Esta tese de doutorado aborda a chamada Teologia Judaica do Holocausto, ou seja, as reflexões realizadas por rabinos e pensadores judeus a respeito da perseguição nazista e suas consequências no plano da religião. A tese concentra-se no estudo de uma corrente judaica especíifica, a Ortodoxia Moderna dos EUA, representada aqui por seus mais importantes pensadores da Shoá Joseph Soloveitchik, Eliezer Berkovits e Irving Greenberg. A pesquisa expõe estas reflexões, insere-as no contexto mais geral do pensamento judaico e analisa suas contribuições ao judaísmo pós- Holocausto. / This doctoral thesis researches the so-called Jewish Holocaust Theology, i.e. reflections of rabbis and Jewish thinkers concerning Nazi persecution and its implications on the religious level. The thesis concentrates on one specific Jewish religious stream: North-American Modern Orthodoxy, represented here by its most important thinkers on the Shoah - Joseph Soloveitchik, Eliezer Berkovits and Irving Greenberg. The research reveals their reflections, inserts them into the more general context of Jewish thought and analyzes their contribution to post-Holocaust Judaism.

A atividade massorética surgiu aproximadamente no século VII na Babilônia e chegou ao seu auge por volta do século X, com os trabalhos dos massoretas de Tiberíades, Israel, principalmente com o último massoreta da família Ben Asher, Aarão ben Moisés ben Asher. A tradição tiberiense do ramo Ben Asher, entre outras tradições, nunca conheceu uma forma absolutamente uniforme e fixa que não pudesse apresentar algum tipo de divergência ou contradição, seja na vocalização ou na acentuação. A Massorá também apresentava suas próprias diferenças e contradições. Esta pesquisa pretende analisar notas massoréticas divergentes da Masora Parva nos dez capítulos do livro de Isaías em três textos de tradição Ben Asher: o Códice de Alepo A, o Códice de Leningrado B19a (L) e a Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS). Os dois primeiros são os principais manuscritos massoréticos que seguem a tradição Ben Asher e os mais relacionados entre si e além disso, são frutos da atividade massorética ocorrida nos séculos X e XI. A BHS, a principal edição crítica do texto bíblico hebraico surgida no século XX, é baseada no texto e na Massorá de um dos manuscritos Ben Asher, o Códice L. Ao analisar as diferenças nas notas mencionadas, este estudo pretende discutir a razão das divergências das notas massoréticas e os métodos de composição de tais notas por parte dos dois massoretas responsáveis por cada um dos dois manuscritos mencinados, o Códice A e o Códice L. Será analisada também a forma de composição empregada na Massorá da BHS cujo editor, Gérard E. Weil, teve como objetivo fazer um comentário massorético menos contraditório e mais detalhado. O método adotado por Weil é analisado tendo em vista a prática empregada pelos massoretas por volta dos séculos X e XI. / The masoretic activity appeared in circa VII century in Babylon and its pinnacle was in circa X century, with the works of Tiberias masoretes in Israel, especially with the last of the Ben Asher family, Aaron ben Moses ben Asher. The Tiberian masoretic tradition of the Ben Asher branch, amongst other traditions, never had an exact and uniform pattern that would avoid divergence and contradiction both in the vocalization and the marking with accents. The Masorah itself shows its differences and contratitions. This work aims at analysing divergent masoretic notes from Masora Parva in the first ten chapters of the book of Isaiah in three texts of Ben Asher tradition, namely Alepo Codex A, Leningrad Codex B19a (L) and Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS). The first two texts are the most correlated and the main masoretic manuscripts that follow Ben Asher tradition. Furthermore, they are the outcome of the masoretic activity that took place in the X and XI centuries. BHS, the most important critical edition of the Hebrew biblical texts dates from XX century and is based in the text and in the Masorah of one of Ben Asher manuscripts, the Codex L. Analysing the differences in the above-mentioned sources, this work intends to discuss the reasons of the divergences and contraditions in the masoretic notes and the methods of composition of the notes used by two of the main masoretes in charge of the Codex A and the Codex L. The composition of the Masorah of BHS whose editor, Gérard E. Weil, aimed at making a more detailed and less contradictory masoretic commentary will also be analysed. The method adopted by Weil is analysed focusing on the practice of the masoretes in circa X and XI centuries.

by Chan Chi Kin. / Thesis (M.Div.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1988. / Bibliography: leaves 166-177.

