Esta tese objetiva compreender os sentidos que jornalistas atribuem à noção de interesse público como princípio normativo do jornalismo e critério de noticiabilidade. Para isso, parto de uma perspectiva epistemológica construcionista (BERGER; LUCKMANN, 2009) acerca do jornalismo como instituição social e forma de conhecimento (TUCHMAN, 1983; GENRO FILHO, 1987; MEDITSCH, 2010), que se fundamenta nas noções de verdade e objetividade (CORNU, 1994; CHARAUDEAU, 2007), para abordar as finalidades democráticas da profissão no campo da comunicação pública (HABERMAS, 2003; ESTEVES, 2011) e, assim, delinear o escopo teórico no qual se inscreve a temática do interesse público. Utilizo como procedimento metodológico a entrevista de tipo qualitativo com jornalistas que atuam em organizações informativas de grupos de comunicação tradicionais e importantes no Brasil, na produção de conteúdos para os meios impresso e online (recorte deste estudo). Emprego a Análise de Discurso (PÊCHEUX, 1988; ORLANDI, 2009) para interpretar os relatos desses informantes e, a partir dessa interpretação, evidencio duas formações discursivas (FDs) no interior das quais a noção de interesse público produz sentidos no jornalismo: a FD iluminista-democrática, que apresenta como sentido nuclear a ideia de “apreensão e transmissão da verdade para o progresso social e o desenvolvimento da democracia”, e a FD econômico-mercadológica, que tem como sentido nuclear a ideia de “captura, satisfação e manutenção dos consumidores de notícia para a sobrevivência e o crescimento econômico-financeiro das organizações jornalísticas”. Nessa perspectiva, sustento que os sentidos de interesse público no jornalismo se atualizam em torno das noções de: relevância pública, esclarecimento, vigilância, espaço comum e preferência de consumo. Face às condições objetivas de produção da notícia e às transformações econômicas, tecnológicas e culturais que atualmente incidem sobre a instituição jornalística, afirmo que o interesse público constitui um valor de resistência da identidade profissional e de seu discurso de legitimação. / This doctoral thesis aims to understand the meanings that journalists ascribe to the notion of public interest as a normative principle of journalism and newsworthiness criterion. For this purpose, I start from a constructionist epistemological perspective (BERGER; LUCKMANN, 2009) on journalism as a social institution and form of knowledge (TUCHMAN, 1983; GENRO FILHO, 1987; MEDITSCH, 2010) that is based on the sense of truth and objectivity (CORNU, 1994; CHARAUDEAU, 2007) , to address the democratic aims of the profession in the field of public communication (HABERMAS, 2003; ESTEVES, 2011) and thus delineate the theoretical scope in which the subject of public interest is included. As methodological procedure I use the interview of qualitative type with journalists who work in informative organizations from traditional and important communication groups in Brazil, in the production of content for printed and online media (object of this study). I employ the Discourse Analysis (PÊCHEUX, 1988; ORLANDI, 2009) to interpret the reports of these informants, and from that analysis I demonstrate two discursive formations (DF) within which the notion of public interest produces sense in journalism: the enlightened-democratic DF, that presents as its nuclear sense the idea of "apprehension and transmission of truth for social progress and citizenship development", and the economic-marketing DF, that has as its nuclear sense the idea of "capture, satisfaction and maintenance of news consumers to the survival and economic-financial growth of journalistic organizations". In this perspective, I support that the senses of public interest in journalism are updated from the notions of public relevance, clarification, vigilance, common space and consumption preference. Given the objective conditions of news production and economic, technological and cultural transformations that happen to the journalistic institution, I claim that the public interest constitutes a value of resistance of the professional identity and its legitimating discourse.

