenciadas são: observação, questionamento e explicação. Concluímos que a exposição estudada incita a compreensão e a discussão de temas científicos relacionados às questões ambientais atuais discutidas pela sociedade. Como produto final de nossas análises, traçamos recomendações para a Alfabetização Científica em jardins botânicos. / There is a consensus in the current discussion regarding scientific literacy that this process occurs throughout life and in different educational grounds. In order to collaborate with this discussion, this study investigated if exhibitions in botanical gardens contribute to the scientific literacy of theirs visitors. Literature reviews related to scientific literacy and education in museums, allowed us to develop an Analytical Tool with the purpose to evaluate the presence of scientific literacy indicators. The research was conducted in an exhibition at the Botanical Garden of São Paulo, and we used two components to collect data: the exhibition itself and the public. The Analytical Tool was employed in both of them, and while the public was concerned, the analysis of the dialogues identified the presence of inquiry skills. The results showed that the exhibition, despite not being elaborated in the scientific literacy perspective, contemplates all of the proposed indicators scientific, institutional, social, and aesthetic/affective and carries ten out of the nineteen attributes established by the Analytical Tool, being the Scientific Indicator the most present in the exhibition. Regarding the analysis of families dialogues, the Scientific Indicator was also the most present, showing that personal affinities and experiences with natural environment arouse the visitors attention to subjects related to science. The most apparent inquiry skills are: observation, questioning, and explanation. We conclude that, the exhibition studied incites comprehension and the discussion of scientific themes related to current environmental issues debated by society. As a result, we recommend scientific literacy in botanical gardens.

Orientador: Wenceslao Machado de Oliveira Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T14:04:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Picarelli_Adriano_M.pdf: 2173255 bytes, checksum: d5f55503c319227835770d412c6d0434 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Esta dissertação é um estudo a respeito de certos jardins presentes nas cidades brasileiras, muitas vezes na frente de casas modestas, mais antigas ou situadas nos limites das áreas urbanas. O autor denominou-os "jardins de mistura" porque apresentam as plantas todas misturadas nos canteiros e ainda vasos feitos a partir de objetos como latas de tinta, baterias de automóvel, etc. O trabalho foi motivado por curiosidade sobre as imagens desses jardins, sobre possíveis sentidos de suas composições. Três mulheres da cidade de Rio Claro (SP - Brasil) apresentaram e permitiram que fossem fotografados os jardins de mistura que elas mesmas fizeram e mantêm. Esses jardins talvez sejam manifestações de modos de pensar e de viver que lidam deliberadamente com a mistura, que aceitam a mistura ? sem deixar de escolher / Abstract: This dissertation is about a certain type of garden found in Brazilian cities, often fronting homes that are old and unpretentious or are situated on the outskirts of urban areas. The author calls them "mixed gardens" ("jardins de mistura") because their flowerbeds display an interesting potpourri of plants as well as flowerpots made of objects such as paint cans, car batteries, etc. This study was motivated by curiosity about the images of these gardens, about possible meanings underlying their compositions. Three women residing in the city of Rio Claro (SP, Brazil) displayed the mixed gardens they themselves had created and take care of, and allowed them to be photographed. These gardens may represent manifestations of modes of thinking and living that deliberately accept mixing, that deal with mixes - while retaining the possibility of making choices / Mestrado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Mestre em Educação

Orientador: Evandro Ziggiatti Monteiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T02:09:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lisboa_ChristianeTerrade_M.pdf: 22876894 bytes, checksum: 9e50a58125406f33ba9df23d61c3bb74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As calçadas de mosaicos são testemunho de uma época em que a cidade era desenhada também para o pedestre e havia uma preocupação formal e estética no tratamento do passeio público, incluindo desde calçadas de áreas residenciais a praças e instituições importantes da cidade, que tiveram seus passeios especialmente criados e adornados com os mosaicos. Em Campinas esse tipo de calçamento alcançou grande popularidade, e por muitos anos seu uso foi exigido pelo poder público municipal, propiciando o aparecimento de diversas empresas, profissionais e artesãos que se dedicaram à atividade, conferindo aos espaços e à paisagem urbana uma qualidade visual ímpar. Esse período coincidiu com as décadas em que a cidade voltou a crescer e se desenvolver, após o surto de febre amarela. O estudo de caso das calçadas de mosaico português em Campinas relaciona a sua ocorrência com a urbanização, crescimento e história dos bairros mais antigos de Campinas, aqueles surgidos desde fins do século XIX até a década de 70 do século XX, por meio de levantamento de ocorrência e mapeamento de sua abrangência espacial; pesquisa da história da técnica do calçamento em Campinas; documentação fotográfica da situação atual; leitura visual e o conseqüente estudo das relações entre espaço público e privado; registro e catalogação dos signos visuais e pesquisa sobre sua relação com a identidade e a memória local do espaço das calçadas nos bairros e na cidade / Abstract: The present work is focused on the study of the Portuguese pavement mosaic sidewalks which were very popular in Campinas city from the end of the 19th century through de decade of 1970. This period