Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Kiel, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 421 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 390-412). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

In my thesis, I investigate the effectiveness of international law in helping to settle territorial disputes. My hypothesis is that international bodies and laws fail to ameliorate territorial conflict because they fail to provide sufficient incentives to overcome political hurdles to resolution. To analyze this topic, I will examine three territorial disputes in Northeast Asia. The three cases in question are all quite longstanding. All three have had ample time and opportunity to be arbitrated or adjudicated by an international body. Yet this has not occurred. I will postulate reasons why they this is the case, using information drawn primarily from scholarly journals, and other reputable sources in the field of political science which are listed in the bibliography herein. I have also reviewed the text of relevant treaties that apply to the nations under examination. While all three of the cases that I describe take place in the same geographic region, one may apply the lessons learned from these three cases more globally because the same root problem that prevents these three Northeast Asian examples from being resolved through international law also exists in other cases—namely insufficient incentive to change the status quo in spite of potential consequences and unwanted concessions.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’analyse des différentes manières d’exercer une «emprise», une «souveraineté» et une «juridiction» sur les mers à l’époque moderne. Centrée sur la Méditerranée d’un long XVIIe siècle, elle commence par présenter les différents terrains et les multiples soubassements théoriques d’une controverse à la fois juridique, politique et diplomatique. Du Golfe de Venise aux mers du Levant, de la mer Tyrrhénienne à la mer Égée, il s’agit de réfléchir aux frontières et aux limites maritimes au prisme de notions très débattues, telles que «propriété», «occupation» et «possession». On utilise pour cela une variété de documents, qui vont des textes théoriques aux libelles manuscrits, des traités de paix aux productions cartographiques, des Capitulations avec la Porte ottomane aux gravures et aux dépêches diplomatiques. Une seconde partie concerne la juridiction fiscale, à travers l’histoire du port toscan de Livourne : l’enjeu est ici de montrer que la franchise portuaire dessine l’espace d’une juridiction et d’une souveraineté en Méditerranée. Escale ouverte aux marchands et aux marins étrangers, port neutre, Livourne offre un exemple paradigmatique de « port franc », tour à tour imité, concurrencé et jalousé en Méditerranée. Le présent travail cherche à décliner tout l’éventail de cette « franchise », depuis les exemptions douanières et les immunités personnelles jusqu’aux conditions socio-juridiques d’accueil des étrangers. Par l’étude détaillée des litiges maritimes et des suppliques, il propose enfin d’analyser le « port franc » comme un catalyseur du contentieux, propice à l’observation d’expérimentations juridiques et procédurales. / This PhD thesis analyses the many ways of exercising «control», «sovereignty» and a «jurisdiction» on the seas in the Early modern period. Focusing on the Mediterranean sea during a long XVIIth century, it first introduces the different fields and the numerous theoretical bases of an altogether legal, political and diplomatic controversy. From the Gulf of Venice to the Levant seas, from the Tyrrhenian to the Aegean Sea, it examines borders and maritime boundaries in the light of much-debated notions, such as « property », «occupation» and «possession». To this purpose, a variety of documents is used, from theoretical texts to handwritten pamphlets, from peace treatises to cartographic productions, and from Capitulations with the Ottoman Empire to engravings and diplomatic dispatches. A second part deals with tax jurisdiction, using as a case study the history of the Tuscan port city of Livorno : what is at stake here is how the system of tax exemptions in a harbour delineates a space of jurisdiction and sovereignty in the Mediterranean. Livorno, a port of call welcoming merchants and foreign sailors and a neutral harbour, is an emblematic example of « free port », alternately imitated, challenged and envied in the Mediterranean. The present research scrutinizes a whole range of tax exemptions, from customs release to individual immunity and up to the socio-legal conditions of welcome for foreigners. Through a detailed study of maritime litigations and of petitions, the free port is defined, as a conclusion, as a catalyst for maritime litigations, suited for an accurate observation of legal and procedural experiments.

