This thesis explores the role of childhood in identity formation. The concept that childhood contributes to an individual’s identity—how a person becomes who they are, and how childhood influences this—is universally relevant. However, whilst the influence of childhood is universal, exactly what ‘childhood’ means is not. Because the existence of children is a common thread linking all societies, it is unsurprising that every society has a different conception of what ‘childhood’ means, which members were considered children, and the freedoms, restrictions or expectations placed on those at this stage of life. The discussion here is framed within the context of ancient Egypt—specifically, the site of Deir el-Medina—but its approach is also relevant to those studying childhood in other areas. Today, identity is considered equivalent to how we define and understand ourselves, influenced by our personal experiences. However, these experiences are themselves informed by how society defines and groups us, based on factors such as gender, ethnicity or religion. Identity therefore involves two inter-linked components: how society defines the individual, and how individuals define themselves. In exploring the role of childhood in identity formation, the aim of this thesis is to consider both components as they relate to children. The first reflects how society at Deir el-Medina constructed and conceptualised ‘childhood’, informing how children were treated, their scope for social participation, and the relationships they engaged in. The second reflects how children as individuals lived within these social structures, and how such personal experiences contributed to a sense of self. Only by considering both elements can a holistic picture be formed.

This dissertation examines the operation of Hohenzollern government in the distant but crucial territory of East Prussia during the reign of Frederick William I, 1713-40 to determine what impact the establishment of the General Directory in late 1722 and early 1723 had upon day-to-day administration within the Kingdom of East Prussia. Particular attention is given to the role and operation of provincial and local government in East Prussia during the decades before and after the setting up of the General Directory (General-Ober-Finanz-Kriegs-und Domänen-Direktorium). This study is part of a broader historiographical tendency which questions both the extent and success of Hohenzollern state building and calls into question the validity of the traditional view which gives most attention to the positive role of central state structures and considers the establishment of the General Directory as the apex of the much-admired and widely-emulated Prussian administrative system. This study demonstrates that further governmental modifications were needed in the Kingdom before and after the General Directory's successful operation in the Kingdom in the 1720s and 1730s. The territorial and local levels were where the Hohenzollern rulers would find it crucial to establish their absolutist power. One difficulty Frederick William I faced was that a large corps of loyal officials was lacking in the Kingdom which was only partially remedied by the end of his reign. In addition, critical administrative disputes continued and new ones arose between the King's administrative agencies. Moreover, the powerful native elites who lived in the Kingdom retained significant authority at the provincial and local levels and resisted many reform attempts by a king who they saw as foreign. Their enduring importance helps to explain the distinctive manner in which absolutism developed over these decades. As a result, authority in the Kingdom still was less than securely established by the final decade of Frederick William I's reign.

