Lorsqu'une infraction est comme, la recherche de son auteur est non seulement une question factuelle mais aussi une question juridique centrale dans la procédure pénale. dans une société démocratique, l'appréhension de l'auteur de l'infraction exige la preuve de sa participation aux faits.la police judiciaire a pour mission de constater les infractions pénales et de procéder aux investigations nécessaires à la manifestation de la vérité. en d'autres termes, elle doit rapporter la preuve de la commission de l'infraction et de son imputation à une ou plusieurs personnes déterminées. / Criminal proceedings must meet two requirements:- Ensure investigating authorities broad and powerful means of investigation.- Protect individuals from the danger of arbitrariness with their freedom and unfounded conviction.Those two requirements are faced with great acuity in special proceedings right. Now the principle of proportionality between the seriousness of the offense and the procedure is applied.The offenses related to a crime considered as serious (as organized criminality) are subjected to a special procedure facilitating the taking of evidence and decreasing the individual freedom protection.The following research attempts to identify explicit and implicit criteria of this principle of proportionality in criminal proceedings throughout the regime of the taking of evidence by judicial police.

La sauvegarde des intérêts de la société implique une répression nécessaire mais aussi efficace. Cette dernière ne peut être pourvue que par une recherche efficiente de preuves relatives à la commission d’une infraction afin d’en connaître l’auteur. Tel est l’enjeu du procès pénal. Cependant, si la protection de la paix publique autorise et légitime une telle démarche, cette dernière ne peut s’opérer sans limitations aux dépens des droits de l’individu. Aussi, une conciliation doit être établie entre des intérêts apparemment contradictoires. La recherche d’un équilibre entre ces deux intérêts a eu des expressions multiples selon l’évolution législative, cette dernière ayant témoigné d’un balancement perpétuel entre ces impératifs. Il existe des situations de fait dans lesquelles il est nécessaire que les représentants de la justice réagissent. Ainsi se trouve justifié le recours à un corps de règles spécifiques grâce auquel la réponse pénale peut s’accomplir avec un minimum d’entrave. Le renforcement de la police judiciaire et la simplification procédurale, pour ne citer que ceux-là, semblent donc pleinement justifiés. Cependant, il est permis de se demander si l’accroissement du rôle des organes de la procédure ne doive pas être entouré de limites devant faire en sorte que l’objectif du législateur, et seulement cet objectif soit atteint. A l’occasion d’une réflexion globale de la place de la personne poursuivie pendant le procès pénal, cette étude conduit d’abord à s’interroger sur la portée des diverses réformes, puis sur le rôle de plus en plus accru des organes de la procédure, afin de constituer en parallèle une dynamique possible de l’accroissement des droits préexistants, voire la création de droits de la défense nouveaux. Le jeu de pouvoirs et de droits qui profile le procès, doit s’effacer sous l’influence de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme pour laisser apparaître un procès pénal contradictoire. Simplement contradictoire, mais pleinement contradictoire. / Safeguarding the interests of society implies a necessary but also effective enforcement. The latter can be provided efficiently by a search of evidence relating to the commission of an offense in order to know the author. This is the issue of criminal proceeding. However, if the protection of public peace authorizes and legitimizes this approach, the latter can not happen without limitations at the expense of individual rights. Therefore, a compromise must be made between apparently contradictory interests. Finding a balance between these two interests has had multiple expressions by legislative developments, the latter has shown a constant swing between these imperatives. There are situations in which it is necessary that justice officials respond. Thus, is justified the use of a body of specific rules by which the criminal justice response can be accomplished with minimal interference. The strengthening of the judicial police and procedural simplification, to name but a few, seem to be fully justified. However, it is reasonable to ask whether the increased role of the organs of the procedure should not be surrounded by limits to ensure that parliament’s objective, and only that objective. On the occasion of a comprehensive reflection of the place of the defendant during the criminal trial, this study leads first to question the scope of various reforms and the role of increasingly enhanced organs the procedure to be parallel dynamics can increase the pre-existing rights or create new rights of defense. The set of powers and rights which profiles the trial to give way under influence of the European Convention on Human Rights to reveal an adversarial criminal trial. Simply contradictory, but fully contradictory.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcio Cesar Fontes Silva.pdf: 1747069 bytes, checksum: a1a8518005b67123054b224e03f4bbd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This Project deals with criminal investigation by both judicial police and Public Office in Brazil, with respect to their constitutional attribution to it. There is no doubt that the Constitution of the Republic attributed this function to the organs of Judicial Police, namely Federal and Civil (State) Police, in 1988. Nevertheless, the Public Office has ventured in this field, stating that they also have attributions, using various arguments, among them the theory of implicit powers, subconstitutional empowering, that is, the organic laws of the institution, since criminal investigation is not a exclusive attribution of Judicial Police, the Constitution does not forbid its carrying out by the Public Office. The whole project was done in the light of the Brazilian Constitution and subconstitutional current legislation, with reference to philosophy, history and