University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Thesis (doctoral)--Utrecht University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 263-268).

O reconhecimento do bem ambiental e sua efetivação pelos entes estatais demonstra a necessidade de se prover mecanismos de atuação preventiva e corretiva na preservação do meio ambiente, como pressuposto para preservação da própria humanidade. Vários mecanismos de cunho processual são postos à disposição do cidadão para controlar, fiscalizar e exigir a adoção de medidas de preservação em face da finitude dos recursos ambientais existentes. Nesse aspecto, a participação da população na fiscalização e no controle da gestão política do meio ambiente é medida salutar para a preservação do bem ambiental. Entretanto, entraves de ordem processual, aliados ao fato de que o Brasil apresenta contextos culturais, sociais e econômicos com grande disparidade, se demonstram como óbices na efetiva preservação ambiental e mesmo na adoção de políticas públicas necessárias à manutenção e preservação do bem ambiental. Surge assim a necessidade de se prover as instituições de Estado de um novo modelo de gestão dos recursos ambientais, em especial os municípios, onde ocorrem a maior parte das ações administrativas de licenciamento ambiental, bem como, uma nova leitura do processo que passa a gerir direitos difusos e transindividuais nesse atual modelo de atuação na preservação ambiental. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-04T16:58:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ailor Carlos Brandelli.pdf: 563581 bytes, checksum: ec8c76a9e4bb6215765610727689ebfb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-04T16:58:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ailor Carlos Brandelli.pdf: 563581 bytes, checksum: ec8c76a9e4bb6215765610727689ebfb (MD5) / The recognition of the ambient good and its realization for the state beings demonstrate the necessity of if providing mechanisms with preventive and corrective performance in the preservation of the environment, as estimated for preservation of the proper humanity. Some mechanisms of procedural matrix are ranks the disposal of the citizen to control, to fiscalize and to demand the adoption of measures of preservation in face of the finitude of the existing environmental resources. In this aspect, the participation of the population in the fiscalization and the control of the management politics of the environment is measured to healthy for the preservation of the ambient good. However, impediments of procedural order, allies to the fact of that Brazil presents cultural contexts, social and economic with great disparity, if demonstrate as obstacles in effective the ambient and same preservation in the adoption of necessary public politics to the maintenance and preservation of the ambient good. It appears thus the necessity of if providing the institutions with State with a new model with management with the environmental resources, in special the cities, where they occur most of the administrative cases of ambient licensing, as well as, a new reading of the process that starts to manage diffuse and transindividual rights in this current model of performance in the ambient preservation.

O reconhecimento do bem ambiental e sua efetivação pelos entes estatais demonstra a necessidade de se prover mecanismos de atuação preventiva e corretiva na preservação do meio ambiente, como pressuposto para preservação da própria humanidade. Vários mecanismos de cunho processual são postos à disposição do cidadão para controlar, fiscalizar e exigir a adoção de medidas de preservação em face da finitude dos recursos ambientais existentes. Nesse aspecto, a participação da população na fiscalização e no controle da gestão política do meio ambiente é medida salutar para a preservação do bem ambiental. Entretanto, entraves de ordem processual, aliados ao fato de que o Brasil apresenta contextos culturais, sociais e econômicos com grande disparidade, se demonstram como óbices na efetiva preservação ambiental e mesmo na adoção de políticas públicas necessárias à manutenção e preservação do bem ambiental. Surge assim a necessidade de se prover as instituições de Estado de um novo modelo de gestão dos recursos ambientais, em especial os municípios, onde ocorrem a maior parte das ações administrativas de licenciamento ambiental, bem como, uma nova leitura do processo que passa a gerir direitos difusos e transindividuais nesse atual modelo de atuação na preservação ambiental. / The recognition of the ambient good and its realization for the state beings demonstrate the necessity of if providing mechanisms with preventive and corrective performance in the preservation of the environment, as estimated for preservation of the proper humanity. Some mechanisms of procedural matrix are ranks the disposal of the citizen to control, to fiscalize and to demand the adoption of measures of preservation in face of the finitude of the existing environmental resources. In this aspect, the participation of the population in the fiscalization and the control of the management politics of the environment is measured to healthy for the preservation of the ambient good. However, impediments of procedural order, allies to the fact of that Brazil presents cultural contexts, social and economic with great disparity, if demonstrate as obstacles in effective the ambient and same preservation in the adoption of necessary public politics to the maintenance and preservation of the ambient good. It appears thus the necessity of if providing the institutions with State with a new model with management with the environmental resources, in special the cities, where they occur most of the administrative cases of ambient licensing, as well as, a new reading of the process that starts to manage diffuse and transindividual rights in this current model of performance in the ambient preservation.

