It is well-known that the large diversity of protein functions and structures derives from the broad spectrum of physicochemical properties of the 20 canonical amino acids that constitute modern proteins. According to the generally accepted coevolution theory of the genetic code, evolution of protein structures and functions was continuously associated with enrichment of the genetic code, with aromatic amino acids being considered the latest addition to the genetic code to increase structural stability of proteins and diversification of their catalytic functions. The main objective of this master thesis was to test whether enzymatic catalysis could precede the appearance of aromatic amino acids in the standard genetic code. For that purpose, the effect of amino acid alphabet reduction on structure and function of dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (DPCK) was studied. Dephosphocoenzyme A kinase catalyses the final step in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, a very conserved cofactor. Two aromatic amino acid-lacking mutants of DPCK from a thermophilic bacterium, Aquifex aeolicus, were designed by substituting aromatic amino acid residues by (i) leucines and (ii) various non-aromatic amino acids to best preserve the structural stability of the protein. Wild type protein and the two mutants were cloned and...

1 9 ABSTRACT Jurkaninová, M.: Vinca minor L. alkaloids and their biological activity I. Diploma thesis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Hradec Králové, 2019 The aim of this thesis was the isolation of alkaloids from selected fraction 3 (joined fractions (15 - 36), which was a sub-fraction of the fraction VM 323 - 327. It was obtained from the previous processing of an alkaloidal extract from the Vinca minor L at the Department of Pharmaceutical Botany as a part of elaboration of diploma thesis of Aneta Vítavcová.[78] The fraction VM 323-327 was separated by column chromatography on silica gel and a totally, of 7 subfractions were obtained. Subsequent repeated processing of the selected sub-fraction 3 (15 - 36) by preparative TLC on silica gel resulted in the isolation of (-)-vinoxine and its racemate (±)-vinoxine. Identification of their structure was determined based on MS, NMR and optical rotation. The inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholiesterase and prolyl oligopeptidase were determined for the isolated substances. Inhibitory activity against selected enzymes was measured by spectrophotometric methods. Isolated alkaloids were required to be inactive against AChE and POP (IC50 >1000 μM), against to BChE showed a...

DNA damage is an ongoing threat to both the ability of the cell to faithfully transmit genetic information to its offspring as well as to its own survival. In order to maintain genomic integrity, eukaryotes have developed a highly conserved mechanism to detect, signal and repair damage in DNA, known as the DNA damage response (DDR). In fission yeast the two DDR pathways converge at the regulation of single transcriptional factor complex (MBF) resulting in opposite directions. We have shown that when the DNA-synthesis checkpoint is activated, Max1 is phosphorylated by Cds1 resulting in the abrogation of its binding to MBF. As a consequence, MBF-dependent transcription is maintained active until cells are able to overcome the replication challenge. In contrast, upon DNA damage, Chk1 the effector kinase of DNA damage checkpoint is activated and blocks the cell cycle progression, inducing DNA repair and repressing the MBF dependent transcription. We have revealed that Cdc10 is the target of the DNA-damage checkpoint and when cells are treated with MMS or are exposed to IR, Chk1 phosphorylates Cdc10 inducing the exit of MBF from chromatin. The consequence is that under these conditions, MBF-dependent transcription is repressed. Thus, Max1 and Cdc10 couple normal cell cycle regulation and the DNA-synthesis and DNA-damage checkpoints into MBF.