jurisprudence. Initially, we tackle with a philosophical foundation of legal ordering the common good, society, justice and law, as they are basic for a correct understanding of the issue at stake. Next we establish the relevant constitutional premisses. Then we examine the founding of existence of penal process from the point of view of the instruments of right ensuring. After that we study the principles and penal procedural systems, within our philosophical and constitutional design. The research then moves to the functioning of criminal investigation in Brazil. Finally, we deal with the impossibility of Public Office to assume directing or directly performing criminal investigation, through the reasons that lead us to that conclusion, and considering that, in spite of not being an exclusive function of Judicial Police, the Constitution expressly foresees exceptions. The project also presents a critical view of the Public Office initiative in elaborating administrative acts, which represents an attempt to take over a function that the Constitution of Brazil attributes to Judicial Police, and a breaking of the current system in use / A monografia trata da investigação criminal, da polícia judiciária e do Ministério Público, no tocante àquela atribuição. Não há dúvida que a Constituição da República de 1988, outorgou a função investigatória criminal aos órgãos de Polícia Judiciária: Polícia Federal e Polícia Civil (estadual). Contudo, o Ministério Público tem se aventurado nesta seara, aduzindo que também possui atribuição para tanto, usando de diversos argumentos, dentre os quais: a teoria dos poderes implícitos; autorização infraconstitucional, ou seja, das leis orgânicas da instituição, porquanto não sendo a investigação criminal atribuição exclusiva da Polícia Judiciária, a Constituição não veda sua realização pelo Ministério Público; etc. Toda a pesquisa foi realizada à luz da Constituição e da legislação infraconstitucional em vigor, abordando também elementos filosóficos, históricos e jurisprudenciais. Inicialmente abordam-se os fundamentos filosóficos do ordenamento jurídico bem comum, sociedade, justiça e direito , vez que imprescindíveis ao seu correto entendimento e compreensão. Logo após são estabelecidas as premissas constitucionais que importam ao tema. Depois são examinados os fundamentos de existência do processo penal sob a ótica da instrumentalidade garantista. Em seguida, passa-se ao estudo dos princípios e dos sistemas processuais penais, tudo em conformidade com o desenho filosófico e constitucional traçado. Prossegue a pesquisa abordando o funcionamento da investigação criminal brasileira. Por fim, disserta-se sobre o problema da impossibilidade do Ministério Público brasileiro dirigir ou realizar diretamente investigação criminal, expondo os motivos que levam a essa conclusão, considerando-se que, apesar de não ser atribuição exclusiva da Polícia Judiciária, a Constituição, expressamente, previu as exceções. Ademais o trabalho critica a iniciativa do Ministério Público em elaborar atos administrativos, buscando usurpar função atribuída pela Constituição à Polícia Judiciária, quebrando, assim, a sistemática vigente

Cette thèse vise à étudier les rapports professionnels noués par les policiers et les gendarmes en matière de police judiciaire et de maintien de l'ordre durant la période 1870-1914, dans l’ensemble de la France, y compris le département de la Seine. Les relations envisagées concernent donc les policiers de la Sûreté générale – police spéciale des chemins de fer et brigades mobiles de police judiciaire, ainsi que les policiers municipaux – notamment ceux de la préfecture de police à Paris – avec les gendarmes des brigades départementales – dont ceux de la compagnie de la Seine – ainsi que les gardes républicains.La compréhension de ces relations, en termes de complémentarité ou de rivalité, passe par la mise en perspective des profils sociaux des gendarmes et des policiers observés pour tenter d’analyser les éléments individuels qui peuvent influencer leurs rapports professionnels. La description des pratiques entre policiers et gendarmes implique de remonter aux représentations mutuelles traversant leurs institutions respectives. Les images des gendarmes sur la police et les policiers, et réciproquement, doivent permettre d’apporter des éléments d’explication de la coopération réussie ou, au contraire, de l’échec des collaborations nouées sur le terrain en matière de police judiciaire ou de maintien de l'ordre. Ces représentations sont, notamment, tirées de la lecture des policiers mémorialistes ou des gendarmes pamphlétaires s’exprimant dans leurs presses corporatives respectives. / This doctoral thesis aims at studying the professional relationships established between the police forces and the gendarmes in terms of both judicial police and law enforcement during the 1870-1914 period in France, including the Paris area.The relationships at stake relate to the Sûreté Générale officers-special railway police and judicial police mobile squads as well as municipal police-officers especially those from the Paris Prefecture de Police (main areas police headquarters), with the Department brigade gendarmes, including those of the Seine company, and also the Republican Guard.Understanding this relationship, in terms of both complementing and opposing, may only result from putting in perspective the social profiles of the gendarmes and police-officers we have focused on, so as to try to single out the individual elements that may influence their professional relationships. Describing the different ways the police-officers and gendarmes worked impels us to go back to the ways those two institutions perceived each other during various periods. Taking into account the way gendarmes perceived police-officers, and vice versa, enables one to explain why the relationship established in the field either succeeded or failed, as far as judicial policing or law enforcement were concerned. The information relating to the way they pictured one another mainly comes from the reading of memoirs written by some police-officers as well as pamphlets written by some gendarmes as expressed in their respective presses.

