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In this essay I examine whether the CIA operatives can be considered as legitimate practitioners of violence in a conflict situation, thus looking through a lens where terrorism is treated as an act of war. This paper does not purport to evaluate and review the legality of targeted killing as a mean of warfare or a tool for criminal enforcement but rather the CIA agent’s status from an international law perspective, specifically humanitarian law. I further examine the role of CIA operatives from a moral perspective. Using the framework set up by Just War Theory I examine whether a CIA operative is regarded as a combatant or a civilian from a moral standpoint.

Natural Killer cells are a type of lymphocyte belonging to the innate immune system and they operate cell-mediated cytotoxicity and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines against cancerous cells. However, in vivo testings have shown a reduced activity of NK cells against solid tumors probably due to the negative influence of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Multicellular tumor spheroids may constitute an advantageous model in cancer biology for studying the mechanisms behind cancer immune editing since it more closely mimics the complexity of the human body compared with the 2D model counterpart. This study investigated the interaction between NK cells isolated from blood and tumor spheroids obtained from A498 renal carcinoma cells, using light-sheet microscopy imaging which allows satisfactory cell tracking in the inner layers of the spheroids. NK cells not only indeed interact with tumor spheroids, but many of them were able to penetrate the spheroids inducing some changes in the structure of the latter. NK cells were also tracked over time, displaying the migration path and calculating the speed. The fluorescence intensity of the NK cells was found reduced as soon as they penetrate the spheroid but, conversely, the speed seems to increase inside the spheroid, a possible sign of the fallibility of the tracking algorithm in this specific case. We propose solutions for more sophisticated future implementations, involving the use of marks during the experimental phase and drift corrections at the data analysis level.

When a lamb named Bunny sees a young boy beaten by the sheep farm’s caretaker, he goes on a killing spree to stop the abuse. But as the body count rises, he grows a taste for human blood and is forced to confront the violence he’s brought into the world or feed on the young boy – the last source of human blood on the farm.

Les données provenant de l'échantillonnage fin d'un processus continu (champ aléatoire) peuvent être représentées sous forme d'images. Un test statistique permettant de détecter une différence entre deux images peut être vu comme un ensemble de tests où chaque pixel est comparé au pixel correspondant de l'autre image. On utilise alors une méthode de contrôle de l'erreur de type I au niveau de l'ensemble de tests, comme la correction de Bonferroni ou le contrôle du taux de faux-positifs (FDR). Des méthodes d'analyse de données ont été développées en imagerie médicale, principalement par Keith Worsley, utilisant la géométrie des champs aléatoires afin de construire un test statistique global sur une image entière. Il s'agit d'utiliser l'espérance de la caractéristique d'Euler de l'ensemble d'excursion du champ aléatoire sous-jacent à l'échantillon au-delà d'un seuil donné, pour déterminer la probabilité que le champ aléatoire dépasse ce même seuil sous l'hypothèse nulle (inférence topologique). Nous exposons quelques notions portant sur les champs aléatoires, en particulier l'isotropie (la fonction de covariance entre deux points du champ dépend seulement de la distance qui les sépare). Nous discutons de deux méthodes pour l'analyse des champs anisotropes. La première consiste à déformer le champ puis à utiliser les volumes intrinsèques et les compacités de la caractéristique d'Euler. La seconde utilise plutôt les courbures de Lipschitz-Killing. Nous faisons ensuite une étude de niveau et de puissance de l'inférence topologique en comparaison avec la correction de Bonferroni. Finalement, nous utilisons l'inférence topologique pour décrire l'évolution du changement climatique sur le territoire du Québec entre 1991 et 2100, en utilisant des données de température simulées et publiées par l'Équipe Simulations climatiques d'Ouranos selon le modèle régional canadien du climat. / Data coming from a fine sampling of a continuous process (random field) can be represented as images. A statistical test aiming at detecting a difference between two images can be seen as a group of tests in which each pixel is compared to the corresponding pixel in the other image. We then use a method to control the type I error over all the tests, such as the Bonferroni correction or the control of the false discovery rate (FDR). Methods of data analysis have been developped in the field of medical imaging, mainly by Keith Worsley, using the geometry of random fields in order to build a global statistical test over the whole image. The expected Euler characteristic of the excursion set of the random field underlying the sample over a given threshold is used in order to determine the probability that the random field exceeds this same threshold under the null hypothesis (topological inference). We present some notions relevant to random fields, in particular isotropy (the covariance function between two given points of a field depends only on the distance between them). We discuss two methods for the analysis of non\-isotropic random fields. The first one consists in deforming the field and then using the intrinsic volumes and the Euler characteristic densities. The second one uses the Lipschitz-Killing curvatures. We then perform a study of sensitivity and power of the topological inference technique comparing it to the Bonferonni correction. Finally, we use topological inference in order to describe the evolution of climate change over Quebec territory between 1991 and 2100 using temperature data simulated and published by the Climate Simulation Team at Ouranos, with the Canadian Regional Climate Model CRCM4.2.