TrkA es va descobrir com a un oncogén producte de la fusió del seu domini tirosinakinasa (TK) amb la tropomiosina. Posteriorment, va augmentar el seu interès endescobrir-se que la proteïna nativa constituïa el receptor del factor de creixementnerviós (NGF).Es coneixen bé els esdeveniments que tenen lloc a partir de la unió del lligand alreceptor i que donen lloc a l'activació de les vies de senyalització de les MAPK yPI 3-K/Akt. Se sap que, in vivo, la internalització del receptor i el seu transportretrògrad també juguen un paper important per a l'efecte a llarg termini del NGF ique és un tret distintiu en relació a d'altres receptors de factors de creixement.L'activació del receptor també comporta un augment transitori de Ca2+intracel· lular. Per això ens vam plantejar l'estudi de la relació entre l'activació deTrkA i calmodulina (CaM), com a sensor dels nivells de Ca2+ intracel· lulars.En primer lloc vam observar una interacció directa i dependent de Ca2+ entre CaM ila meitat c-terminal del domini intracel· lular de TrkA. La primera part del treball secentra en caracteritzar aquesta interacció.Per veure l'efecte de la unió sobre Trk, vam utilitzar inhibidors de CaM. Aquestsno impedeixen la fosforilació de TrkA induïda per NGF, però sí comporten laproteòlisi del receptor donant lloc a un fragment amb activitat tirosina kinasaconstitutiva. Donada la ubiqüitat de CaM, i la seva importància en processos vitalsper a la cél· lula, el segon objectiu ha consistit en buscar el lloc d'unió a CaM deTrkA per així poder obtenir una construcció de Trk on es perdés la unió a CaM.Basant-nos en diverses evidències, ens vam centrar en la caracterització d'una regióque conté una Tyr fosforilable (Y701) i que forma part d'un motiud'internalització. L'última part del treball se centra en descriure les característiquesd'aquesta Tyr i la seva funció, que més enllà de la relació amb CaM, pot constituiruna fosforilació inhibitòria per l'activitat de Trk i un lloc de regulació negativa dela internalització. / TrkA se descubrió como un oncogén producto de la fusión de su dominio tirosinakinasa (TK) con la tropomiosina. Posteriormente, aumentó su interés trasdescubrirse que la proteína nativa constituía el receptor del factor de crecimientonervioso (NGF).Se conocen bien los acontecimientos que ocurren tras la unión del ligando alreceptor y que dan lugar a la activación de las vías de señalización de las MAPK yPI 3-K/Akt. Se sabe que, in vivo, la internalización del receptor y su transporteretrógrado también juegan un papel importante para el efecto a largo plazo delNGF y que es una característica distintiva de otros receptores de factores decrecimiento.La activación del receptor también conlleva un aumento transitorio de Ca2+intracelular. Por ello nos planteamos estudiar la relación entre la activación deTrkA y calmodulina (CaM), como sensor de los niveles de Ca2+ intracelulares.En primer lugar observamos una interacción directa y Ca2+ dependiente entre CaMy la mitad c-terminal del dominio intracelular de TrkA. La primera parte del trabajose centra en caracterizar esta interacción.Para ver el efecto de la unión sobre Trk, utilizamos inhibidores de CaM. Éstos noimpiden la fosforilación de TrkA inducida por NGF, pero sí conllevan la proteolisisdel receptor dando lugar a un fragmento con actividad tirosina kinasa constitutiva.Dada la ubicuidad de CaM y su importancia en procesos vitales para la célula, elsegundo objetivo consistió en buscar el sitio de unión a CaM de TrkA, para asípoder obtener una construcción de Trk en que se perdiera la unión a CaM.Basándonos en diversas evidencias, nos centramos en la caracterización de unaregión que contenía una Tyr fosforilable (Y701) y que además forma parte de unmotivo de internalización. La última parte del trabajo se centra en describir lascaracterísticas de dicha Tyr y su función,que más allá de la relación con CaM,puede constituir una fosforilación inhibitoria para la actividad de Trk y un lugar deregulación negativa de su internalización. / TrkA was discovered as an oncogen, product of the fusion of its Tyrosine kinasedomain with Tropomiosin. Later on, it was identified as the receptor for the Nervegrowth factor (NGF).The first steps in Trk signaling after ligand binding are well understood. And alsothe pathways leading to MAPKs and PI3K-Akt activation. But receptorinternalization and retrograde transport are also important for the long termsignaling of TrkA, giving raise to a differential regulation of Trk receptors amongother growth factor receptors.Receptor activation also induces an increase in intracellular calcium concentration.That's why we thought on studying the relationship between TrkA activation andcalmodulin (CaM), as a prototypical calcium sensor.First we described a direct and calcium-dependent interaction between CaM andthe c-terminal part of TrkA. The first part of this work consists on thecharacterization of this interaction.In order to check the effect of CaM binding on TrkA we used CaM inhibitors.NGF-induced TrkA fosforilation was not inhibited upon CaM inhibition, but Trkwas cleaved, leading to constitutively active fragments. CaM is ubiquous andnecessary for many cell processes, so the second objective has been to search forthe CaM binding domain on TrkA in order to generate a TrkA mutant defective inCaM binding.We mutated a region containing a phosphorylatable Tyrosine Y701 that constitutesa trafficking motif, as the putative binding site of CaM. The last part of this projectdeals with the characterization of the mutants, and their effect even regardless ofCaM binding. Its phosphorylation might inhibit Trk function, and the regionconstitutes a negative regulator of internalization.