A tese O ENSINO DO INTERESSE PÚBLICO NA FORMAÇÃO DE JORNALISTAS: ELEMENTOS PARA A CONSTRUÇÃO DE UMA PEDAGOGIA propõe como objeto de estudo a formação do jornalista, nomeadamente em seus aspectos cidadãos. O trabalho tem como objetivo geral refletir e propor bases para um modelo pedagógico de ensino do interesse público e da cidadania na formação de jornalistas. Como hipótese central, parte do princípio de que a cidadania e os valores pertinentes e decorrentes dela são transversais ao ensino do Jornalismo, aos seus conteúdos curriculares e à sua didática. O universo da pesquisa são docentes de Jornalismo de universidades brasileiras e portuguesas. O método de abordagem do trabalho está alicerçado na fenomenologia e utiliza a entrevista e a análise de conteúdo como técnicas de pesquisa. / This thesis THE TEACHING OF PUBLIC INTEREST IN THE FORMATION OF JOURNALISTS: ELEMENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A PEDAGOGY proposes as its object of study the formation of a journalist, particularly the aspects of citizens. The aim of this dissertation is to reflect and propose the basis for a pedagogical model for teaching the public interest and citizenship in the academic education of journalists. As a central hypothesis, the research states that the principle of citizenship and values arising from it are relevant and transverse to the teaching of journalism, its curricula contents and its didactic teaching. The research is related to professors of journalism at the Brazilian and Portuguese Universities. The method applied to this work is grounded in phenomenology and uses interviews and content analysis of the speech of professors as techniques. From the methodological point of view this research is grounded in phenomenology and uses the interview and the content analysis as techniques.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / nÃo hà / Nossa pesquisa investigou em que medida a identidade do jornalista de impresso à influenciada pelo uso de novas mÃdias na rotina de trabalho na redaÃÃo. Para tal, avaliamos como o uso de um celular multifuncional como ferramenta de trabalho desencadeou conflitos e tensÃes entre os repÃrteres do jornal cearense DiÃrio do Nordeste a ponto destes questionarem sua prÃpria identidade enquanto jornalistas de impresso. A escolha do DiÃrio como objeto de anÃlise se justifica pelo fato de o jornal â o segundo maior em circulaÃÃo no Nordeste brasileiro â ser um dos primeiros no cenÃrio local a implementar estratÃgias de convergÃncia jornalÃstica. Adotamos como delineamento de pesquisa o estudo de caso da prÃtica identificada pelo DiÃrio do Nordeste como multimÃdia. Por meio de tÃcnicas de coleta de dados, como a observaÃÃo empÃrica e entrevistas em profundidade, foi possÃvel compreender como o exercÃcio da produÃÃo de conteÃdos multimÃdia desencadeou a construÃÃo de um novo habitus na redaÃÃo do DiÃrio do Nordeste, marcado pelo desenvolvimento de novas competÃncias cognitivas por parte dos jornalistas. Investigamos tambÃm em que medida as transformaÃÃes provenientes com a produÃÃo multimidiÃtica influenciou as relaÃÃes de forÃa e poder presentes no espaÃo social da redaÃÃo. Tomando como ponto de partida a hipÃtese de que os jornalistas que se definem como multimÃdia ocupam a posiÃÃo de dominantes, partimos para a anÃlise dos conflitos e tensÃes instaurados no cotidiano desses profissionais. Do ponto de vista teÃrico, discutimos o conceito de identidade, as consequÃncias da modernidade, fizemos uma revisÃo de correntes teÃricas da comunicaÃÃo e de suas relaÃÃes com discussÃes em torno da presenÃa da tecnologia na contemporaneidade e ainda articulamos reflexÃes de autores como Henry Jenkins (2008), SalaverrÃa e Negredo (2008), Esther Applegren (2005) e Rosely Fragoso (2006) sobre a convergÃncia midiÃtica e jornalÃstica. Ao final, apresentamos como os jornalistas do DiÃrio do Nordeste se definem, se como jornalistas de impresso ou jornalistas multimÃdia e refletimos sobre um novo