Environ vingt milliards d’euros, tel est le coût de la délinquance économique et financière en France. Phénomène proche de la criminalité organisée et pourtant toujours mal défini, délinquance atypique aux caractères spécifiques, elle demeure un espace où seuls quelques initiés parviennent à déjouer les malversations commises par des criminels précurseurs quant à leur modes opératoires. Gangrène du système socio-économique, elle tend à être appréhendée aujourd’hui dans l’hexagone, mais les réformes successives et novatrices ne sont pas synonymes d’une répression adaptée. Si le système judiciaire s’est doté de dispositifs de lutte fondés sur la spécialisation de plusieurs juridictions pénales, l’enquête judiciaire, berceau de toute répression, demeure majoritairement soumise aux règles de procédures du droit commun. Comme l’attestent les retours d’expériences, à une criminalité d’exception s’opposent des pouvoirs d’investigations basiques pourtant susceptibles d’être améliorés par l’adaptation de dispositifs éprouvés. / Twenty billions : that is the cost of financial and economic crime in France. This is close to organised crime, but it still remains an ill-defined phenomenon, an atypical delinquency with specific features, an area where only few initiate persons succeed in twarthing misbehaviours committed by pioneer criminals in regard to the modus operandi they use. Financial and economic crime plagues the social and economic system, and although this tends to be contained in France, successive and innovative reforms haven’t ensured a more appropriate criminal justice response. Judicial system has been provided with specialized penal courts, but judicial inquiry, the cradle of fight against crime, still remains subject to ordinary criminal procedural rules. As feedbacks show, basic investigation powers contrast with exceptional delinquency, whereas they could be improved by the adaptation of the tested investigation devices.

La dialectique de l’ordre public et des libertés sillonne la pensée juridique depuis le XVIIIème siècle. Généré par de nouvelles formes de délinquance et de criminalité, le renforcement des exigences de l’ordre public impose de s’interroger sur la limitation des droits fondamentaux constitutionnels. En dépit de la place névralgique qu’il occupe entre ordre public et libertés, le processus de limitation demeure indéterminé en droit français. Cette recherche, organisée autour de la détermination des limites aux droits garantis, de l’identification des « limites aux limites » aux droits fondamentaux, puis de la redéfinition des droits fondamentaux par les limites, permet de préciser ce mécanisme, mais aussi de cerner les restrictions apportées à l’exercice des droits et libertés. L’autolimitation du Conseil constitutionnel marque un infléchissement progressif de la protection des droits fondamentaux. Ce constat invite à réfléchir sur l’encadrement supra-législatif de la limitation des droits garantis, et conduit à se positionner en faveur de l’insertion d’une clause de limitation des droits fondamentaux dans la Constitution. / The dialectics of public order and freedoms has been traveling throughout legal thought since the 18th century. Sparked by new forms of delinquency and criminality, the strengthening of public order requirements leads to questioning the limitation of fundamental constitutional rights. Despite its crucible place between public order and freedoms, the limitation process remains undetermined in French law. This research, which aims at determining the limitations to protected rights, identifying the limitations to those limitations themselves, and then redefining fundamental rights through those limitations, not only helps to specify this mechanism, but also to identify the restrictions brought to the enjoyment of rights and freedoms. The Conseil constitutionnel self-restraint reveals a gradual shift in the protection of fundamental rights. Acknowledging the former leads to considering a supra legislative framework to the limitations to protected rights, and advocating in favor of the constitutional entrenchment of such a clause.