corresponds to seven decades during which the city resumed its expansion and development after recovering from two severe yellow fever epidemics. This case study aims to relate the Portuguese mosaic pavements to the city's urban development, expansion and history of the oldest neighborhoods - those emerging around 1890 up to 1970 when this kind of pavement was, for many years, required by the municipal laws. This gave rise to the emergence of several paving businesses, employing stone layer professionals and skilled craftsmen dedicated to the activity. Consequently, a unique and diverse urban landscape emerged. The task is accomplished by the assessment of the occurrence of the mosaic paved paths throughout the years and the mapping of sites where they were present - sidewalks, plazas and public sites. Moreover, the study is supported by a research on the history of the paving technique used in Campinas, photos documenting the present situation, visual assessment of the remains of the past, and the resulting study of the relationship between public and private space, and the registration and indexation of visual signs. Altogether, these data from neighborhoods and the city in general, help to retrieve the memory, identity and local history of the sites / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-23T14:40:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luciana Meira dos Santos Nunes - 2014.pdf: 11883681 bytes, checksum: c51ca3cbb97953bd8228e2c3c8e7a051 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-23T14:44:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luciana Meira dos Santos Nunes - 2014.pdf: 11883681 bytes, checksum: c51ca3cbb97953bd8228e2c3c8e7a051 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-23T14:44:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luciana Meira dos Santos Nunes - 2014.pdf: 11883681 bytes, checksum: c51ca3cbb97953bd8228e2c3c8e7a051 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-04 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The city´s increase demands a transformations of urban space and the unplanned occupation produces many problems to population, Therefore, the urban planning and its implantation is essential to organize and, consequently, offer better condition of living. The Urban Geography seek to understand, analyze and explain the differences and similarity between the cities, as well as localization and modern pattern establishment on academician discussion. Different spatial settlement is forming on housing section, specifically in Brasilia, Distrito Federal. The dwelling represents something widely discussed in this context. The architectural structure of the houses, your localization toward the downtown, the housing market, and effective housing scheme since 2003 means the way to organize and transform the urban space. Brasilia, as a planned city, symbolizes on the economical and spatial context an island that separates the population of Distrito Federal (DF) on different Administrative Zones (Regiões Administrativas) according with socioeconomic criterions. The institutionalized planning benefits in many ways people, according with theirs social class. So the current housing political perpetuate the way of the city´s organization, offering the best home´s frame and the best services and urban equipment on the Administrative Zones next to the downtown, where is organized by the spending power of the people who lives there. On the federal program “Minha Casa, Minha Vida” were installed the first private and public association on housing development, resulting on the planning borough Jardins Mangueiral, located at São Sebastião (DF). This borough was related on related on experience survey, considering the area expected on Plano Diretor de Ordenamento Territorial do Distrito Federal, 2009. The methodological procedure adopted on this activity accomplishment the theoretical research, the documental research and the study field surveys with data acquisition about demographic and socioeconomic features of population living on the borough and the law established on the housing program. The main objective is to understand the relationship between urban planning, housing policies and private and public association in the construction of planning borough for different socioeconomic classes in the Distrito Federal. The study field survey was made on 2014. The data collection instrument was: participant observation, photographic records and a questionnaire applied to a hundred residents of Jardins Mangueiral. The procedures adopted for collecting, analyzing, organizing and interpretation of data beheld the proposed objectives, to discuss: a) the socio-spatial segregation in Distrito Federal; the relationship between the planned boroughs as a means of production and the occupation and transformation of urban space; b) to describe the socioeconomic changes that are occurring in São Sebastião (DF), with the construction of the new Borough and c) to point out the positive and negative aspects that characterize the Jardins Mangueiral, showing the desires of the local population, which, in spite of living in a planned residential borough, needs basic services and urban facilities in daily life. In the field of the Geography, the relevance of the research involves the analysis to understand the processes related to production of urban space linking the public housing policies, the urban planning and the new private and public associations in the housing sector, and associate these policies with the socio-spatial segregation brought in the Distrito Federal. / O crescimento das cidades requer a transformação do espaço urbano e a ocupação desordenada gera problemas diversos para população. É essencial que haja, portanto, o planejamento urbano e a sua implantação para organizar e, consequentemente, oferecer melhores condições de vida. A Geografia Urbana, no debate acadêmico, busca compreender, analisar e explicar as diferenças e semelhanças entre as cidades, assim como a localização e o estabelecimento dos padrões