perfil de profissional delineado no mercado de trabalho, marcado pela convergÃncia de saberes, prÃticas e funÃÃes relativas ao impresso e ao jornalismo on-line. / Our research investigated in which way newspaperâs journalists identity is influenced by the use of new media on their jobs at the newsroom. For this, we evaluated how the use of smartphone as work tools triggered conflicts and tensions among reporters from DiÃrio do Nordeste who started questioning their own identity as newspaperâs journalists. The choice of DiÃrio as the object of this analysis can be explained by the fact that the newspaper Ââ the second in circulation in the northeast of Brazil â is one of the first in the local scenario to implement journalistic convergence strategies. We adopted as the delimitation of the research the case study of what DiÃrio do Nordeste identifies as multimedia practice. Using data collection techniques, as the empirical observation and depth interviews, was possible to comprehend how the production of multimedia content generated the construction of a whole new habitus at DiÃrioâs newsroom, marked by the development of journalistâs new cognitive competences. We also investigated how the transformations descendant from multimediatic production influenced the relation of force and power in the newsroom. Starting from the hypothesis that the journalists which defines themselves as multimedia are in dominance, we initiated the analysis of conflicts and tensions established on the daily routine of these professionals. From theorical point of view, we discussed identity concept, modernity consequences, we also did a communication theories revision and of its relations with discussion about the presence of technology in contemporaneity and yet reflected about mediatic and journalistic convergence, using the ideas from authors like Henry Jenkins (2008), SalaverrÃa e Negredo (2008), Esther Applegren (2005) and Rosely Fragoso (2006). In the end, we presented how DiÃrio do Nordesteâs journalists define themselves, if as newspapers journalists or multimedia ones and reflected about the new professional shape designed on labour market, marked by the knowledge, practice and paginal functions and on-line journalism related functions convergence.

A dissertação aborda alguns aspectos de várias relações possíveis entre jornalismo e literatura no período da ditadura militar no Brasil (1964-1985). O foco da pesquisa recai na participação de profissionais da imprensa na escrita de ficção e na presença do jornalista como personagem de narrativas literárias. Destacadamente, a pesquisa analisa essas questões no romance A Festa, de Ivan Ângelo. As características dos três jornalistas retratados no livro, a capacidade do romance apresentar os meandros da imprensa e os indícios do momento político são temáticas debatidas neste estudo. Constatou-se a pluralidade de visões da figura do jornalista, abrindo caminhos para uma gama de sentidos sobre o lugar social da imprensa e de seus profissionais, bem como diversas formas de mobilização da memória sobre o jornalismo e o momento histórico. / The dissertation addresses some aspects of various possible relationships between journalism and literature in the period of military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985). The focus of the research lies in the participation of media professionals in fiction writing and in the presence of the journalist as a character in literary narratives. The research examines these questions in the novel The Celebration, written by Ivan Ângelo. The characteristics of the three journalists portrayed in the book, ability of the novel present the intricacies of the press and evidence of the political issues are discussed in this study. It found a plurality of visions of the figure of the journalist, opening pathways to a range of meanings about the press and professionals, as well as various forms of mobilization of memory about journalism and historical moment.

