<p>I denna uppsats analyseras Nancy Horans debutroman Kärleken till Frank med narratologiska begrepp. Analysen utgår från Gérard Genettes narratologiska system och är indelad i tre huvudområden; tempus, modus och röst. Syftet med uppsatsen är att, genom en strukturalistisk analys, öka förståelsen för romanen, dess berättarteknik och stil. Frågeställningar som behandlas är bland annat; Hur behandlar tid i berättelsen? Hur ser fokalisationen ut i romanen? Deltar berättaren som en karaktär i romanen, eller är den dold? Uppsatsen inriktar sig alltså på studiet av berättarkonsten, narrationen i Kärleken till Frank.</p><p> </p>

I denna uppsats analyseras Nancy Horans debutroman Kärleken till Frank med narratologiska begrepp. Analysen utgår från Gérard Genettes narratologiska system och är indelad i tre huvudområden; tempus, modus och röst. Syftet med uppsatsen är att, genom en strukturalistisk analys, öka förståelsen för romanen, dess berättarteknik och stil. Frågeställningar som behandlas är bland annat; Hur behandlar tid i berättelsen? Hur ser fokalisationen ut i romanen? Deltar berättaren som en karaktär i romanen, eller är den dold? Uppsatsen inriktar sig alltså på studiet av berättarkonsten, narrationen i Kärleken till Frank.

The purpose of this essay is to examine how Elin Wägner depicts the middle-aged woman who lives in the country in Sweden, in the 1920’s. The question at issue is: What problems and what subjects for rejoicing does she raise? My aim is to try to understand the women’s situation, as well as how Elin Wägner describes the situation in her four novels from the 1920’s: Den namnlösa (1922), Silverforsen (1924), Natten till söndag (1926) och Svalorna flyga högt (1929). At the same time I intend to compare the woman of the 1920’s to the situation of women today. I am writing from a feministic literary theory called “omläsning” according to the description of Gunilla Domellöf. In other words, a re-reading of the text with new eyes, in order to let the view of the woman become more visible. The method I have used is Hans Robert Jauss’ “Rezeptionsästhetik”. I came to the conclusion that the novels describe the reality in a plain way, possibly somewhat coloured by Elin Wägner’s feministic starting point. She is commited to the public debate on problems of modern society as well as very familiar with the woman question. Her main themes are love, marriage, divorce and self-realization.           Keywords: Elin Wägner, woman, the 1920’s, the church, love, marriage, divorce, feminism

<p>The purpose of this essay is to examine how Elin Wägner depicts the middle-aged woman who lives in the country in Sweden, in the 1920’s. The question at issue is: What problems and what subjects for rejoicing does she raise? My aim is to try to understand the women’s situation, as well as how Elin Wägner describes the situation in her four novels from the 1920’s: <em>Den namnlösa</em> (1922),<em> Silverforsen</em> (1924), <em>Natten till söndag</em> (1926) och <em>Svalorna flyga högt</em> (1929). At the same time I intend to compare the woman of the 1920’s to the situation of women today.</p><p>I am writing from a feministic literary theory called “omläsning” according to the description of Gunilla Domellöf. In other words, a re-reading of the text with new eyes, in order to let the view of the woman become more visible. The method I have used is Hans Robert Jauss’ “Rezeptionsästhetik”.</p><p>I came to the conclusion that the novels describe the reality in a plain way, possibly somewhat coloured by Elin Wägner’s feministic starting point. She is commited to the public debate on problems of modern society as well as very familiar with the woman question. Her main themes are love, marriage, divorce and self-realization.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Keywords: Elin Wägner, woman, the 1920’s, the church, love, marriage, divorce, feminism</p>

<p>My essay is about the latter period of Anne Charlotte Leffler’s authorship. In Part I of my essay, I describe her path from the 1880s, where she described femininity as a shortcoming, as writes Ingeborg Nordin-Hennel, towards the 1890s and towards describing femininity as a possibility. This development took place on two levels – on an outer level, where all the woman writers in the late 1880s were influenced and where they were pushed out by the male writers, and on an inner level with Leffler herself.</p><p>Her late literary works depict new and more independent types of women, and eroticism is given a more prominent position. In Part II, I study Tre komedier (Three Comedies) which was published in 1891 and which includes the plays Den kärleken (Love is Strange), Familjelycka (Family Happiness), and Moster Malvina (Aunt Malvina). In my opinion, they are early expressions of the New Woman fiction. For my analysis, I use the criteria of genre for the New Woman fiction that is defined by Ebba Witt-Brattström. New Woman fiction is a lost link between the literature of social protest of the 1880s and female modernism. That characterizes, among other things, a new type of woman, who is intellectually and sexually aware. The plot is often contradictory and open-ended which allows scope for interpretation. The protagonist usually has a girlfriend or another woman, whom she can use as a mirror, and there is a new women’s “sistership” emerging, and the urban setting is yet another characteristic. The protagonist often stays at a boarding house or is out on a journey. The new male character is a weakling as opposed to the bourgeois masculinity. These features are distinct in Tre komedier. However, I have discovered a few more criteria.</p><p>I also discuss how Leffler, in the comedic form, delivers a pronounced criticism of society. In Tre komedier, the bourgeois matrimony, the bourgeois family, and the treatment of unmarried women are focused upon and criticized. The three plays differ very much from one another in the dramatic forms. Lynn R Wilkinson considers that they are among the first modernistic comedies, and they point forward to authors such as Wilde, Shaw, and Chekhov.</p>