Pavuková, S.:Vinca minor L. alkaloids and their biological activity II. Diploma thesis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Hradec Králové 2020. Vinca minor L. is a species of species of flowering plant, native mainly to central and southern Europe, which containst more than 50 indole alkaloids. During screening of potential plant inhibitors against human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (HBChE) at our department, an alkaloidal extract from dried aerial parts of Vinca minor demonstrated strong and selective hBChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 13.60 ± 0.83 μg/mL, however, against hAChE was inactive (IC50 value >100 μg/mL). The fraction VM 323 - 327 (4,72 g) was separated by column chromatography on silica gel again with stepwise elution by using chloroform and ethanol and overall 7 joined fractions were obtained.Subsequently, repeated preparative TLC on silica gel led to isolation of three compounds; the newly isolated substance SP-1, (-)-picrinine (SP-2) and deacetylakuammiline (SP-3). Their structures were elucidated with mass spectrometry (ESI), NMR and optical rotation. Isolated alkaloids were tested on ability to inhibit AChE, BuChE, POP a GSK-3β, which are enzymes playing an important role in...

When DNA replication is challenged, cells activate a DNA synthesis checkpoint blocking cell cycle progression until they are able to overcome the replication defects. In fission yeast, Cds1 is the effector kinase of this checkpoint, inhibiting M phase entry, stabilizing stalled replication forks and triggering transcriptional activation of S-phase genes; the molecular basis of this last effect remains largely unknown. The MBF complex controls the transcription of S-phase genes. We have purified novel interactors of the MBF complex and among them we have identified the repressor Max1. When the DNA synthesis checkpoint is activated, Max1 is phosphorylated by Cds1 resulting in the abrogation of its binding to MBF. As a consequence, MBF-dependent transcription is maintained active until cells are able to overcome this challenge. / Cuando la replicación del DNA se ve alterada, las células activan un mecanismo de control bloqueando la progresión del ciclo celular hasta que son capaces de superar el daño. En la levadura de fisión, Cds1 es la proteína kinasa efectora de dicha respuesta, mediante inhibición de la entrada en fase M, estabilización las horquillas de replicación bloqueadas, e inducción de la activación de la transcripción de los genes de fase S; siendo la base molecular de este último proceso poco conocida. El factor de transcripción MBF controla la transcripción de los genes de fase S. Hemos purificado proteínas que interaccionan con MBF, y entre ellas, hemos identificado al represor Max1. Cuando el checkpoint de síntesis de DNA es activado, Max1 es fosforilado por la kinasa Cds1, y esto se traduce en la disociación de Max1 del complejo MBF. Como consecuencia, la transcripción MBF-dependiente se mantiene activa hasta que las células son capaces de superar el daño.

El inmunosupresor FK506 (Tacrolimus, Prograf) ha incrementado la tasa de supervivencia del trasplante de órganos. FK506 ejerce su acción inmunosupresora mediante la inhibición de la fosfatasa calcineurina en células T activadas. Desgraciadamente, la terapia con FK506 está asociada con efectos no terapéuticos indeseados, entre los que destaca la diabetes, que implican otras dianas distintas de calcineurina. Para identificar estas dianas hemos estudiado la toxicidad celular de FK506 en la levadura de gemación Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FK506 aumentó la sensibilidad de la levadura a estrés osmótico de un modo independiente de calcineurina y las proteínas de unión a FK506. FK506 también indujo un fuerte ayuno de aminoácidos y la activación de la ruta de control general de nutrientes (GCN). La prototrofía de triptófano o el exceso de triptófano eliminó la toxicidad de FK506, lo que muestra que el ayuno de triptófano media este efecto. La mutación de los genes GCN3 y 4 alivió parcialmente la toxicidad de FK506, lo que sugiere que la activación de la ruta GCN por FK506 también está implicada en la tolerancia osmótica. FK506 reforzó la fosforilación de la kinasa Hog1p dependiente de estrés osmótico pero sin inducción de un reportero dependiente de Hog1p. Interesantemente, la interrupción del gen GCN2 suprimió la hiperfosforilación de Hog1p dependiente de FK506 y restauró la actividad del reportero dependiente de Hog1p. A la inversa, la interrupción del gen HOG1 afectó a la activación de Gcn2p y traducción de un reportero GCN4-lacZ dependientes de FK506. Esto pone de manifiesto la existencia de una interacción funcional entre las kinasas Gcn2p y Hog1p. En conjunto estos datos demuestran que tanto el ayuno de aminoácidos como la activación de la ruta GCN inducidos por FK506 contribuyen a la sensibilidad celular a estrés osmótico y revelan un bucle regulador positivo entre las rutas GCN y HOG. Dada la naturaleza conservada de estas rutas, este mecanismo de toxicidad de FK506 / Rodríguez Hernández, CJ. (2006). Identificación de nuevos mecanismos moleculares del inmunosupresor FK506 en Saccharomyces cervisiae [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1849 / Palancia