A dissertação aborda a evolução doutrinária e a identificação das Funções do Estado, entendidas estas como o meio para o atingimento dos fins do Estado; bem como a especificidade de cada uma das funções identificadas. Como premissa inicial se apresentam as Funções do Estado e a racionalidade inerente à divisão sugerida, identificando-se seis funções, a saber: administrativa, jurisdicional, governamental, legislativa, moderadora e controladora. A seguir explora especificamente a função de controle de constitucionalidade e as opções institucionais de controle separado, com a instituição do Tribunal Constitucional, ou cumulado, com a fusão das funções jurisdicional e de controle no Poder Judiciário; as respectivas origens, justificativas e fundamentos. Os efeitos de cada uma das opções institucionais (controle de constitucionalidade cumulado ou separado) serão a abordagem principal, especialmente os problemas decorrentes da opção de controle cumulado de constitucionalidade e seus reflexos na segurança jurídica e no Estado Democrático de Direito. Por fim, será abordada a mitigação dos problemas do controle cumulado de constitucionalidade através da adoção da técnica dos precedentes. / The essay discusses the doctrinal evolution and the identification of State Functions, understood as the means to achieve the ends of the State; also the specificity of each of the functions identified. As an initial premise the functions of the State and the inherent rationality of the suggested division are presented, identifying six functions: administrative, jurisdictional, governmental, legislative, moderating and controlling. The following specifically discusses the constitutional control function and the institutional options for separate control, with the establishment of the Constitutional Court, or cumulated, with the merger of the jurisdictional and control functions in the Judiciary Power; the respective origins, justifications and fundamentals. The effects from each of the institutional options (cumulative or separate constitutional control) will be the main approach, especially the problems arising from the option of cumulative control of constitutionality and its effects on legal certainty and the Democratic State of Law. Finally, it will be approached the mitigation of the problems of the cumulated control of constitutionality through the adoption of the precedent technique.

The Commercial Court in London is frequently dealing with applications for a freezing injunction. The vast majority of academic literature and court decisions directly or indirectly adopt the view that freezing injunctions have stood the test of time and are so frequently granted in commercial litigation that there is no need for any serious concern about their scope, let alone the need to identify and question the legitimacy of the justifications for their existence. Contrary to the traditional view, this thesis has identified equipage equality as the primary function of freezing injunctions. This recognition that freezing injunctions seek to establish a level-playing field in litigation has led the author to conclude that the current scope of the relief is excessively claimant-friendly and involves illegitimate interference with the sovereignty of foreign states. Taking into account the tactical reasons for seeking a freezing injunction, the author challenges the current interpretation of the substantive preconditions for granting the relief. Their current interpretation does not strike a fair balance between the interests of the parties. The author argues that these concerns are exacerbated by the current international scope of freezing injunctions due to the insufficient regard for the principles of public international law. The encroachment on the jurisdiction of foreign states undermines equipage equality by enabling claimants to make multiple applications for interim relief in respect of the same assets. In the light of the above, the author has sought to make a range of proposals to restrict the scope of freezing injunctions with the aim of bringing the relief in line with equipage equality.

This dissertation examines two different perspectives on refugee status and state sovereignty respectively, and their bearings on refugee protection regimes. It reveals how dominant views of refugee status and state sovereignty have contributed to establishing restrictive refugee law and policy associated with various forms of external migration controls in the 21st century, and provides alternative views that may contribute to creating more “just” refugee protection regimes.   When refugees came to be regarded as those who fled from various push factors, such as persecution, distress and wars etc. (the persecution perspective), refugee policies were developed to provide “push factors-free” environments. These have not necessarily included surrogate political membership in the country of asylum (particularly, in developed countries).  Instead, developed countries have endorsed humanitarian assistance schemes that aim to provide aid to refugees in regions of their origin rather than providing settlement in their own territories. Moreover, in refugee law, the fear of “persecution”, as a push factor, has become a critical factor in determining refugee status. As a parallel, governments have developed various forms of deterrence policies based on a traditional concept of state sovereignty that allows states to implement migration polices at their own discretion.  Under these circumstances, refugees find it difficult to reach developed countries, and many of them end up being “contained” in refugee camps or other facilities in regions of their origin for a long time.   This dissertation calls into question these views of refugee status and state sovereignty, by providing alternative views: the protection perspective and an account of sovereignty that requires “responsible” border control. The protection perspective regards the ruptured protection relationship between a state and a citizen (thus, the lack of state protection) as the core element of refugee status. According to this view, refugee status is inextricably associated with systemic failure of the nation-states system (not merely with push factors) that is designed to secure political membership for each individual in the international state system. Therefore, as a matter of justice, the ultimate remedy for refugeehood is to provide surrogate political membership in the country of asylum or to restore original political membership in the home country. This project also proposes a concept of “responsible” border control, according to which, a state should exercise state sovereignty in relation to border control within institutional frameworks in which multiple authorities, including human rights norms, have been institutionalized. In this way, the dissertation aims to provide a more “just” framework in which to propose, adopt and implement refugee law and policy. From this alternative perspective, refugees are perceived as those who have right to political membership in the country of asylum rather than mere humanitarian assistance in refugee camps or somewhere else. / Graduate