Un problema clásico en geometría lorentziana es la descripción de las inmersiones isométricas entre los espacios lorentzianos de curvatura constante. En este trabajo nos centramos en la clasificación de las inmersiones isométricas del plano lorentziano en el espacio anti-de Sitter tridimensional. Damos una fórmula de representación de estas inmersiones en términos de pares de curvas (con posibles singularidades) en el plano hiperbólico. Esto nos permite resolver los problemas propuestos por Dajczer y Nomizu en 1981. De entre todas las inmersiones isométricas del plano lorentziano en el espacio anti-de Sitter, algunas de ellas corresponden a toros lorentzianos (los ejemplos más sencillos son los toros de Hopf). Como aplicación de nuestra anterior descripción, probamos que todos estos toros pueden obtenerse a partir de dos curvas cerradas en el espacio hiperbólico. Finalmente, demostramos que los toros de Hopf son los únicos toros llanos lorentzianos inmersos en una amplia familia de sumersiones de Killing lorentzianas tridimensionales. / A classical problem in Lorentzian geometry is the description of the isometric immersions between Lorentzian spaces of constant curvature. We investigate the problem of classifying the isometric immersion from the Lorentz plane into the three-dimensional anti-de Sitter space, providing a representation formula of these isometric immersions in terms of pairs of curves (possibly with singularities) in the hyperbolic plane. We then give an answer to the open problems proposed by Dajczer and Nomizu in 1981. Among all isometric immersions of the Lorentz plane into the anti-de Sitter space, some of them are actually Lorentzian tori (the basic examples are the Hopf tori). As an application of our previous description, we prove that any such torus can be recovered from two closed curves in the hyperbolic plane. Finally, we prove that Lorentzian Hopf tori are the only immersed Lorentzian flat tori in a wide family of Lorentzian three-dimensional Killing submersions.

Les données provenant de l'échantillonnage fin d'un processus continu (champ aléatoire) peuvent être représentées sous forme d'images. Un test statistique permettant de détecter une différence entre deux images peut être vu comme un ensemble de tests où chaque pixel est comparé au pixel correspondant de l'autre image. On utilise alors une méthode de contrôle de l'erreur de type I au niveau de l'ensemble de tests, comme la correction de Bonferroni ou le contrôle du taux de faux-positifs (FDR). Des méthodes d'analyse de données ont été développées en imagerie médicale, principalement par Keith Worsley, utilisant la géométrie des champs aléatoires afin de construire un test statistique global sur une image entière. Il s'agit d'utiliser l'espérance de la caractéristique d'Euler de l'ensemble d'excursion du champ aléatoire sous-jacent à l'échantillon au-delà d'un seuil donné, pour déterminer la probabilité que le champ aléatoire dépasse ce même seuil sous l'hypothèse nulle (inférence topologique). Nous exposons quelques notions portant sur les champs aléatoires, en particulier l'isotropie (la fonction de covariance entre deux points du champ dépend seulement de la distance qui les sépare). Nous discutons de deux méthodes pour l'analyse des champs anisotropes. La première consiste à déformer le champ puis à utiliser les volumes intrinsèques et les compacités de la caractéristique d'Euler. La seconde utilise plutôt les courbures de Lipschitz-Killing. Nous faisons ensuite une étude de niveau et de puissance de l'inférence topologique en comparaison avec la correction de Bonferroni. Finalement, nous utilisons l'inférence topologique pour décrire l'évolution du changement climatique sur le territoire du Québec entre 1991 et 2100, en utilisant des données de température simulées et publiées par l'Équipe Simulations climatiques d'Ouranos selon le modèle régional canadien du climat. / Data coming from a fine sampling of a continuous process (random field) can be represented as images. A statistical test aiming at detecting a difference between two images can be seen as a group of tests in which each pixel is compared to the corresponding pixel in the other image. We then use a method to control the type I error over all the tests, such as the Bonferroni correction or the control of the false discovery rate (FDR). Methods of data analysis have been developped in the field of medical imaging, mainly by Keith Worsley, using the geometry of random fields in order to build a global statistical test over the whole image. The expected Euler characteristic of the excursion set of the random field underlying the sample over a given threshold is used in order to determine the probability that the random field exceeds this same threshold under the null hypothesis (topological inference). We present some notions relevant to random fields, in particular isotropy (the covariance function between two given points of a field depends only on the distance between them). We discuss two methods for the analysis of non\-isotropic random fields. The first one consists in deforming the field and then using the intrinsic volumes and the Euler characteristic densities. The second one uses the Lipschitz-Killing curvatures. We then perform a study of sensitivity and power of the topological inference technique comparing it to the Bonferonni correction. Finally, we use topological inference in order to describe the evolution of climate change over Quebec territory between 1991 and 2100 using temperature data simulated and published by the Climate Simulation Team at Ouranos, with the Canadian Regional Climate Model CRCM4.2.