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Doc. dr. J.Machovenko habilitacijos procedūrai pateiktoje mokslo darbų apžvalgoje „XIII-XX a. Lietuvos teisinės sistemos istorija“ apibendrinami 1999-2009 m. VU Teisės fakultete atliktų tyrimų rezultatai, paskelbti 2 mokslo monografijose ir 20 mokslo straipsnių. Šių tyrimų metodologinis pagrindas yra sociologinė teisės samprata, leidžianti į teisę žvelgti ne tik kaip į pozityviosios teisės normų visumą, bet ir kaip į kur kas platesnį socialinį reiškinį - teisinę visuomenės sistemą. Autorius laiko teisinę sistemą autonomine visuomenės, kaip savavaldės sistemos, subsistema, gebančia savarankiškai nustatyti savo vidinę raidą, kad galėtų tinkamai atlikti jai aukštesnės sistemos priskirtas funkcijas. Pagrindinėmis funkcinėmis teisinės sistemos subsistemomis autorius laiko teisėkūros (institucijų ir procedūrų, teisės normų ir jų šaltinių), jurisdikcijos (teisės taikymo) ir jurisprudencijos (teisės pažinimo bei mokymo) subsistemą. Apžvelgiami darbai apima visų trijų Lietuvos teisinės sistemos subsistemų problematiką. Remdamasis gausiais istorijos šaltiniais, Lietuvoje ir užsienyje paskelbtais mokslo darbais, autorius kompleksiškai nagrinėja nesulaukusius atidesnio teisės istorikų dėmesio klausimus. Lietuvos teisinės sistemos elementai tiriami Vakarų teisės tradicijos, kurioje susiformavo ir plėtojasi Lietuvos teisinė sistema, istorijos kontekstu. Autorius supranta teisės istoriją kaip tam tikriems dėsningumams pavaldų kryptingą įprasmintą teisės „įkopimą“ į kokybiškai vis aukštesnį... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the present work the author reviews the two scientific monographs and twenty scientific articles in which the history of the Lithuanian legal system is investigated. The author aspires to elucidate how did the main subsystems of the Lithuanian legal system – legislation, jurisdiction and jurisprudence – appeared and developed up to the end of the 20th century in the context of evolution of the Western legal tradition. The basic methods of research used in the works are historical, comparative and teleological. The main theses of the reviewed scientific monographs and articles are these: The law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) was created by the Government on the basis of the national Lithuanian law and some elements of the custom Slav law. Substitution of the custom Slav law for the Lithuanian public and private law took place in those provinces in the 14th-16th centuries. The custom Slav law hampered forming of the system of law of the GDL. It was created finally in the middle of the 16th century. The law of the GDL was a medieval estate law. Estate is a legal phenomenon and law determines signs and features of any estate. Main sign of any estate is rights leaved to him by law and protected by state. Estate system, that is an organization of society into classes rigidly divided for political purposes and defined primarily by law, is based on a legal inequality of estates. Any estate is a stable order closed to outsiders. In order to belong to estate any person must... [to full text]