ALMEIDA, Emanoel Rodrigues. O papel da produção social na gênese, no desenvolvimento e no devir do gênero humano. 2017. 163f. – Tese (Doutorado) Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza (CE), 2017. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-14T15:51:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_eralmeida.pdf: 910793 bytes, checksum: 69088950d564225a648a0862b0b5eeb2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-16T13:51:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_eralmeida.pdf: 910793 bytes, checksum: 69088950d564225a648a0862b0b5eeb2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-16T13:51:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_eralmeida.pdf: 910793 bytes, checksum: 69088950d564225a648a0862b0b5eeb2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / A pesquisa de Kalr Marx orbitou em torno de dois distintos, mas simultâneos momentos metodológicos: o que é a realidade social e como reproduzi-la idealmente, investigação e exposição, respectivamente. O processo analítico de apreensão e reprodução ideal de seu objeto real de estudo se iniciou no seio da tradição filosófica hegeliana, atravessa a tradição dos socialistas utópicos, até chegar à tradição dos economistas clássicos. Esse movimento se deu através de um processo de superação: Karl Marx se apropriou destas tradições, apreendeu-as em seus fundamentos, condicionamentos e limites, avançando criticamente. Neste empreendimento, Marx descobre: 1) que a existência real dos homens determina a consciência; 2) que a produção dos bens materiais e espirituais foi o primeiro ato histórico dos homens e que, como exigência desse processo real, 3) a reprodução ideal da vida real dos homens deve tomar como ponto de partida a produção social. Assim, como resultado de sua pesquisa, Karl Marx nos deu uma teoria do ser social: sua gênese e seu afastamento das barreiras naturais em direção à (de) generidade humana. Isto posto, o objetivo geral de nosso estudo é reproduzir idealmente o movimento da produção social na gênese, no desenvolvimento e nas tendências do ser social. Decorrem dele, os seguintes objetivos específicos: 1) reproduzir o movimento da produção social na gênese do ser social; 2) revelar a produção social através da dissolução da valorização do valor no processo de reprodução do ser social; 3) rastrear, nas tendências do ser social, as possibilidades ontológicas para a produção do valor supremo com vista à efetivação do reino da liberdade. A partir da perspectiva ontológica marxiana-lukacsiana, iremos proceder com o estudo de nosso objeto, ancorados fundamentalmente nas obras: MARX (1985; 2011), ENGELS (1986), LUKÁCS (2012; 2013), e nos estudos de ROSDOLSKY (2001), RUBIN (1980), RUMIANTISEV (1980), DUSSEL (2012), entre outros. São resultados de nossa pesquisa: 1) a produção social permitiu a passagem da forma orgânica à forma social do ser; 2) na gênese do ser social, a produção social se realizava na forma de valores de uso; 3) com a formação da propriedade privada, a reprodução do ser social se deu através do processo de valorização do valor; 4) a agudização das contradições do processo de valorização do valor pôs em movimento a valorização do valor e a desvalorização da produção social; 5) ao mesmo tempo, tem criado condições objetivas necessárias para uma possível produção social de valor supremo; 6) embora a produção social crie as condições objetivas para a emancipação humana, ela, enquanto coroamento da humanidade, será uma escolha dos homens, em última instância.

Since the mid-1990s, American Internet service providers (ISPs) have enjoyed immunity from liability for defamation under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. As Congress originally intended in 1996, Section 230 has strongly protected freedom of online speech and allowed ISPs to thrive with little fear of being sued for online users' comments. Such extraordinary statutory immunity for ISPs reflects American free-speech tradition that freedom of speech is preferred to reputation. Although the Internet landscape has changed over the past 20 years, American courts have applied Section 230 to shield ISPs almost invariably. ISPs won in 83 of 85 cases in 1997 to 2014. Nearly all types of ISPs have been held to be eligible to immunity unless they are original online speakers. Even when ISPs have operated websites that have left digital "scarlet letters" on individuals, they have not been liable if the ISPs did not "create or develop" the defamatory contents. Bloggers, as website operators, could be immunized even when they exercised the "traditional editorial functions" unlike the traditional journalists. By contrast, ISPs in the United Kingdom could not enjoy such absolute immunity. Following the U.K. tradition of plaintiff-friendly libel law, the Defamation Act 1996 did not adopt any separate provision for ISP liability. Under Section 1, ISPs in England are subject to liability for defamation by third parties if they are notified of harmful online contents but fail to remove the postings promptly. Meanwhile, the new Defamation Act 2013 provides a separate provision for ISP liability. Section 5 is novel because ISP liability hinges on whether the original speaker is identifiable. I suggest that CDA Section 230 should be revised. One possible way of revising Section 230 is borrowing from the U.K. Defamation Act 2013. But such adoption is not compellingly urgent. It needs time to see what impact the new U.K. defamation law will have on freedom of speech. Regardless, the U.K. experience with ISP liability will provide a useful comparative framework to rebalance free speech with reputation on the Internet.

This research explores the training needs of nannies in the United Kingdom in terms of the content and structure of introductory training. The research question formulated for this study is: What are the introductory training needs of nannies in the United Kingdom? The researcher approached the study qualitatively and empirical data was collected by means of a focus group discussion with a group of nannies. Empirical data indicates that nannies need training regarding: • The professional aspect of nannying; • the physical, emotional, and intellectual needs of children; • the various developmental levels of children and the role of the nanny within each phase; • working with parents; • different religions and cultures and their childcare practices. It was found that nannies need training that is structured in an affordable, brief, specific and practical way. The study therefore reveals that nannies have specific needs regarding both the content and structure of childcare training. / Thesis (M. Ed.)