The author of the Book of James names four exemplars in the course of his work. These serve specific functions within their individual contexts in the composition; Abraham and Rahab as exemplars of a vital active faith, Job as an exemplar of steadfast endurance, and Elijah as an exemplar of effective prayer. This thesis explores the wider stories of the exemplars in the Hebrew Bible, traces their development in elements of early Jewish tradition, and compares the author’s use of the exemplars with that of other New Testament writers. It argues that, the author of the Book of James uses the exemplars collectively as a means to encourage his messianic audience to remain faithful to God in the trials of everyday life until the imminent Parousia of the Lord. The four exemplars share three characteristics that will aid the audience in their daily struggles: they were all tested to the limit, yet demonstrated their whole-hearted commitment to God by remaining faithful to him; they were all outsiders who rejected the wisdom (values) of the world and they all faced their life-defining trials reliant on God rather than on other human beings.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-17T17:37:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andréa Kogan.pdf: 794030 bytes, checksum: ebb86b36f14239e2c2ea6794e56cc9e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T17:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andréa Kogan.pdf: 794030 bytes, checksum: ebb86b36f14239e2c2ea6794e56cc9e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-19 / This thesis focuses on Jews from the city of São Paulo that, besides their Jewish practices also have Spiritist rituals and practices. The backdrop is the contemporary Judaism after the Holocaust. Those researched Jews came from Eastern Europe and established themselves in Brazil after the World War II, the so-called Ashkenazim Jews. The hypothesis is the existence of a Spiritist-Judaism in São Paulo. We also investigate the lack of definition of Judaism (religion, nationality, culture, people, ethnicity, etc.) according to different thinkers, the mystical orthodox movement called Chabad-Lubavitch and its main leader, as well as characteristics of the Spiritist movement and interfaces between Spiritism and Judaism. To conclude and base the hypothesis, the field research in Jewish homes with the weekly ritual "Gospel at Home" will be described / Esta presente tese tem como foco os judeus da cidade de São Paulo que, além de práticas judaicas, também têm práticas e rituais espíritas. O trabalho tem como pano de fundo o judaísmo contemporâneo pós-Holocausto. Tais judeus pesquisados vêm da Europa do Leste e aqui se estabeleceram antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial, os chamados judeu ashkenazim. A hipótese deste trabalho é a existência de um judaísmo-espírita na metrópole paulistana. Investigaremos a indefinição do judaísmo (religião, nacionalidade, cultura, povo, etnia, etc.) de acordo com diferentes pensadores, o movimento místico ortodoxo chamado Chabad-Lubavitch e seu principal líder, além de características do movimento espírita e interligações entre o espiritismo e o judaísmo. Para concluir e embasar a hipótese, serão relatadas as pesquisas de campo realizadas em casas judias que praticam o ritual chamado de "Evangelho no Lar" semanalmente