The principle of complementarity is the cornerstone of the establishment of the International Criminal Court as well as one of the key factors for its successful operation.  Having said that, the qualities of being flexible and adaptable make the task of interpreting the principle of complementarity extremely sensitive and technically tricky.  According to the current wording of the principle of complementarity in the Rome Statute, the ICC could factually exercise primacy over the national jurisdiction, if a loose interpretation of the principle is adopted, or conversely being residual to national jurisdictions, if the principle was strictly interpreted. While the principle of complementarity was at the heart of the negotiating process for the establishment of the International Criminal Court, the emerging practice of the Court to date has left the vast majority of the questions on complementarity unanswered, even the few issues which the Court has touched upon are not immune from criticism. This thesis will thus strive, through an in-depth analysis of the past, present and practice of the principle of complementarity and its corollary issues, to offer workable answers as well as constructive criticism.  Guided by the central objective of ending impunity for the core crimes through criminal justice, this thesis, in interpreting the principle of complementarity, will follow a balanced approach which, while unequivocally favours national prosecutions where possible, it adopts a broadening interpretation when national jurisdictions are genuinely unavailable or ineffective.  To this end, this thesis eventually presents the principle of complementarity as a managerial principle which promotes for the effective investigation and prosecution of the core crimes through the adoption of different policies which encourage, <i>inter alia</i>, a division of labour between the International Criminal Court and domestic jurisdictions, and enable states to carry out proceedings and overcome dilemmas of ‘inability’ or ‘unwillingness’ without the role of the International Criminal Court being limited in such incidents to excluding national jurisdiction.

This essay is about capital punishment and mutilation in Ancient Egypt’s pharaonic era. The earlier research has mostly focused on the New Kingdom and later periods, in large part because the textual sources are much clearer from then on. There are however some earlier texts that seem to mention death penalty or mutilation, but correct analysis of these is debatable. Some scholars argue that death penalty certainly was used before New Kingdom, while others claim that this is not the case. These things combined contribute to the lack of knowledge of how these penalties were used. The goal of the present study is to elaborate on how and why the penalties were applied and if they were used before the New Kingdom. This is done by means of analyzing and comparing textual sources from different time periods. The material consists of inscriptions from tombs, stelae and juridical documents such as documentation from tomb robberies and the so-called Harem Conspiracy. The most important findings are that there are indicators, but no tangible evidence, for mutilation or capital punishment being used before New Kingdom. The New Kingdom material is indeed clearer and it is apparent that death penalty, in the form of impaling, was used as punishment for tomb robbery, conspiracy and rebellion against the king and theft from temple. Mutilation of the ears and the nose was used against those who abused their power or their confidence.

INTERNET BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS WITH AN INTERNATIONAL ELEMENT The recent developments in technology have raised new forms of electronic communication and business strategies on the Internet, in particular the direct e-commerce operated through dynamically generated websites. As a consequence, the suitability of traditional legal norms has been challenged, including the rules governing jurisdiction. The law therefore tries to respond by adoption of new legal concepts and principles or adaptation of the old ones. One of them is the concept of directing business activities, which was incorporated into EU law in relation to the special jurisdictional rules protecting the consumers of the member states under the Brussels Regulation. Accordingly, the aim of the thesis is to characterize the nature of the concept of directing business activities under the article 15 of the Brussels Regulation, as well as to identify the relevant criteria as to its fulfilment, all in the context of the disputes arising from the consumer contracts concluded as a result of the business activities directed towards the consumers of a member state on the Internet. The first section of the thesis deals with the traditional basis of the state's sovereignty and jurisdictional rules, whereas the second section identifies the specific nature...

This thesis deals with issues raised by the emergence of the Internet and e-commerce for the private international law. Using the Internet to conduct business brings up new situations that must be reflected and dealt with by law. It is to be solved whether just accommodation of current rules will be enough or new regulation will have to be adopted. At first the thesis describes specific characteristics of the Internet, such as low costs of addressing users regardless of their geographic location or possibility of performing contracts in digitalized form and legal consequences of these characteristics. The following chapter deals with principles from which stems the difference in between jurisdictional rules in common law and civil law states. It examines jurisdictional rules stated in Brussels I Regulation in relation to e-commerce, especially consumer contracts. These firm rules are aimed to secure predictability of forum and in times of the Internet they have to overcome some difficulties through autonomous definitions of European Court of Justice. The next chapter describes the approach of US courts to Internet related disputes. Since they have wide discretion they are able to react much more flexibly to technological developments. Their decisions therefore may be an inspiration for the...