contemporâneos. Diferentes arranjos espaciais se formam na constituição de setores habitacionais, especificamente em Brasília, no Distrito Federal. A moradia, nesse contexto, representa uma temática amplamente discutida. A estrutura arquitetônica das casas, sua localização com relação ao centro da cidade, o mercado imobiliário e as políticas habitacionais, vigentes desde 2003, representam a forma de organizar e transformar o espaço urbano. No contexto espacial e econômico, Brasília, enquanto cidade planejada, representa uma ilha que segrega a população do Distrito Federal (DF) em diferentes Regiões Administrativas, segundo critérios socioeconômicos. O planejamento instituído beneficia de diferentes maneiras as pessoas, de acordo com a classe social à qual pertencem. Assim sendo, as atuais políticas habitacionais perpetuam a forma de organização da cidade, oferecendo melhores estruturas dos imóveis e melhores serviços e equipamentos urbanos nas Regiões Administrativas mais próximas do Plano Piloto, tendo como base para organizar a cidade o poder aquisitivo da população que nela reside. No contexto do Programa Federal “Minha Casa, Minha Vida”, instituiu-se no Distrito Federal a primeira parceria público-privada no setor habitacional, a qual resultou na construção do bairro planejado Jardins Mangueiral, localizado na Região Administrativa de São Sebastião (DF). O bairro foi tomado como base empírica desta pesquisa, considerando-o como área prevista no Plano Diretor de Ordenamento Territorial do Distrito Federal de 2009. Foram adotados como procedimentos metodológicos na execução desse trabalho: pesquisa teórica, pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo, com coleta de dados acerca das características demográficas e socioeconômicas da população que reside no bairro e sobre as normas legais que instituíram o programa habitacional. O objetivo central é compreender a relação entre planejamento urbano, políticas habitacionais e parceria público-privada na construção de bairros planejados destinados a diferentes classes socioeconômicas no Distrito Federal. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em 2014. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram: observação participante, registro fotográfico e aplicação de 100 questionários com os proprietários moradores do bairro Jardins Mangueiral. Os procedimentos adotados na coleta, análise, sistematização e interpretação dos dados contemplaram os objetivos propostos, ao se discutir: a) a segregação socioespacial no Distrito Federal; a relação entre os bairros planejados como meio de produção e a ocupação e transformação do espaço urbano; b) ao descrever as transformações socioeconômicas que estão ocorrendo em São Sebastião (DF), com a construção do novo bairro e c) ao apontar os aspectos positivos e negativos que caracterizam o Jardins Mangueiral, mostrando os anseios da população local, que, apesar de habitar em um bairro residencial planejado, carece de serviços e equipamentos urbanos básicos no cotidiano. Para geografia, a relevância da pesquisa envolve as análises para compreensão dos processos relacionados a produção do espaço urbano interligando as políticas públicas habitacionais, o planejamento urbano e a nova parceria público-privada no setor de habitações, bem como associar tais políticas com a segregação socioespacial interposta no Distrito Federal.

Les phénomènes de polysémie et de transcodage des corpus culturels établissent une structure d'argumentation dialectique. Le transculturel et le transhistorique deviennent là des axes centraux dans l'application du pragmaticisme des systèmes en expansion et dans la coexistence des métadiscours actuels et anciens. Le criticisme du métasavoir sur la pluralité des dispositifs hypertextuels permet ainsi une double lecture, celle de la postmodernité et celle de la proto-philosophie bouddhique. De là, on convient d'une réversibilité historique, du structuralisme et du post-structuralisme comme lieux d'une confrontation de la fonction critique des modèles textuels. La postmodernité (fin des années 60 et début des années 70) indique alors, par la mise en place d'une prolifération des figures-discours, le statut des actes langagiers par rapport à une homologie des styles et des genres. On y note un questionnement soutenu des assises d'une grammaire visuelle pluraliste dont, entre autres, un arrêt sur le concept de champ élargi dans les discours critiques de R. Krauss sur l'installation. En fait, les définitions d'une syntaxe du lieu et de la praxis du landscape-gardener seraient comme les deux pôles d'une économie esthétique au fondement même de cette praxis installative. / Les conditions particulières du transhistorique réalisent encore une forme de consensus de l'historia entre les passages de frontière d'un tel corpus historique pluraliste et des séquences d'argumentation, dont notamment l'inclusion de modèles stratégiques. D'où l'intégration possible des champs de la postmodernité et de la proto-philosophie bouddhique japonaise, qui rejoignent un processus de montage et de démontage des ruines textuelles, en regard d'une dialectique opératoire de conformité et de non-conformité du sens. L'histoire du code, la protophilosophie et l'esthétique bouddhiques zen japonaises entre les 12e et 15e siècles, supposent ainsi une rhétorique et un métalangage dont les règles du savoir véhiculent des paramètres langagiers paradoxaux. Les kôans évoquent à cet égard un encodage communicationnel du texte qui exige une réceptivité de l'entendement hétérodoxe d'après les modèles langagiers performatifs. L'analyse du métasystème bouddhique japonais permet alors une validation critique des corpus textuels afin d'établir une spéculation hypothétique quant aux agrégats interprétatifs. / Le corpus textuel de cette recherche vise principalement les positions de Toshihiko Izutsu, Abe Masao, Martin Colcutt, Hebert V. Guenter, Chung-Ying Cheng, Philip Yampolsky, Robert D. Baird, Tom J.F. Tillemans; ainsi que celles de certains philosophes tels que Nishida Kitaro, Hisamatsu Shin'ichi, Hajime Nakamura, Jacques