TRPA1 is a thermosensitive ion channel from the ankyrin subfamily of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) receptors. These proteins play essential roles in the transduction of wide variety of environmental and endogenous signals. TRPA1, which is abundantly expressed in primary nociceptive neurons, is an important transducer of various noxious and irritant stimuli and is also involved in the detection of temperature changes. Similarly to other TRP channels, TRPA1 is comprised of four subunits, each with six transmembrane segments (S1-S6), flanked by the cytoplasmic N- and C-terminal ends. In native tissues, TRPA1 is supposed to be regulated by multiple phosphorylation sites that underlie TRPA1 activity under physiological and various pathophysiological conditions. Using mutational approach, we predicted and explored the role of potential phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C in TRPA1 functioning. Our results identify candidate residues, at which phosho-mimicking mutations affected the channel's ability to respond to voltage and chemical stimuli, whereas the phospho-null mutations to alanine or glycine did not affect the channel activation. Particularly, we identify the serine 602 within the N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain 16, the substitution of which to aspartate completely abolished the TRPA1...

ANGLICKÝ ABSTRAKT Functional study of the putative nucleotidase encoded by spr1057 gene in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a likely homolog of Escherichia coli protein YjjG. Bacterial cells are constantly exposed to innumerable toxic substances, either in their external environment or by by-products of their own metabolism. For these reasons, the bacterial cells evolved several mechanisms to cope with this challenge. These mechanisms are represented by: blocking the uptake, export by specific transporters as well as specific inactivation of these substance by enzymes. A particular group of these toxic substances are noncanonica nucleotides, which can directly inhibit bacterial cell DNA replication or can result in increased mutation rate. Enzymes recognizing these modified derivatives are known as "house-cleaning" nucleotide phsphateses, which can inactivate the potentially mutagenic nucleotides and prevent their incorporation into DNA and RNA. Some of the "house- cleaning" enzymes belong to a group of haloacid dehalogenase enzymes (haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase superfamily), which are found in many bacterial species. This thesis is focused on the function of hypothetical protein Spr1057 of Streptococcus pneumoniae with an unknown function. Sequence comparison revealed that Spr1057 has a significant...

L´apoptosi, o mort cel.lular programada, és un procés actiu que mobilitza els recursos cel.lulars amb l´objectiu de mantenir l´homeostasi de l´organisme a expenses del suïcidi de cèl.lules individuals. Diferents estudis han mostrat un increment de l´activiat d´algunes cdk, especialment Cdk1 i Cdk2, en correlació amb la progressió dels primers estadis apoptòtics. En el nostre laboratori l´estudi de l´apoptosi en timòcits, els quals no tenen una activitat cdk significativa degut a l´aturada del cicle cel.lular en G1, demostren que la inducció de l´activitat de Cdk2 després del tractament amb radiació gamma o amb glucocorticoides és necessària per l´inici de l´apoptosi. Mentre cap de les ciclines conegudes sembla ser la proteïna activadora de Cdk2 en apoptosi, en el nostre laboratori hem identificat un nou membre de la família de les ciclines, denominada Ciclina O, capaç d´activar aquesta kinasa in vivo en línies cel.lulars. L´expressió d´aquesta nova ciclina en el timus, i altres teixits, s´indueix ràpidament després del tractament amb radiació gamma i coincideix amb l´aparició de l´apoptosi. Aquests resultats posicionen la Ciclina O com a millor candidat a ser l´activador de Cdk2 necessari per induïr la mort cel.lular programada en el timus, i probablement també en altres òrgans. / The apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is an active process able to use the cellular mechanisms to kill individual cells in order to keep the functional homeostasis of the whole organism. Different studies had shown a correlation between the first apoptotic events and the induction of some cdk proteins, particularly Cdk1 and Cdk2. The studies of thymocytes in our laboratory, wich lacks the most amount of cdk activity related to the cell cycle because of its arrest in G1, had shown that the induction of Cdk2 activity after the treatment with gamma radiation or glucocorticoids is a necessary step for the apoptosis induction. While any of the cyclins described at the moment seems to be the Cdk2 activator for apoptosis a new member of the cyclin family able to activate the kinase Cdk2 in vivo in cell lines has been identified in our laboratory. The expresion of this cyclin, known as Cyclin O, is quickly induced in the thymus after the treatment with gamma radiation and correlates with the induction of apoptosis. These results position Cyclin O as the best candidate to activate Cdk2 and inuce the programmed cell death in the thymus, and probably other tissues.