Discute as mudanças no mundo do trabalho dos comunicadores, em especial dos jornalistas, em um momento de transformações tecnológicas impactantes na sociedade do início do século XXI. Trata-se de uma pesquisa comparativa do perfil do profissional e dos discursos dos personagens da telenovela sobre as práticas do jornalista. Subsidiam este estudo as pesquisas empíricas realizadas pelo Grupo de Pesquisas Comunicação e Trabalho da ECA USP, no período de 2008 a 2012, e três produções da teledramaturgia brasileira: A Favorita (2008), Paraíso (2009) e Insensato Coração (2011), que apresentam o profissional jornalista como personagem. A metodologia adotada para o levantamento dos perfis dos profissionais utilizou uma combinação de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos aplicados junto a quatro amostras de jornalistas do Estado de São Paulo (jornalistas convocados a partir de redes sociais, associados do Sindicato dos Jornalistas do Estado de São Paulo, empregados de uma grande Editora e freelancers) e recortes das sequências de cenas das telenovelas com falas de personagens jornalistas para comparação. O referencial teórico utilizado foi o binômio comunicação e trabalho, a partir da abordagem ergológica, estudos da linguagem e a análise do discurso como método de interpretação. Os resultados das pesquisas quantitativas apontaram o perfil do jornalista: jovem, branco, de classe média, maioria mulheres sem filhos, multiplataformas, vínculo de emprego precário (como freelancers, PJs e autônomos) com curso superior completo e com especialização em nível de pós-graduação, a maioria formado de um a 15 anos. A maior parte dos profissionais não trabalha nas redações e atua em setores empresariais diversificados, exercendo a função de assessor de comunicação. A partir da comparação, este trabalho observou que: (i) a telenovela retrata as mudanças das tecnologias empregadas no processo comunicativo, (ii) que os personagens, a despeito das mudanças tecnológicas, não discursivizam sobre como estas novas estratégias afetaram o ritmo de trabalho, ou as relações de trabalho e, (iii) na dramaturgia, a palavra perfeita e a fotografia da cena elaboradas no texto reificam a credibilidade no jornalismo e no jornalista. / This work discuss on the changes in the working world of communicator, in special the journalists, in times of significant technological transformations in the early 21st century. It is a comparative research of the professional profile and the discourses of the characters from the telenovela on the journalist practices. This study reckons upon the empirical researches conducted by the Communication and Work Research Group from ECA USP, between 2008 and 2012, and three Brazilian telenovelas: A favorita (2008), Paraíso (2009) and Insensato Coração (2011), which present the journalist as character. To the methodology adopted for the investigation of the professional profiles, we have used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods which were applied to four samples of journalists from the state of São Paulo (composed by journalists invited by online social networks, associated to the Journalist Union of São Paulo, employees of a large publishing company and freelancers) and then compared to dialogues from scene sequences of the telenovelas. The theoretical basis was the binomial communication and work, from the ergology approach, language studies and discourse analysis as methods of interpretation. The results of the quantitative researches showed that the journalist professional profile was: young, white, medium-class, most of them women without kids, with multiplatform skills, precarious employment relationship (as freelancers, legal entity and self-employed), with college and graduate education degree, most graduated from one to fifteen years ago. The majority of the professionals do not work in the editorial office and work in different business sectors, performing the role of communication advisers. In the comparative analysis, we have observed that: (i) the telenovela portrays the changes in the techniques adopted in the communication process, (ii) that the characters, in spite of the technological changes, do not address the issue on how these new technological strategies have affected the pace of work or the work relationships and, (iii) in the dramaturgy, the perfect word and the scenery photography which were developed in the text reify the credibility on journalism and on the journalist.

As transformações tecnológicas, culturais e de relações interpessoais ocorridas no século XX mudaram as empresas de comunicação, a relação da sociedade com a informação e os métodos e processos de trabalho dos profissionais de comunicação. Partindo da hipótese de que um novo perfil foi configurado a partir dessas transformações, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de conhecer o jornalista que trabalha hoje no Estado de São Paulo. O binômio comunicação e trabalho, a partir da abordagem ergológica, ou seja, de atividade humana, foi o referencial teórico utilizado, em que o sujeito revela-se como foco principal para este estudo. Como metodologia, foi adotada uma combinação de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos aplicados junto a três grupos de amostras: com jornalistas jovens, convocados a partir de redes sociais; com associados do Sindicato dos Jornalistas do Estado de São Paulo; e com jornalistas da Editora Abril. A amostra foi organizada no sentido de mapear a diversidade de jornalistas atuando hoje no mercado de trabalho em São Paulo, Estado que mantém aproximadamente 31% dos jornalistas brasileiros. Para obtenção de dados optou-se pelo uso de questionário eletrônico via internet e pela utilização de um roteiro de perguntas abertas para entrevistas em profundidade. A pesquisa observou que os jornalistas são jovens e individualistas; que estão trabalhando em condições precárias, como freelancers, PJs e autônomos. Além disso, a maior parte dos profissionais não está trabalhando nas redações: está atuando em diversas outras empresas, exercendo a função de assessor de comunicação. / The technological, cultural and interpersonal transformations occurred in the twentieth century have changed the communication companies, the relationship of society with information, and the methods and work processes of communication professionals. Assuming that a new profile was set from these transformations, this research aims to know the journalist who now works in São Paulo. The binomial communication and work, from the ergologic approach, in other words, of human activity, was the theoretical framework in which the subject is revealed as the main focus for this study. As a methodology, was used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods applied with three groups of samples: with young journalists, called from social networks; with members of the Syndicate of Journalists of the State of São Paulo; and with journalists from Editora Abril. The sample was organized in order to map the diversity of journalists working today in the labor market of São Paulo, state which stands approximately 31% of Brazilian journalists. To obtain the research data we opted to use both: electronic questionnaire via Internet and a script of general questions in order to do in-depth interviews. The research noted that the journalists are young and individualists and work in precarious way conditions as freelancers, juristic person, and self-employed. Moreover, most professionals are not working in newsrooms: is working on several other companies, functioning as communications adviser.