Masui, T.P. Kasulis, Sung Bae Park, David Appelbaum, et David E. Shaner. Dans ce contexte d'érudition, les approches méthodologiques et théoriques de Roland Barthes, Julia Kristeva, Linnart Mail, Ryôji Nakamura, René de Ceccaty et Gilles Deleuze sont aussi prises en considération comme valeurs d'interprétation de certaines problématiques soulevées en cours d'analyse. / En outre, l'étude d'un concept, celui de vide par exemple, soit le sunyata, réfère tant aux discussions sur la valeur symbolique du dispositif zérologique en psychanalyse, qu'à la mise en forme d'un espace de non représentation. Car dans l'état de crise actuelle du discours occidental, le statut même du silence comme de l'éthique remet en cause la conception du logocentrisme européen. En sémiotique des lieux, l'étude du jardin sec, le Ryôan-ji, serait en conséquence un tel recoupement synthétique de la tradition du système esthético-philosophique bouddhique zen japonais et des théories postmodernes. Cette grammaire in situ intervient sur des praxis actuelles en histoire de l'art: soit, a priori, sur les postulats du musicologue Daniel Charles dans ses «Gloses sur le Ryôan-ji» et au niveau du corpus critique sur l'oeuvre de John Cage. / C'est dans ce contexte que la philosophie cosmogonique et l'oeuvre «Atlas Eclipticalis» de Cage se définissent sémiotiquement avec le structuralisme, une logique triadique et une architecture des théories du jardin, ainsi qu'une application du corpus peircéen sur la trichotomie du signe. Là, un archétype topologique, le ma (1'espace-temps), permet de circonscrire les paramètres discursifs et cognitifs clés actualisés par l'architecte d'avant-garde, Arata Isozaki. Dans le modèle du jardin Ryôan-ji plus particulièrement, le fondement des propriétés cosmologiques comme valeur hypothétique du lieu architectural, concernerait dès lors hic et nunc les relations céleste/terrestre, diurne/nocturne, dans la redéfinition pragmatique d'une grammaire in situ. / Montréal Trigonix inc. 2018

Assembling original documents, historical material, completed or unrealized projects and the evolution of governmental and professional structures, this dissertation explores the development and construction of urban expressways in American cities, from their conception at the dawn of the 20th-century, to the end of the 1960’s. Beyond the force of its physical imprint, and its impact on the operative restructuring of the city, the arrival of the urban expressway led to profound doubts about the value and the meaning of the urban, about the legitimacy or professional relevance of urbanism—the discipline that ostensibly had the expertise to deal with the city—and an institutional and political structure supported by what were in theory democratic ideals, but which were, in many cases, closely tied to private interests. Much has been written about the reasons behind the construction of the system of expressways and the need for great technical ability in order to complete this system. More still has been written about the consequences of this system, frequently linked to a string of negative adjectives when discussing their impact on the urban fabric. And not a few have written about the intricate political web behind this infrastructure. Nevertheless, relatively little has been written about urban expressways and the invisible network of questions, episodes, causes and consequences that shaped the decisions that would later be translated into a radical change of the American city.Theory versus method, disciplinary impotence versus professional competence, institutional orphanhood versus executive institutionalization would be, both successively and simultaneously, battlegrounds for a debate unleashed through a series of specific outgrowths of what is, or what may perhaps once have been, a mere piece of infrastructure.This dissertation will explore these questions, understanding the urban expressway in the American city to be only the tip of the iceberg of a profound change in the history of what we still refer to, generically, as the urban / Conjugando archivos originales, material histórico, proyectos ejecutados o nunca realizados y la evolución de estructuras profesionales y gubernamentales, esta tesis explora las autopistas urbanas en las ciudades de Estados Unidos desde su germen a comienzos de la primera mitad de siglo XX hasta finales de la década del ‘60. El advenimiento de las autopistas urbanas produjo, más allá de su impresión física y su impacto en la reestructuración operativa de las ciudades, profundos cuestionamientos sobre el valor y significado de lo urbano, la legitimidad o relevancia profesional sobre la disciplina que pretendía ser su especialista, el urbanismo, y una estructura institucional y política siempre sostenida sobre supuestos ideales democráticos pero perversamente atado a intereses privados. Mucho se ha sido escrito sobre las razones para la construcción del sistema de autopistas como infraestructuras y el desarrollo de una rigurosa pericia técnica para su ejecución, más aún sobre sus consecuencias, casi siempre adjetivadas como nefastas, en los entornos urbanos, y no pocos han escrito sobre la intrincada red política detrás de ellas. Sin embargo, poco se ha escrito sobre las autopistas urbanas en forma específica y la invisible trama de cuestiones, episodios, causas y consecuencias que dieron forma a decisiones que se traducirían luego en el más drástico cambio de la ciudad en Estados Unidos.Teoría versus método, impotencia disciplinar versus competencia profesional, orfandad institucional versus institucionalización ejecutiva serán por turnos, y simultáneamente, campos de batalla para un debate desencadenado a través de unas ramificaciones específicas de lo que en apariencia es, o era si alguna vez lo fue, simplemente una pieza de infraestructura.Esta tesis indagará en estas cuestiones, entendiendo las autopistas urbanas en las ciudades de Estados Unidos sólo como la punta del iceberg de un cambio rotundo en el curso de la historia, de la que aún genéricamente llamamos, urbana.

