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Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar. Syftet med denna studie var att på äldre personer studera olika fysiologiska parametrar före och efter en period på åtta veckor med styrketräning som utförs tre gånger i veckan. Frågeställningarna var: Hur påverkas statisk och dynamisk maximal styrka i främre lårmuskulaturen av styrketräning? Är det någon skillnad i resultat mellan koncentrisk och excentrisk styrka i lårmuskulaturen före och efter styrketräningsperioden? Är det någon skillnad i förändring mellan benstyrka uppmätt med isokinetisk teknik jämfört med uthållighetsstyrka och ett kort funktionellt benstyrketest? Hur påverkas maximal syreupptagningsförmåga registrerad via submaximalt cykeltest respektive vid pyramidtestet av träningsperioden? Metod. I studien deltog 20 generellt ej påtagligt aktiva män och kvinnor i åldrarna 66-79 år. Av dessa var 11 individer slumpvis indelade i en styrketräningsgrupp och övriga nio utgjorde en inaktiv kontrollgrupp. Ett flertal olika fysiologiska tester, som bl.a. prövade testpersonernas styrka samt kondition, utfördes innan och efter träningsperioden. De deltagare som utgjorde träningsgruppen tränades i relativt tung styrketräning i åtta veckor. Resultat. Undersökningen resulterade i en signifikant ökad koncentrisk-, excentrisk- samt statisk momentan benstyrka för träningsgruppen efter de åtta veckorna med relativt tung styrketräning. Vidare kunde även utläsas för dem en signifikant förbättring av uthållighetsstyrka i benen (hastighet vid 50 uppresningar från stol, med 16,9 %) samt vid ett kort funktionellt test (5 uppresningar från stol, med 12,8 %). De träningsgenererade signifikanta ökningarna för träningsgruppen tyder inte på några stora procentuella skillnader mellan statisk (10,4 %) och dynamisk excentrisk (7,8 %) eller koncentrisk maximal styrka (9,5 %). Vid testerna cykelergometertest (kondition), effekt i 5-minuterspyramidtest (ett modifierat steptest) samt distans vid 6-minuters gångtest framkom inga signifikanta förbättringar för träningsgruppen. Ingen i kontrollgruppen visade en signifikant förbättring i någon av de nämnda testerna. Slutsats. Studien visar att interventioner, med åtta veckors intensiv styrketräning, tre gånger per vecka för äldre kvinnor och män, påtagligt kan förbättra resultaten vid styrkemätningar såväl momentant som uthållighetsmässigt och vid ett kort funktionellt test, medan tester av maximal syreupptagningsförmåga (VO2max) inte förbättras. Emellertid framkom i cykelergometertestet en tendens till förbättring för träningsgruppen.

This thesis examined the change in skeletal muscle architecture with contractile force production, the relationship of architecture with muscle strength parameters and if muscle tendinous tissue stiffness determines in vivo explosive strength (i.e. rate of torque development, RTD). Muscle and tendinous tissue adaptations to contrasting strength training regimes, and the potential capacity of these tissues to adapt following chronic strength training were also explored. Quadriceps femoris fascicle length (FL) decreased, while the pennation angle (PA) increased in a curvi-linearly manner from rest to maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque. Consequently, effective physiological cross-sectional area (effPCSA) during MVC was 27% greater than at rest, although effPCSA measured at rest and during MVC had similar correlations to maximal strength. In the earliest phase of contraction, FL, but not PA, was negatively related (R2=0.187) to voluntary RTD. Neither FL nor PA was related to maximal isometric or dynamic strength. Muscle-tendon unit (MTU) and patellar tendon (PT) stiffness were unrelated to voluntary and evoked RTD. Relative PT stiffness was also unrelated to relative RTD, although relative MTU stiffness was related to voluntary RTD (25-55%MVT, R2≤0.188) and evoked RTD (5-50%MVT, R2≤0.194). MTU stiffness increased after sustained-contraction (SCT, +21%), though not explosive-contraction strength training (ECT). PT stiffness increased similarly after ECT (+20%) and SCT (+16%), yet neither induced tendon hypertrophy. SCT produced modest muscle (+8%) and aponeurosis (+7%) hypertrophy. Chronic strength trained (CST: >3 years) males had substantially greater muscle and aponeurosis size, but similar tendon size as untrained controls (UNT) and short-term (12 weeks) strength trained (STT) individuals. Between these groups, at the highest common force, MTU stiffness was indifferent, while PT stiffness was similarly greater in STT and CST than UNT. These results suggest FL and PA have little influence on muscle strength and tendon stiffness has no influence on RTD. Maximum strength negated any qualitative influence of MTU stiffness on in vivo RTD. Component MTU tissues (muscle-aponeurosis vs. external tendon) adapt differentially depending on the strength training regime. Specifically, free tendon appeared to adapt to high magnitude loading, while loading duration is also an important stimulus for the muscle-aponeurosis. However, chronic strength training was not concordant with greater higher force MTU stiffness, and does not further increase higher force PT stiffness beyond the adaptations that occur after 12 weeks of strength training. Finally, no evidence was found for tendon hypertrophy in response to strength training.