A partir de uma leitura do romance, Recordações do escrivão Isaías Caminha, do escritor Lima Barreto, o trabalho procura discutir a representação nele feita da imprensa como instância de Poder. No primeiro capítulo a autora apresenta o que julga mais importante na fortuna crítica sobre o romance desde o seu lançamento até os dias atuais. No capitulo seguinte é abordada a história de Lima Barreto jornalista, as suas tentativas de ingressar no jornalismo profissional, a sua colaboração na pequena imprensa, operária e sindical; e também é contada a história do jornal carioca Correio da Manhã fundado por Edmundo Bittencourt e que foi representado literariamente no romance Recordações do escrivão Isaías Caminha. E por fim, no último capítulo é feita análise do romance para mostrar pontualmente como o narrador-escritor Isaías Caminha constrói a imagem e ao mesmo tempo disseca a anatomia daquilo que Lima Barreto denominou de o quarto poder, ou seja, a imprensa brasileira sua contemporânea. / After reading the novel, Recordações do escrivão Isaías Caminha, by the writer Lima Barreto, the work tries to discuss its representation made by the press as a scope of power. . In the first chapter the author presents what she considers to be the most important in the fortune critique of the romance since its publication until nowadays. In the next chapter the history of Lima Barreto as a journalist is approached, his attempts to join the professional journalism , his contribution towards the small press, symbolized by the working class and trade unions, as well as the history of the newspaper Correio da Manhã, which was founded by Edmundo Bittencourt and represented in the form of literary in the novel Recordações do escrivão Isaías Caminha. Finally, in the last chapter an analysis of the romance is done to show accurately how the narrator-writer Isaías Caminha builds the image while dissects the anatomy of what Lima Barreto called the fourth power , in other words, the Brazilian press its contemporary.