El objetivo de la investigación es el estudio de los rasgos que caracterizan la estructura territorial de Bogotá y los 17 municipios de su área de influencia inmediata, y el análisis de los cambios ocurridos durante el transcurso de la última década. Así mismo, se busca mensurar la magnitud de los impactos que esta nueva estructura haya provocado sobre las dinámicas urbanas de los entornos en transformación. Se utilizó el método funcional del valor de interacción para la identificación de los sistemas urbanos locales; el método de umbrales de referencia para la delimitación del centro económico de la ciudad; métodos paramétricos para la identificación de candidatos y subcentros de empleo desde una perspectiva morfológica; indicadores de caracterización territorial para el estudio de los subcentros; y el análisis de regresión lineal para el estudio de la relación entre el cambio de uso y los valores inmobiliarios impulsados por las transformaciones sobre la estructura urbana. Se utilizaron principalmente las dos encuestas de movilidad aplicadas en la ciudad para los años 2005 y 2011, y las bases de datos del Catastro Distrital para los mismos periodos. Desde la perspectiva funcional, se encontró para 2011 una estructura territorial constituida por sistemas urbanos integrales (incluyendo todos los viajes efectuados diariamente al interior del área metropolitana de Bogotá), caracterizados por cumplir las condiciones de autocontención y continuidad requeridos en la periferia, y con problemas para su consolidación al interior de la ciudad central. Se encontró que los viajes con motivos distintos al laboral se realizan a distancias considerablemente más cortas que los viajes al trabajo y utilizan básicamente el modo ‘a pie’ para su traslado. Se concluye que el grueso de los viajes registrados por la encuesta de movilidad del año 2011 se hace a una escala más local que los viajes al trabajo, lo cual genera cierta cohesión territorial y por tanto facilita la aplicación del método del valor de interacción para la identificación de subsistemas metropolitanos. Desde el enfoque morfológico, se encontró un bajo nivel de policentrismo representado por un centro de doble núcleo para ambos periodos examinados y tres subcentros significativos y persistentes en el tiempo, ubicados al interior de la ciudad central. El análisis dinámico del CBD y los subcentros estadísticamente significativos muestra ligeras diferencias tanto en el primero como en la zona de transición pero mayores diferencias en la identificación de subcentros, pues mientras unos persisten, otros surgen o desaparecen en 2011 con respecto al año 2005. Los sectores que se mantienen en todo el periodo son Country Club, una zona principalmente residencial de estratos altos al norte de Bogotá, con actividad económica especializada en construcción, servicios y restaurantes y hoteles; Puente Aranda con poca actividad residencial y en cambio sí comercial, de industria y servicios financieros; y Ciudad Salitre Oriental con vivienda de estratos medios y una gran mezcla de usos dotacionales para la administración pública y grandes superficies comerciales. La denominada Zona Industrial de Bogotá surge en 2011 como explicativa del patrón de densidad laboral, desempeñando un papel decisivo no tanto en la actividad productiva, como sí en la comercial y dotacional de sus zonas aledañas. Finalmente, resaltar la existencia de dos nodos importantes en 2005 (Parque Simón Bolívar y San Rafael) que no alcanzan a consolidarse en 2011 como subcentros de empleo. Finalmente, el análisis de las dinámicas urbanas encontró un incremento importante de la actividad terciaria en detrimento del uso industrial, tanto en la totalidad de la ciudad como en los subcentros analizados; así como importantes incrementos en los avalúos, la mayoría de las veces mayores al incremento medio de la ciudad. / The aim of the investigation is the study of the features that characterize the spatial structure of Bogotá and 17 municipalities in its immediate area of influence, and the analysis of the changes over the course of the last decade. Likewise, it seeks to measure the magnitude of the impact that this new structure has brought over the urban dynamics of changing environments. Were used functional interaction value method for the identification of local urban systems; the method of reference thresholds for delimiting the economic center of the city; parametric methods for identifying candidates and subcenter employment from a morphological perspective; territorial characterization indicators for the study of the subcenters; and linear regression analysis to study the relationship between the change of use and property values driven by the changes over the urban structure. The two surveys of mobility in the city applied for the years 2005 and 2011, and the Cadastral databases for the same periods were mainly used. From the