My essay is about the latter period of Anne Charlotte Leffler’s authorship. In Part I of my essay, I describe her path from the 1880s, where she described femininity as a shortcoming, as writes Ingeborg Nordin-Hennel, towards the 1890s and towards describing femininity as a possibility. This development took place on two levels – on an outer level, where all the woman writers in the late 1880s were influenced and where they were pushed out by the male writers, and on an inner level with Leffler herself. Her late literary works depict new and more independent types of women, and eroticism is given a more prominent position. In Part II, I study Tre komedier (Three Comedies) which was published in 1891 and which includes the plays Den kärleken (Love is Strange), Familjelycka (Family Happiness), and Moster Malvina (Aunt Malvina). In my opinion, they are early expressions of the New Woman fiction. For my analysis, I use the criteria of genre for the New Woman fiction that is defined by Ebba Witt-Brattström. New Woman fiction is a lost link between the literature of social protest of the 1880s and female modernism. That characterizes, among other things, a new type of woman, who is intellectually and sexually aware. The plot is often contradictory and open-ended which allows scope for interpretation. The protagonist usually has a girlfriend or another woman, whom she can use as a mirror, and there is a new women’s “sistership” emerging, and the urban setting is yet another characteristic. The protagonist often stays at a boarding house or is out on a journey. The new male character is a weakling as opposed to the bourgeois masculinity. These features are distinct in Tre komedier. However, I have discovered a few more criteria. I also discuss how Leffler, in the comedic form, delivers a pronounced criticism of society. In Tre komedier, the bourgeois matrimony, the bourgeois family, and the treatment of unmarried women are focused upon and criticized. The three plays differ very much from one another in the dramatic forms. Lynn R Wilkinson considers that they are among the first modernistic comedies, and they point forward to authors such as Wilde, Shaw, and Chekhov.

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In this paper, I study the silence in Bart Moeyaert’s two novels Kärleken vi inte förstår (eng. It’s Love We Don’t Understand, 1999) and Alla är ledsna nuförtiden (eng. Everyone’s Sorry Nowadays, 2018) with the help of Maria Nikolajeva’s theories of narrative perspective. I examine the narrative perspective in relation to the other characters’ appearances – focusing on the narrator’s priorities and voice – as well as how the silence is portrayed. Furthermore, by using a method of close-to-text reading I seek answers to the following questions: how is silence portrayed in Kärleken vi inte förstår and Alla är ledsna nuförtiden? What is the role of silence in the previous novels? The last question refers to in what way Moeyaert uses the silence in his novels. Finally, I concluded that the silence in Kärleken vi inte förstår is ambiguous. On the one hand, it is used by the characters as a tool of communication, and on the other hand, it works as a storytelling technique to withhold information from the reader as well as amplify the atmosphere or mood. Moreover, the silence in Alla är ledsna nuförtiden rather has the function of a theme or a motif as it forces the story to move forward. / I denna uppsats studerar jag tystnaden i Bart Moeyaerts romaner Kärleken vi inte förstår (1999) och Alla är ledsna nuförtiden (2018) med hjälp av Maria Nikolajevas teorier om berättarperspektiv. Jag utforskar berättarperspektivet i relation till hur de andra karaktärerna framträder – med fokus på berättarens prioriteringar och röst – liksom hur tystnaden gestaltas. Vidare söker jag svar på följande frågor genom att göra textnära läsningar av ovan nämnda verk: hur gestaltas tystnad i Kärleken vi inte förstår och Alla är ledsna nuförtiden? Vilken funktion har tystnaden i de ovanstående verken? Slutligen kom jag fram till att tystnadens funktion i Kärleken vi inte förstår är dubbel; å ena sidan används den av karaktärerna som ett verktyg för att kommunicera, å andra sidan som ett sätt att, av Moeyaert, undanhålla information från läsaren samt förstärka stämningar. Fortsättningsvis fungerar tystnaden i Alla är ledsna nuförtiden snarare som ett tema eller ett motiv då den tvingar historien framåt.