S’inscrivant dans un courant majeur de la recherche historique et de la réflexion épistémologique actuelles sur l’étude des phénomènes de construction identitaire dans l’Antiquité, notre recherche s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux processus de construction de discours d’appartenance identitaire dans la littérature judéenne et chrétienne aux Ier et IIe siècles. Il apparaît vain de vouloir circonscrire une définition unique et unilatérale de ces identités durant cette période, car une telle définition s’avérerait plus utopique que réaliste en raison de la pluralité des mouvements qui composent le « judaïsme » et le « christianisme » anciens et des auteurs qui ont tenté, par leurs discours, de définir et de présenter ces identités. Établir une liste de critères pour délimiter ces identités et, par conséquent, pour distinguer ceux qui peuvent ou non se réclamer d’être Judéens ou chrétiens, nous semble inadéquat pour la réalité antique. Par conséquent, la perspective adoptée dans cette recherche est de réfléchir à la manière dont il convient d’aborder les identités anciennes et les processus de construction identitaire dans l’Antiquité à la fois comme objet d’étude et comme approche disciplinaire. Notre recherche consiste en une étude socio-historique des identités judéennes et chrétiennes des Ier et IIe siècles tout en proposant une réflexion méthodologique, épistémologique, terminologique et historiographique des questions et phénomènes identitaires anciens qui sont abordés dans une perspective « – emic » et « – etic » et à partir de divers postes d’observation prenant en considération des points de vue internes (insiders) et externes (outsiders) à ces identités. / As part of a major trend of historical research and of current epistemological discussion on the study of the identity building process phenomena in Antiquity, our research focuses specifically on the building process of identity belonging discourses in the Judean and Christian literature of the First and Second centuries. Restricting the Judean and Christian identities of this period to a unique and unilateral definition would be erroneous, since such a definition would be more utopian than realistic because of the plurality of communities that take part in ancient Judaism and ancient Christianity, and because of the plurality of authors that tried to define and elaborate theses identities in their discourses. Establishing a list of criteria to define these identities and, in turn, to distinguish those who may or may not declare themselves Judeans or Christians, seems inadequate for Ancient times. Therefore, the perspective of this research is rather to rethink how the problem of ancient identities as well as the problem of building process of identity in Antiquity should be addressed, by approaching it at the same time as an object study and a disciplinary approach. Our research is therefore a socio-historical study of Judean and Christian identities of the First and Second centuries as well as a discussion on methodological, epistemological, terminological and historiographical approaches of problems relating to ancient identities phenomena; theses are discussed through “– emic” and “– etic” from diverse elements that take into consideration internal point of view (insiders) and external point of view (outsiders) to these identities.

Jean de Menasce, né en 1902 dans l’aristocratie juive d’Alexandrie et impliqué dans le mouvement sioniste, demande le baptême à l’âge de 23 ans, à la suite d’un jeune cousin passé du communisme au séminaire. Il entre dans l’ordre dominicain et le sacerdoce et intègre le réseau de sociabilité maritainien. Étudiant d’Émile Benveniste, il devient spécialiste du mazdéisme et enseigne de 1938 à 1948 l’histoire des religions et la missiologie à la faculté de théologie de l’université de Fribourg en Suisse avant d’occuper la chaire « Religions de l’Iran ancien » à l’École pratique. L’originalité de sa trajectoire est multiple. Elle tient d’abord au fait qu’il entre dans l’Église avec une expérience juive dense et complexe. Il se distingue par un regard porté non pas exclusivement sur le judaïsme des origines chrétiennes ou sur la théologie d’Israël, mais sur un judaïsme étudié dans sa consistance historique et sur le monde juif contemporain, avec une attention particulière à l’État d’Israël. S’il semble d’abord s’orienter à l’instar de nombreux convertis du judaïsme vers une spécialisation dans un renouvellement des relations entre juifs et chrétiens, cet engagement originel s’intègre à deux lieux plus vastes : d’une part les fondements et exigences de la mission et du « dialogue » avec les religions non-chrétiennes et le monde sécularisé, surtout le marxisme ; de l’autre, la science des religions et son épistémologie, dont on mesurera ce qu’elles doivent, à côté d’une formation philosophique et littéraire et d’une expérience de linguiste et de traducteur, à la théologie des religions. / Jean de Menasce, born in 1902 in the Jewish aristocracy of Alexandria and involved in the Zionist movement, converted to Catholicism at the age of 23, following a young cousin who moved from Communism to the seminary. He entered the Dominican order and was ordained priest. A student of Emile Benveniste, he became a specialist of Mazdeism. From 1938 to 1948, he taught History of Religions and Missiology at the Theology Faculty of Fribourg, Switzerland, and then, Religions of Ancient Iran at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. The originality of his trajectory is multiple. Menasce had a rich and complex Jewish experience before his conversion. As a Catholic, he was not exclusively interested in Judaism related with the origins of Christianism, or in the theology of Israel. He studied Judaism in its historical consistence and paid attention to the contemporary Jewish world, in particular the young State of Israel. He first seems, like numerous converts from Judaism, to be inclined towards a specialisation in the renewal of the relations between Jews and Christians. This original commitment blended in two larger issues: on one hand, the foundations and demands of the mission, and of the “dialogue” with non Christian religions and the secularised world, especially Marxism; on the other, the science of religions and its epistemology, whose practice and development are linked with the theology of religions, alongside the influence of a philosophical and litterary training and an experience as a linguist and a translator.