GaugThe first half of the thesis concerns Abelian vortices and Yang-Mills theory. It is proved that the 5 types of vortices recently proposed by Manton are actually symmetry reductions of (anti-)self-dual Yang-Mills equations with suitable gauge groups and symmetry groups acting as isometries in a 4-manifold. As a consequence, the twistor integrability results of such vortices can be derived. It is presented a natural definition of their kinetic energy and thus the metric of the moduli space was calculated by the Samols' localisation method. Then, a modified version of the Abelian–Higgs model is proposed in such a way that spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Bogomolny argument still hold. The Painlevé test, when applied to its soliton equations, reveals a complete list of its integrable cases. The corresponding solutions are given in terms of third Painlevé transcendents and can be interpreted as original vortices on surfaces with conical singularity. The last two chapters present the following results in projective differential geometry and Hamiltonians of hydrodynamic-type systems. It is shown that the projective structures defined by the Painlevé equations are not metrisable unless either the corresponding equations admit first integrals quadratic in first derivatives or they define projectively flat structures. The corresponding first integrals can be derived from Killing vectors associated to the metrics that solve the metrisability problem. Secondly, it is given a complete set of necessary and sufficient conditions for an arbitrary affine connection in 2D to admit, locally, 0, 1, 2 or 3 Killing forms. These conditions are tensorial and simpler than the ones in previous literature. By defining suitable affine connections, it is shown that the problem of existence of Killing forms is equivalent to the conditions of the existence of Hamiltonian structures for hydrodynamic-type systems of two components.