Background: HIV has been reconceptualised as a long term chronic health condition due to advances in highly active antiretroviral therapy. Nonetheless it remains a stigmatising and under-recognised condition. One social group that HIV disproportionately affects is the Black African population. However there is a dearth of research into the lived experiences of HIV positive Black African communities in the U.K. specific to parenting. Objectives: This study seeks to explore the lived experience of Black African HIV positive fathers, living in the UK. This is of significance to counselling psychologists because illness representation models typically neglect the interactions of significant others and wider social contexts when conceptualising the impact of illness. Design: This research utilises a qualitative method, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to examine data. IPA is effectual in new and complex areas of study, concerning identity and meaning making. It enables the researcher to acquire an 'insider perspective' into people's cognitive reasoning as well as the social and cultural context surrounding experiences. Method: Six Black African HIV positive fathers were recruited via HIV charities. Participants were requested to attend a 60-90 minute, semi-structured interview and asked questions about their experiences of living with HIV and how it impacts on their role as fathers. Results: Four super-ordinate themes were identified: 1) Responses to HIV diagnosis-the demise of the physical and social self 2) HIV stigma-'they don't realise that anyone can get it' 3) Re-emergence of the self 4) Fatherhood- a changing identity. The results revealed experiences of living with HIV and the impact that this has on their role as fathers. Participants talked about their initial reactions and responses to receiving a diagnosis of HIV, as well as the challenges of living with HIV within their communities and wider society that impacted on their disclosure decisions. The research highlights the significance of HIV support services that helped participants to accept their HIV status. The participants wished to play a key role in the lives of their children. The findings of this study emphasise the importance of incorporating interventions that help black African men to view themselves in a positive light and to foster their parenting role following a diagnosis of HIV. The results of the analysis are considered in light of existing theory and their clinical implications.

This research investigates how the production and distribution of nationally produced television programmes, films and other audiovisual content can be promoted by regulation. The study identifies current regulatory tools to promote national content and differences in policy approaches. It also identifies new issues resulting from the substantial transformation the media environment has undergone in recent years. The audiovisual sector today is characterised by an abundance of television channels and telecommunication services and by ongoing digital convergence, all impacting on the effectiveness and rationale of content regulation. Focused on the UK, France and Brazil, this comparative research investigates the political, regulatory, socio-cultural, economic, technological and market changes of the communication services in the recent decades and how this has impacted on the provision of national audiovisual content. The starting point of the analysis are the 1980s, when broadcasting started to be gradually liberalised, and it concludes in the 2000s, when information technologies, telecommunications and broadcasting converge into interconnected, complementary and supplementary services. This research offers a three step method of analysis which contributes to a new understanding of the mechanisms and implications involved in the production and distribution of nationally produced content in digital times. In the first step, the various socio-cultural aims of communication services as enacted in legislation are analysed. The second step explores the consequent regulatory tools for the fulfilment of those objectives. The third step provides a market evaluation of the audiovisual industries, which broadcasters and other distribution platforms provide which kind of content, and also looks at audiences‟ viewing preferences to get a better understanding of what type of content should be supported through legislation. As outcomes, this research proposes to academics, policymakers and regulators a new definition for national content and a series of regulatory actions for fostering national audiovisual industries in times of digital convergence.

The European Union (EU) have during the years faced challenges of disintegration between its own Members. This thesis have studied about the phenomenon of disintegration and it is focused on the research of Phillipe Schmitter and Zoe Lefkofridi. They have studied about the Neofunctionalism explicit and implicit suppositions and hypothesis toward disintegration in the EU. The thesis is structured as a case study and its main purpose is to study about the explicit suppositions and hypothesis of the Neofunctionalism and if they are capable to explain why the United Kingdom (UK) wanted to leave the EU. The thesis have studied areas like the UK's dependence towards other Member States of the EU, if the British citizens feel secured against threats, the jurisdiction of the ECJ (the European Court of Justice) and the implementations of the EU-regulations, the politcalization conflicts between the UK and the EU, the convergence in the British society, the role of the experts and lastly if the UK having any influence in the EU governance. The thesis can conclude that the UK was in fact a disintegrated Member State inside the European Union. Brexit was in other words predicted by the Neofunctionalism.