functional perspective, it was found in 2011 a territorial structure consisting of Integral Urban Systems (including all trips made daily within the metropolitan area of Bogotá), characterized by fulfilling the conditions of self- containment and continuity required in the periphery, and problems for consolidation within the central city. It was found that reasons other than commuting are made considerably shorter than the travel-to-work distances and mainly used mode 'walk' to travel. It is concluded that the bulk of the trips recorded by the mobility survey in 2011 is a more local scale that travel to work, which generates some territorial cohesion and thus facilitates the application of the interaction value method for identifying metropolitan subsystems. From the morphological approach he was found for both periods under review, a low level of polycentrism represented by a dual-core center and three sub significant and persistent over time, located within the central city. The dynamic analysis of the CBD and the statistically significant subcenter shows slight differences in both the first and the transition zone but major differences in identifying subcenters, because while some remain, others arise or disappear in 2011 compared to 2005. The sectors that remain throughout the period are Country Club, a mainly residential area of higher strata in the north of Bogota, with economic activity specialized in construction, services and restaurants and hotels; Puente Aranda with low residential activity and foremost business, industry and financial services; Ciudad Salitre Oriental with middle strata housing and a great mixture of communal uses for public administration and department stores. The so-called Zona Industral of Bogotá arises in 2011 as an explanatory employment density pattern, playing a decisive role not so much in productive, as if in the commercial activity, facilities and public services of its surrounding areas. Finally, to highlight the existence of two important nodes in 2005 (Parque Simon Bolivar and San Rafael) that fail to consolidate in 2011 as a employment subcenter. Finally, urban dynamics analysis found a significant increase in the tertiary activity (commercial and private facilities uses) to the detriment of industrial use, both the entire city and subcenters analyzed; as well as significant increases in valuations, most times higher than the average increase of the whole city

That is NIGHT, LIGHT and ENVIRONMENT make and is ARCHITECTURE. Night and environment, as time and space; (artificial) light as a connecting tool. The aim of the thesis is, therefore, to give visibility and affirm that architecture also has a nightly component and that artificial light is what connects architecture with environment during the night. Environment that is physically the same but its time and perceptibility changed. To show how lightning responds to this environment and how the architect focuses on the change of use, response and presence in the city by night. The first chapter NIGHT, defines concepts around this, looks at the role that HISTORY has given to it, the evolution of the relationship between MAN and SOC IETIES to night, and ends describing the night today. Items such NIGHT, as the interval between evening and morning in relation to TIME; NIGHT as time during which there is no day1ight in relation to LIGHT. We see that this time had always been CYCLICAL, with a clear distinction day/night but always struggle to extend and maximize the daytime, change with the Industrial Revolution. When the technology of artificial electric light could bring endless days, paradoxically society rediscovers the night and in the XXI century, we could say that we are going from ENDLESS DAY to ENDLESS NIGHT. This cycle entailed an always well marked duality that impacts all HUMAN ACTIVIT IES. DUALITY has become SIMULTANEITY, from a clear DISTINCTION, CHANGE and CONTRAST; we have entered a phase of simultaneous day/night space-time. We are facing a CULTURAL change. The second chapter we discuss LIGHT, physical reality, and therefore definable scientifically but also deeply rooted in the culture that concepts such as darkness, shadow or penumbra does not fit in these definitions and we need to complete them with the help of psychology, anthropology, sociology or art. We talk about AESTHETICS and POETICS, symbols and metaphors, about SILENCE/NOISE understood as altitudes toward s the environment. In the third chapter on ENVIRONMENT, we first s peak of MAN, who with the SENSES and SENSATIONS reaches RECOGNITION, adding MEMORY, MEMORIES and IMAGINAT ION; his first contact with the environment. Man with CYCLICAL VITAL RHYTHMS that determine also CYCLICAL ACTIVITIES. Then to explore the CITY, we build on three main aspects: 1. To review ENVIRONMENTAL inputs we refer to LANDSCAPE. On how to balance on the three key as pects of SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC and SOC IAL. 2. In analyzing the PHYSICAL-MORPHOLOGICAL, we focus on the mechanisms of recognition and measurement REFERENCES, DISTANCES and EDGES to determine the READABILITY of an urban land. 3. This physical reality must overlap with USE, analyze therefore, SOCIO-C ULTURAL inputs that determine the appropriation of s pace in a certain way, depending on usage, the time of day, ADVERTISING, IMAGE... The TIME, it is thus crucial. In the fourth chapter to ARTIFICIAL LIGHT as TOOL, we distinguish permanent applications in ARCHIT ECTURE and URBANISM from EPHEMERAL event specific. In each of these fields, we discuss the history and describe the most important lighting options .In architectural ILLUMINATIONS we also discuss about PRESENCE/ABSENCE, architectural LANGUAGE, ICONIC-building, TRANSPARENCY/OPACI TY, IMMATERIALITY/MASS and MOVEMENT. N. URBAN LIGHTING, we discuss about LIGHTING PLANS, LIGHT, DARK and ICONIC LANDSCAPES. / Arquitectura: nit, llum i entorn , és a dir, la NIT, la LLUM i l'ENTORN tan i són ARQU ITECTURA Nit i entorn, com a temps i espai; la llum (artificial) com a eina creadora de lligams. L'objectiu de la tesi és, per tant, donar visibilitat i afirmar que l'arquitectura també té la seva com ponent nocturna i que és la llum artificial qui la posa en relació amb l’entorn. Entorn que físicament és el mateix però que temporalment i perceptivament canvia. Mostrar com la utilització de la llum per a la il·luminació res pon a aquest entorn i com l'arquitecte enfoca el canvi d'ús , resposta i presencia en la ciutat nocturna. Un primer capítol NIT, defineix conceptes , busca en la HISTÒRIA el paper que se li ha donat, l'evolució de la relació de l'HOME i les SOCIETATS amb aquesta i descriu la nit actual. Apareixen conceptes com: NIT, com l'interval entre el vespre i el matí, en relació al TEMPS; NIT, com temps durant el qual no hi ha claror de dia, en relació a la LLUM. Aquest temps que havia estat sempre CÍCLIC, amb una clara distinció dia/nit però sempre amb una lluita per allargar i aprofitar al màxim el temps diürn, canviarà amb la Revolució Industrial. Quan la tecnologia de la llum artificial elèctrica permetria acostar l'home al DIA SENSE FI, paradoxalment la societat redescobreix la nit i al segle XXI estem passant a LA NIT SENSE FI. Aquest cicle comportava sempre una DUALITAT tot fent fluctuar les ACTIVITATS HUMANES, ara s'ha passat a SIMULTANETAT ESPACIO¬ TEMPORAL dia/nit. Estem davant un canvi CULTURAL. Un segon capítol LLUM, una realitat física, i per tant, definible científicament però alhora tan arrelada en la cultura que conceptes com obscuritat, foscor, ombra i penombra s'escapen de les definicions i ens cal completar-les amb l'ajuda de la psicologia, l'antropologia ,la sociologia o l'art. Parlem d'ESTÈTICA i POÈTICA de la llum , de simbologia i de metàfores , del SILENCl/SOROLL com a actituds davant l'entorn. En un tercer capítol ENTORN, parlem primer de l'HOME, que amb els SENTITS i les SENSACIONS arriba al RECONEIXEMENT i en sumar-hi la MEMÒRIA, el RECORD i la IMAGINACIÓ, al primer contacte amb l'entorn. L'home de RITMES VITALS CÍCLICS que determinen unes ACTIVITATS també CÍCLIQUES . Després analitzem la CIUTAT basant-nos en tres aspectes: 1. Per les consideracions MEDIOAMBIENTALS fem referència al PAISATGE, als antònims NATURNCIUTAT, a la POL·LUCIÓ LUMÍNICA: a com equilibrar els tres aspectes essencials del DESENVOLUPAMENT SOSTENIBLE: l'ECOLÓGIC, l'ECONÓMIC i el SOCIAL. 2. Per les FISICO-MORFOLÓGIQUES ens centrem en els mecanismes de reconeixement i mesura de REFERÈNCIES,DISTÀNCIES i LÍMITS per a determinar la LLEGIBILITAT d'un entorn urbà 3. A aquesta realitat física cal superposar-li l'ÚS, analitzem les consideracions SOC IO-CULTURALS per l'apropiació de l'espai d'una manera determinada, en funció de l'activitat, moment del dia, PUBLICITAT, IMATGE ... el TEMPS n'és la clau. En un quart capítol LLUM ARTIFICIAL COMA EINA, distingim les aplicacions permanents en ARQUITECTURA i URBANISME de les EFÍMERES FESTIVES. En cadascuna mostrem un recorregut històric i els tipus i maneres d’il·luminació possibles. En les IL·LUMINACIONS arquitectòniques parlem també d'ABSENCINPRESENCIA, de LLENGUATGE, d'EDIFICIS-ICONA, de TRANSPARENCINOPACITAT, d'IMMATERIALITAT/MASSA i MOVIMENT. En l'ENLLUMENAT parlem de PLANS D'IL·LUMINACIÓ URBANS, de PAISATGE LLUM, ICONA i FOSC. En el cinquè capítol reflexionem tot afirmant que estem en un moment de superació d'una UTOPIA, que ens permet d'entendre la il·luminació com un element EFÍMER. On serà la VOLUNTAT , la INTENCIÓ, qui acordarà si la nostra resposta és ALEATÒRIA, NECESSÀRIA o ABSURDA. Aquesta, vindrà determinada per la FUNCIÓ, l'ÚS o el SÍMBOL que se li vulgui donar. La resposta passa per buscar una HUMANITZACIÓ de la problemàtica dins de la CIUTAT i de la SOCIETAT. Els annexos FLÁNEUR i EXPRESSIONISME aporten més elements de REFLEXIÓ.