VASCONCELOS, Rosa Tayane de. O tensor de Ricci e campos de killing de espaços simétricos. 2017. 81 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Matemática)- Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017. / Submitted by Andrea Dantas (pgmat@mat.ufc.br) on 2017-09-18T13:45:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_rtvasconcelos.pdf: 555452 bytes, checksum: 4ff6c8fb7950682913acabed03e9d3d7 (MD5) / Rejected by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br), reason: Boa tarde, A Dissertação de ROSA TAYANE DE VASCONCELOS apresenta a alguns erros que devem corrigidos, os mesmos seguem listados abaixo: 1- EPÍGRAFE (coloque o nome do autor da epígrafe todo em letra maiúscula) 2- RESUMO/ ABSTRACT (retire o recuo dos parágrafos do resumo e do abstract) 3- PALAVRAS-CHAVE/ KEYWORDS (coloque a letra inicial do primeiro elemento das palavras- -chave e das Keywords em maiúscula) 4- CITAÇÕES (as citações a autores, que aparecem em todo o trabalho, não estão no padrão ABNT: se for apenas uma referência geral a uma obra, deve se colocar o último sobrenome do autor em letra maiúscula e o ano da publicação, ex.: EBERLEIN (2005). Caso seja a citação de um trecho particular da obra deve acrescentar o número da página, ex.: EBERLEIN (2005, p. 30). OBS.: as citações não devem estar entre colchetes. 5- TÍTULOS DOS CAPÍTULOS E SEÇÕES (coloque os títulos dos capítulos e seções em negrito) 6- REFERÊNCIAS (as referências bibliográficas não estão no padrão ABNT: apenas o último sobrenome do autor, que inicia a referência, deve estar em letra maiúscula, o restante do nome deve estar em letra minúscula. EX.: BROCKER, Theodor; TOM DIECK, Tammo. Representations of compact Lie groups, v. 98. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013. Atenciosamente, on 2017-09-18T15:04:06Z (GMT) / Submitted by Andrea Dantas (pgmat@mat.ufc.br) on 2017-09-19T13:33:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_rtvasconcelos.pdf: 522079 bytes, checksum: ff99004fbe22e922f704a6a87365d3b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br) on 2017-09-21T12:18:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_rtvasconcelos.pdf: 522079 bytes, checksum: ff99004fbe22e922f704a6a87365d3b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-21T12:18:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_rtvasconcelos.pdf: 522079 bytes, checksum: ff99004fbe22e922f704a6a87365d3b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-13 / This work brings a smooth and self-contained introduction to the study of the most basic aspects of symmetric spaces, having as its nal goal the characterization of the Killing vector fields and of the Ricci tensor of such riemannian manifolds. Several of the results presented in the initial chapter are not easily found, in the Diferential Geometry literature, in a way as accessible and self-contained as here. This being said, we believe that this work embodies some didactic relevance, for it others students interested in symmetric spaces a relatively smooth first contact. We shall generally look at symmetric spaces as homogeneous manifolds G=H, where G is a Lie group and H is a closed Lie subgroup of G, such that the natural mapping : G ! G=H is a riemannian submersion. Ultimately, this map allows us to describe the relationships between the curvature, the Ricci tensor and the geodesics of G and G=H. For our purposes, the crucial remark is that, under appropriate circumstances, one guarantees the existence, in G=H, of a metric for which left translations are isometries. Hence, a one-parameter family of such isometries gives rise to a Killing vector field, which turn into a Jacobi vector eld when restricted to a geodesic. We present explicit expressions for such Jacobi vector elds, showing that they only depend on the eigenvalues of the linear operator TX : g ! g given by TX = (adX)2, for certain vector elds X 2 g. / Este trabalho traz uma introdução suave e autocontida ao estudo dos aspectos mais básicos de espaços simétricos, tendo como objetivo final a caracterização dos campos de Killing e do tensor de Ricci de tais variedades riemannianas. Vários dos resultados obtidos nos capítulos iniciais não são encontrados, na literatura de Geometria Diferencial, de maneira tão acessível e autocontida como apresentados aqui. Com isso, acreditamos que o trabalho reveste-se de alguma relevância didática, por oferecer aos alunos interessados no estudo de espaços simétricos um primeiro contato relativamente suave. Em linhas gerais, veremos espaços simétricos como variedades homogêneas G=H, onde G e um grupo de Lie e H um subgrupo de Lie fechado de G, tais que a aplicação natural: G ! G=H seja uma submersão riemanniana. Através dela, descrevemos relações entre a curvatura, o tensor de Ricci e as geodésicas de G e G=H. Para nossos propósitos, a observação crucial e que, sob certas hipóteses, garantimos a existência, em G=H, de uma métrica cujas translações a esquerda são isometrias. Portanto, uma família a um parâmetro de tais isometrias d a origem a um campo de Killing que, por sua vez, restrito a geodésicas torna-se um campo de Jacobi. Apresentamos expressões para esses campos de Jacobi, mostrando que os mesmos só dependem dos autovalores do operador linear TX : g ! g dado por TX = (adX)2, para certos campos X 2 g.

This thesis interrogates García Márquez’s representations of sexualities in the following selected novels: Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1981); The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975); One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967); The Sad and Incredible Tale of Innocent Erendira and her Heartless Grandmother (1972); and Memories of My Melancholy Whores (2004). It is argued here that García Márquez’s employment of the sexuality motif enables him to delve into many worldwide current concerns such as the irrelevance of some socio-cultural sexual practices; commercial sexual exploitation of children; the different manifestations of prostitution; and female powerlessness under autocratic rule. Earlier literary critics have tended to narrowly interpret García Márquez’s employment of the sexuality motif as just a metaphor for colonial exploitation of the colonised. The study also explores the writer’s artistic role and concludes that García Márquez speaks against commercial sexual exploitation of children as he concurrently speaks on behalf of children so exploited. Similarly, the writer speaks on behalf of prostituted womanhood by showing how prostitutional gains do not seem to cascade down to the prostitutes themselves. García Márquez also invests female sexual passivity as a coping mechanism against a dictator’s limitless power over the life and death of his citizens. However, the writer also constructs female agency that grows from the rejection of an initial victimhood to develop into an extremely flawed and corrupt flesh trade that co-opts and indentures children into sex work with impunity. Thus the study breaks new ground to show that García Márquez’s representations of different sexualities are not merely soft porn masquerading as art. His is a voice added to the worldwide concerns over commercial sexual exploitation of children in the main and also the recovery of a self-reliant female self-hood that was previously inextricably bound to male sexual norms. Quite clearly, García Márquez demonstrates that female prostitution is driven by a lack of social safety nets, a lack of other economically viable options and also a distinct lack of educational opportunities for female economic independence, hence the flawed female agency. / English Studies / African Languages