O objetivo central desta dissertação foi mostrar como os judeus messiânicos da sinagoga Beit Sar Shalom vêem a si próprios e como são vistos pelos grupos de fora de suas fronteiras étnicas, no caso, como eles são vistos pelas lideranças judaicas seculares e religiosas da cidade de São Paulo. O judaísmo messiânico é uma religião que mistura elementos do cristianismo, pois acredita que o messias enviado por Deus é Jesus, e do judaísmo, porque mantém parte de seus rituais, festas e tradições. A partir da análise realizada foi possível concluir que se trata de um tipo paradigmático de religião sincrética, em que os elementos ora do cristianismo, ora do judaísmo são cuidadosamente selecionados e aplicados a seu corpo doutrinário. O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir da etnografia da sinagoga messiânica Beit Sar Shalom localizada em São Paulo no bairro de Higienópolis. Foram analisados aspectos ritualísticos dessa religião, assim como aspectos identitários a exemplo de rituais de iniciação e de passagem comparando-os com rituais judaicos tradicionais. / The central objective of this dissertation was to show how messianic jews from Beit Sar Shalom synagogue see themselves and how they are seen by the groups outside their ethnicity frontiers, in the present case, how they are seen by Jew leadership secular and religious from São Paulo city. Messianic Judaism is a religion that mixes elements of Christianity, because they believe that the messiah sent by God is Jesus and Judaism because maintaining part of the rituals, festivities and traditions. The results of this analyze should be seen as indicators that the religion was concluded as a kind of paradigmatic syncretic one, in which elements of Christianity and Judaism are carefully selected and applied to the doctrinaire body. The study was developed having as starting point the ethnography of the Beit Sar Shalom, messianic synagogue, located in São Paulo in the borough Higienópolis. Ritualistic aspects of this religion were analyzed as were identity aspects such as initiation and passage rituals, comparing them with traditional jewish rites.

The subject of this thesis is the short story "Карл-Янкель" ("Karl-Yankel") by Russian-Jewish writer Isaac Babel (1894‒1940), published in 1931. The story depicts a trial following the cir-cumcision of a boy against his parents’ will, and thus directly addresses issues of high relevance at the time, namely the transformations of religious life in the early years of the Soviet Union. Firstly, I have analyzed the references to Jewish culture that appear in the story. Further on, drawing on research by other scholars, I have examined the shift of the traditional Jew into a Soviet Jew—a highly secular subject deeply involved in the socialist society and far removed from the traditions of the Pale of Settlement. Lastly, I have studied the narrator’s perspective, which, being far from objective, plays a major role in portraying the trial and is of key im-portance for understanding the transformation of Jewish life that occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. At the end of the story, the narrator deprives the reader of the verdict and gives in-stead his attention to the circumcised boy. I argue that he thus focused on the future rather than on the conflict between tradition and secularism.

The subject of this thesis is the short story "Карл-Янкель" ("Karl-Yankel") by Russian-Jewish writer Isaac Babel (1894‒1940), published in 1931. The story depicts a trial following the cir-cumcision of a boy against his parents’ will, and thus directly addresses issues of high relevance at the time, namely the transformations of religious life in the early years of the Soviet Union. Firstly, I have analyzed the references to Jewish culture that appear in the story. Further on, drawing on research by other scholars, I have examined the shift of the traditional Jew into a Soviet Jew—a highly secular subject deeply involved in the socialist society and far removed from the traditions of the Pale of Settlement. Lastly, I have studied the narrator’s perspective, which, being far from objective, plays a major role in portraying the trial and is of key im-portance for understanding the transformation of Jewish life that occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. At the end of the story, the narrator deprives the reader of the verdict and gives in-stead his attention to the circumcised boy. I argue that he thus focused on the future rather than on the conflict between tradition and secularism. / <p>historia</p>