Les villes nouvelles contemporaines étaient une solution aux problèmes d'extension désordonnée des banlieues, de la croissance démographique, de la crise du logement et de l'emploi, de la congestion, de la spéculation foncière, etc. Mais, la question environnementale ne faisait pas partie des priorités de leur planification, bien que cette question soit un des piliers fondamentaux des cités-jardins ; modèle urbain à l'origine des villes nouvelles. Le modèle satellite de la ville, représente la concrétisation de l'idée de la cité-jardin et ensuite les villes nouvelles. Ce modèle consiste en une décentralisation des grands centres urbains, en la création de nouvelles polarités et cherche à atteindre plusieurs objectifs ; valoriser les banlieues, atteindre un équilibre emploi-habitat, décongestionner le grand centre et stopper l'extension progressive des grandes villes. Les villes nouvelles représentent à la fois une nouvelle forme d'urbanisation basée sur le principe de la "table rase" et de méthodes d'expertise. Dans les années 1970, le mode de développement des pays "industrialisés" est remis en cause notamment sur les relations entre l'environnement et la ville. Depuis cette période, l'urbanisme, la planification et l'aménagement urbain visent à intégrer les principes du développement durable dans la conception ou aménagement des villes. La multiplicité des acteurs de la ville et notamment l’implication des citoyens, réaffirmée en France par la loi solidarité et renouvellement urbain, ainsi que la nécessaire prise en compte des enjeux environnementaux, impose le développement d'outils pour aider à la décision. Ces outils devront pouvoir représenter les conséquences, notamment des projets urbains sur l’environnement afin de maîtriser la dispersion des avis entre les acteurs. À l’heure actuelle un certain nombre de travaux ont été entrepris afin d’évaluer la durabilité des projets d’aménagement. La démarche Approche Environnementale de l'Urbanisme (AEU) développée par l’Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (ADEME) constitue sans doute l’outil ayant bénéficié d'un retour d'expérience le plus complet. Néanmoins aucun de ces outils ne s’attache clairement à expliquer les relations entre la forme urbaine et les impacts sur l’environnement. D'ailleurs de nombreux travaux s’intéressent à décrire la forme urbaine en terme de mobilité, d’accessibilité ou encore de densité (Newman et Kenworthy, 1989; Frey, 1999; Newton, 2000; Williams et al, 2000). Cette thèse cherche, dans un premier temps, à connaître les convergences entre d'une part le mouvement des villes nouvelles et les cités-jardins et d'autre part les principes du développement durable, notamment en ce qui concerne les questions environnementales. L’objet de ce travail de thèse est de déterminer parmi les outils de l’évaluation environnementale celui ou ceux qui peuvent être exploités afin d’évaluer les liens entre la forme urbaine et les impacts environnementaux pour répondre à l’objectif plus général d’aide à la décision. Nous proposerons une méthode d'évaluation de la forme et la structure urbaine basée sur la méthode du réseau de Sorensen (1971) afin de connaître leur rôle sur les impacts environnementaux. Les travaux de cet auteur ont été adaptés à notre recherche permettant ainsi la caractérisation des interrelations entre les éléments de la forme urbaine et des impacts environnementaux. Enfin, la ville nouvelle de Marne-la-Vallée fait l'objet de l'application de notre méthode d'évaluation environnementale / The contemporary new towns were a solution to the problems of suburban sprawl, demographic growth and the housing and employment shortage, congestion, land speculation, etc. But the environmental question perhaps related to the context of their creation (often after a period of crisis like war destruction), did not have priority in the decision-makings even if it were one of the fundamental pillars of the creation of the geneses of the new towns, i.e. the "garden-cities". The satellite model of town represents the concretization of the idea of the garden-city and then the new towns. It consists on a decentralization or polarization of the large cities and seeks to achieve several goals such as valorization of the suburbs, balance of employment-habitat, to relieve congestion the great centre and to stop the progressive extension of the large cities. The new news represents at the same time a new form of urbanization based on the principle of "table rase" (designing from zero) and the methods of expertise. Since 1970, the sustainable development makes its appearance and in particular the question of the environment is proposed for the cities and any urban project. Town and urban planning seek to integrate the principles of the sustainable development in the design or rehabilitation of cities. The multiplicity of the actors of the city and in particular the implication of the citizens, (in France promoted by law SRU) as well as the necessity to take into account of the environmental stakes imposes the development of tools for decisionmaking supports. These tools will have to be able to represent the consequences, in particular urban projects on the environment in order to control the dispersion of the opinions between the actors. At present a certain number of researches were undertaken in order to assess the durability of the projects of installation. An environmental approach to town planning (AEU) developed by French environment and energy management Agency (ADEME) undoubtedly constitutes the tool having the most retreat in terms of experiment. Nevertheless none of these tools clearly sticks to explain the relations between the urban form and the environmental impacts. Moreover many works aim to describe the urban form in term of mobility, accessibility or of density (Newman and Kenworthy, 1989; Frey, 1999; Newton, 2000; Williams et al., 2000). This thesis initially seeks to find out the convergences between the movement of the new towns and their geneses (garden cities) with the principles of sustainable development in particular with regard to environmental questions. The object of this work of thesis is to determine among the tools of environmental assessment the one or the ones that can be exploited in order to assess the relation between the urban form and the environmental impacts to answer the more general objective of decision-making support. We will propose an assessment method of the urban form and structure based on the method of network of Sorensen (1971) in order to know their role on the impacts caused on the environment. The work of this author was adapted to our research allowing the characterization interrelationships between the elements of the urban form and the environmental impacts. Finally the new town of Marne-la-Vallée is the subject of application of our method of environmental assessment