Cette thèse est héritière de l’histoire de la presse qui s’est d’abord intéressée aux journaux puis aux journalistes. Cette étude, des journaux et en parallèle des journalistes, vise à combler un vide sur le journalisme de la presse périodique. Elle s’intéresse à la période 1870-1914, et analyse de façon critique ce qui est considéré comme l’âge d’or de la presse. Ce travail s’appuie sur des archives inédites, notamment les rapports de police qui ont été rédigés régulièrement sur les journaux et journalistes de Lyon à cette époque. En effet, si les contraintes politiques sur la presse diminuent, notamment avec la loi sur la liberté de la presse de 1881, la surveillance continue à Lyon. La liberté de la presse, avec les progrès techniques, l’alphabétisation, l’urbanisation, la publicité expliquent la hausse du nombre de journaux, de leur tirage et du nombre de personnes qui se rattachent à ces journaux. 1 725 titres parus durant cette période ainsi que 1130 individus ont été recensés. Ces journaux sont des plus divers par leur périodicité, leur tirage et leur sujet, des quotidiens, aux journaux militants, religieux, de loisirs, professionnels. Mais ils répondent tous à un nouveau besoin d’informer et d’être informé, de médiatisation. Ils ont aussi en commun d’être lancés par des jeunes hommes issus de la classe moyenne. Cette expérience permet à certains de devenir journalistes de quotidien et de connaître une ascension sociale à travers les duels, les décorations et l’appartenance à une association de journalistes. Pour la quasi-totalité d’entre eux cela reste cependant une expérience éphémère qui dure quelques semaines. / This doctoral thesis is in line with the history of the press which originally focused on newspapers and later on journalists. The research aims at filling a gap of information on the journalism of periodicals by studying newspapers and journalists simultaneously. It focuses on the years 1870-1914 and provides a critical analysis on the era which is often considered as the Golden Age of the press. The author’s work relies on archives that had not been exploited before, in particular on police reports dealing with journalists and newspapers, which were then made on a regular basis. Indeed, although political pressure on the press diminished after the 1881 freedom of the press act was passed, police surveillance remained active in Lyon. Freedom of the press, as well as technical progress, a higher literacy rate, urbanization and the rise of advertising account for an increase in the number of newspapers, their circulation and contributors. 1725 newspapers and 1130 journalists have been listed. Those newspapers varied in periodicity, circulation and topics, ranging from the daily to the activist, the religious or professional. However, they all fulfilled a new need to inform and be informed, of media coverage and they were all launched by young men from the middle class. The experience of journalism allowed some of those young men to become journalists in daily newspapers, to climb the social ladder by fighting duels, getting decorations or joining association of journalists. And yet, for most of them, journalism remained a short-lived adventure of a few weeks only.

Being a journalist today can be a deadly pursuit, particularly for those covering conflict and other dangerous assignments. In 2004 more journalists and other media workers were killed than in the last ten years. While it is impossible to guarantee that journalists will not be killed or injured, kidnapped or detained, a policy has been created to help protect them in the course of their duties. This study examines the perceptions of journalists working for two international television news agencies about this safety policy called the ‘Joint code of practice for journalists working in conflict zones’. This policy was adopted in November 2000 by five major television companies including the television news agencies Reuters Television and Associated Press Television News. This study finds that the policy had significant flaws in how it was formulated and how it is communicated, implemented and reviewed. Recognising the existence of unequal relations of power and conflicting interests at play in any policy process, this study stresses that in the case of the journalist safety policy, all stakeholders should have participated in the relevant policy stages. This argument arises from researching the policy document as well as from the point of view of managers, and particularly journalists who work on dangerous assignments, either full-time or on a freelance basis for either of the two television news agencies. It finds that while journalists are not generally aware of the policy, they do practice many of its elements as well as a range of their own custom-made strategies to protect themselves. The result is to make the policy less effective than it could be.

The process of democratization which appeared in the nineteenth century was partly responsible for the emergence of a mass readership. It consisted of the new urban population which had its own tastes and interests, intellectual capacity and purchasing power. The popular press was firmly established by 1900 and it radically altered the scope and style of daily journalism in its attempt to speak in the language of the majority. Philip Gibbs was one of the prominent journalists between 1900 and 1914. His aspiration to become a war correspondent stemmed from the image of the war correspondent as a figure of romance and adventure, the consequence of the militarist spirit of the age and the licence which granted him freedom of movement. Inevitably, the war correspondent carne in conflict with the military which had not kept pace with democratization and sensed a challenge to itself and to national security. Censorship and restrictions on the war correspondent tightened, until major army reforms between 1901 and 1912 brought more cordial relations between the press and the military. When the Great War broke out in 1914 the co-operative atmosphere broke down as censorship was reinstated, more severely than before. It challenged the freedom of the press and the right of the people to know. Gibbs was determined that the people should have access to news from the front. He fought hard for that objective and was instrumental in the compromise reached between the military and the press when an officially recognized system was devised for press representation on the Western Front. The wisdom of such a move was shown by the success of Philip Gibbs' war correspondence, which had appeal to a mass readership in its own language and with subjects of interest to it.