Political parties in the United Kingdom are increasingly focusing their constituency-level campaigns on marginal seats; such a focus has been echoed by academic researchers studying the effectiveness of intense constituency campaigning in boosting local electoral outcomes. Yet there has been little investigation into the impact of the redirection of campaigning resources on safe constituencies; while existing research suggests that intense campaigns are effective in boosting local electoral outcomes, it is possible that a relative lack of campaigning may be harmful. This thesis addresses this gap by exploring in detail the detrimental impact of low level campaigning on both turnout and vote share in safe constituencies by the Conservatives, Labour and Liberal Democrats. The study is situated within the literature of campaign effectiveness, also drawing on theories of voter behaviour. It offers a critical evaluation of existing research into constituency campaigning, contending not only that a lack of campaigning can be harmful, but also that these effects are impacted by nuances of local incumbency and party differentials. To explore this, the thesis conducts a quantitative examination of the effects of constituency campaigning conducted at UK general elections from 1987 to 2010. It also expands existing literature in two ways; by formulating and applying a refined way in which to measure relative levels of campaigning, and also exploring the potential of leader visits as a measure of local campaigning for the first time in the UK. The focus on rebalancing attention towards safe constituencies places the concept of marginality at the core of this thesis. In exploring the concept in detail, potential explanations for the origins of marginality are considered, drawing on theories of population stability and party support bases. Using a refined measure of relative levels of campaigning, a link is established between marginality and campaigning, which also considers the important role of incumbency. When exploring the impact of low levels of campaigning, the results indicate that in many cases there is a harmful impact on both turnout and vote share, although the effects are greater for the latter. The findings suggest that local incumbency is a central factor in deciding the detrimental impact of low levels of campaigning, with such campaigns run by opposition parties resulting in far greater declines in their vote share when compared to equivalent campaigns run by incumbents. In an era of increasing focus on marginal constituencies during election campaigns, this thesis explicitly considers the impact of a lack of campaigning in safe constituencies, the role of incumbency and also applies new measures. In doing so, new empirical insights are produced into the importance of constituency campaigning in the UK, through an approach both rooted in and building upon existing studies.

Doctor Legum - LLD / Uganda, like many African countries in the 1990s, adopted decentralisation as a state reform measure after many years of civil strife and political conflicts, by transferring powers and functions to district councils. The decision to transfer powers and functions to district councils was, in the main, linked to the quest for democracy and development within the broader context of the nation state. This thesis' broader aim is to examine whether the legal and policy framework of decentralisation produces a system of governance that better serves the greater objectives of local democracy, local development and accommodation of ethnicity. Specifically, the thesis pursues one main aim: to examine whether indeed the existing legal framework ensures the smooth devolution process that is needed for decentralised governance to succeed. In so doing, the study seeks, overall, to offer lessons that are critically important not only for Uganda but any other developing nation that has adopted decentralisation as a state-restructuring strategy. The study uses a desk-top research method by reviewing Uganda's decentralisation legal and policy frameworks. In doing so, the thesis assesses decentralisation's ability to deepen democracy, its role in encouraging development and its ability to accommodate diversity. After reviewing the emerging soft law on decentralisation, the thesis, finds that Uganda's legal framework for decentralisation does not fully enable district councils to foster democracy, facilitate development and accommodate diversity. The thesis argues that the institutions that are created under a decentralised system should be purposefully linked to the overall objective of decentralisation. Giving a historical context of Uganda's decentralisation, the thesis notes that institutional accommodation of ethnic diversity in a decentralised system, particularly so in a multiethnic state, is a vital peace building measure. It is argued the exclusion of ethnicity in Uganda's decentralisation is premised on unjustified fear that ethnicity is potentially a volatile attribute for countries immerging from conflict. It maintains that the unilateral creation of many districts, the adoption of a winner-takes-all electoral system, the absence of special seats for ethnic minorities as well as the vaguely defined district powers and functions do not serve the overall objective of decentralisation. The thesis also finds that district councils are overregulated, with little respect for their autonomy, a phenomenon that is highly nostalgic of a highly centralised state. The thesis therefore calls for immediate reforms of Uganda's decentralisation programme.