O Estado Democrático de Direito pressupõe uma relação harmoniosa e contínua entre Ética, Política e Direito. É com base nessa premissa que devem ser identificadas as funções estatais, as quais estão relacionadas a determinados planos de fins específicos e convergentes: o nível dos fins últimos (consenso), o nível dos fins intermediários (deliberação) e nível dos fins imediatos (execução). A estrutura da ordem jurídica também observa esses níveis, que podem ser ligados, respectivamente, à função jurisdicional constitucional, à função legislativa e à função jurisdicional ordinária. Essa última função tem o objetivo de aplicar o Direito, de modo imparcial, mediando a generalidade das leis com as particularidades dos casos concretos. O alcance de tal objetivo depende da organização institucional do Estado, pois são as instituições que permitem a adequação de cada função à sua finalidade precípua. No Brasil, o arranjo institucional tem prejudicado a atuação da justiça ordinária, com prejuízo também para o Estado Democrático de Direito. / The Rule of law assumes a harmonious and continuous relationship amongst the Ethics, the Politics and the Law. It is based on this premise that the state functions must be identified, functions which are related to certain levels of specific and convergent ends: the level of final ends (consensus), the level of intermediary ends (deliberation) and the level of immediate ends (execution). The structure of legal order also observes these levels, which may be connected, respectively, to the function of constitutional jurisdiction, to the legislative function and to the function of ordinary jurisdiction. This last function aims to apply the Law, impartially, mediating the generality of the statutes with the particularities of concrete cases. The reach of such objective depends on the institutional organization of the state, because it is the institutions that allow the adequacy of each function to its main purpose. In Brazil, the institutional arrangement has undermined the performance of the ordinary Courts, with loss also to the Rule of Law.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-16T18:59:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida Neto.pdf: 533312 bytes, checksum: 0677f22a7c36a080683755702cc8999f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:33:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida Neto.pdf: 533312 bytes, checksum: 0677f22a7c36a080683755702cc8999f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida Neto.pdf: 533312 bytes, checksum: 0677f22a7c36a080683755702cc8999f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O escopo do presente artigo é discutir a partir dos movimentos constitucionalistas os fundamentos da Jurisdição e da Supremacia das Normas Constitucionais especialmente o controle de constitucionalidade das leis municipais á luz da jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal tema apaixonante devido ás peculiaridades que envolvem a fiscalização abstrata bem como a evolução jurisprudencial no controle difuso. Com efeito a autonomia municipal brasileira foi conquistada ao longo da historia até a Constituição de 1988 que deu forma republicana ao governo e estrutura federativa ao Estado. Inscreveu ainda a autonomia municipal como prerrogativa intangível capaz de autorizar em caso de violação a intervenção federal. A Carta de 1988 reparte as competências entre os seus entes federativos (União Estados Municípios e o Distrito Federal) reconhecendo a autonomia política legislativa e organizacional dos municípios. Assim caminhando pelos meandros das correntes doutrinárias nacionais e estrangeiras mais abalizadas sobre o tema e à luz da evolução jurisprudencial do Supremo Tribunal Federal verifica-se que o controle de constitucionalidade das leis municipais permanece em constante transformação na jurisprudência da nossa Suprema Corte. São tantas as evoluções desde a promulgação da Constituição Republicana de 1988 examinadas ao logo do presente trabalho que é possível falar-se em um novo controle de constitucionalidade das leis municipais tanto na via concentrada por meio da ADPF quanto na atribuição de efeito vinculante e eficácia erga omnes nas decisões em controle difuso. / Salvador

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-17T12:59:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MCarvalho seg.pdf: 849043 bytes, checksum: e8954e6a0f2e56ad572f8c186bfcd554 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T18:06:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MCarvalho seg.pdf: 849043 bytes, checksum: e8954e6a0f2e56ad572f8c186bfcd554 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T18:06:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MCarvalho seg.pdf: 849043 bytes, checksum: e8954e6a0f2e56ad572f8c186bfcd554 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O tema desta dissertação é a jurisdição no Estado do bem-estar e do desenvolvimento. O estudo está dividido em duas partes sendo abordadas na primeira parte as premissas e bases para a compreensão da segunda parte que reflete especificamente o tema. O objetivo é analisar a jurisdição sob a ótica do estado do bem-estar e do desenvolvimento em face da globalização como uma das garantias fundamentais e por isso instrumento necessario à valorização da dignidade da pessoa humana ao respeito do mínimo existencial ao imperativo moral da preservação do meio-ambiente e à redução das desigualdades. A pergunta que provocou o trabalho é se os direitos públicos subjetivos podem ser exigidos perante o Poder Judiciário como forma de implementação desses direitos de forma plenamente eficaz realizando concretamente os preceitos da Constituição Federal de 1988. Essa questão foi respondida positivamente propondo-se critérios para tal interferência judicial, sem perder de vista a realização individual e coletiva do bem-estar do desenvolvimen to e da justiça social. / Salvador