The aims of this thesis were to: 1) develop a new method for the determination of interstitial pH at rest and during exercise in vivo, 2) systematically explore the effects of different ingestion regimes of 300 mg.kg-1 sodium citrate on blood and urine pH at rest, and 3) to combine the new interstitial pH technique with the findings of the second investigation in an attempt to provide a greater understanding of H+ movement between the extracellular compartments. The purpose of the first study was to develop a method for the continuous measurement of interstitial pH in vastus lateralis was successfully developed using microdialysis and 2,7-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). To avoid the presence of an artificial alkalosis during exercise, it was necessary to add 25 mM HCO3- to the perfusate. The outlet of the probe was cut less than 10 mm from the skin and connected to a stainless steel tube completing the circuit to a microflow-through cuvette (8 fÝl) within a fluorescence spectrophotometer. This prevented the loss of carbon dioxide from the dialysate and any subsequent pH artefact. Interstitial pH was collected from six subjects before, during and after five minutes of knee-extensor exercise at three intensities 30, 50, and 70 W. Mean,,bSEM interstitial pH at rest was 7.38,,b0.02. Exercise reduced interstitial pH in an almost linear fashion. The nadir value for interstitial pH at 30, 50 and 70 W exercise was 7.27, 7.16 and 7.04, respectively. The lowest pH was obtained 1 min after exercise, irrespective of workload, after which the interstitial pH recovered in a nearly exponential manner. The mean half time of interstitial recovery was 5.2 min. The changes in interstitial pH exceeded the changes in venous blood pH. This study demonstrated that interstitial pH can be measured using microdialysis and that it is continuously decreased during muscle activity. The purpose of the second study was to establish an optimal ingestion regime for the ingestion of 300 mg.kg-1 of sodium citrate and maximise the alkalotic effect while minimising any side effects. Increasing the effectiveness of alkali ingestion may lead to further increases in muscle performance. Ingesting 300 mg.kg-1 sodium citrate at a rate of 300 mg.min-1 was identified as the optimal ingestion regime to maximise alkalosis at rest, which occurred 3.5 h post-ingestion. This was determined by monitoring eight human subjects ingesting 300 mg.kg-1 sodium citrate at five different rates, control (no ingestant), bolus, 300, 600 and 900 mg.kg.min-1 on five days separated by at least 48 hours. Sodium citrate was ingested in capsule form with water ad libitum, with the exception of bolus, which was combined with 400 ml less than 25 percent orange juice and consumed in less than 1 min. Arterialised blood (mean 71.3,,b3.5 mmHg) acid-base and electrolyte status was assessed via the withdrawal of ~5 ml of blood every 30 min across an eight hour duration, placed on ice and analysed within five minutes. No alkalotic difference was found between ingestion rates (mean 7.445,,b0.004, 7.438,,b0.004 and 7.442,,b0.004 for 300, 600 and 900 mg.min-1, respectively). All experimental ingestion regimes were associated with elevations in [HCO3-] (29.6, 29.7, 29.8, 29.9 and 26.3 mmol.l-1 for bolus, 300, 600, 900 and control, respectively). The 300 ingestion regime had the greatest impact on [H+], a 0.66 meq.l-1,,e10-8 change. Bolus ingestion (3.93,,b0.08 mmol.l-1) of sodium citrate had no effect on control (4.06,,b0.08 mmol.l-1) blood [K+], however, 300 mg.min-1 decreased blood [K+] (p less than 0.05). There was no effect of sodium citrate on blood [Cl-], but after 2.5 h blood [Cl-] was lower than pre-ingestion values (p less than0.05). All ingestion rates of sodium citrate increased (p less than 0.05) urine pH above control. This is the first study to investigate the effect of varying ingestion rates on acid-base status at rest in humans. The results suggest that ingesting sodium citrate in small doses in quick succession induce a greater blood alkalosis than the commonly practised bolus protocol. Using the interstitial pH technique described above and the optimal ingestion regime (300 mg.min-1) identified above, the final experiment was designed to assess the influence of sodium citrate ingestion on interstitial pH at both rest and during exercise. Five subjects ingested 300 mg.kg-1 sodium citrate at 300 mg.min-1 again in capsule form with water ad libitum. Prior to ingestion, each subject had a cannula placed into their cephalic vein and one microdialysis probe (CMA-60) inserted into their left thigh, orientated along the fibres of vastus lateralus. This probe was used for the measurement of pH as described above. At the end of this period, an exercise protocol required five subjects to perform light exercise (10 W) for 10 min, before starting an intense exercise period (~90-95% leg VO2peak) to exhaustion followed by a 15 min recovery period. Dialysate and blood samples were collected across all periods. Mean,,bSEM interstitial pH for placebo and alkalosis were 7.38,,b0.12 and 7.24,,b0.16, respectively. Sodium citrate ingestion was not associated with an interstitial alkalosis. An exercise induced acidosis was observed in the interstitium during placebo but not during alkalosis (p less than 0.05). Mean,,bSEM venous pH were 7.362,,b0.003 and 7.398,,b0.003 for placebo and alkalosis, respectively. Sodium citrate ingestion was not associated with a venous alkalosis. Sodium citrate ingestion was associated with an increase in mean,,bSEM venous [HCO3-] (placebo 25.5,,b0.2, alkalosis 28.1,,b0.2). This increase in the blood bicarbonate buffer system was not associated with an increase in time to exhaustion (placebo 352,,b71, alkalosis 415,,b171). This was the first study to investigate the effects of sodium citrate ingestion on interstitial pH. The results of this study demonstrated that an interstitial alkalosis does not ensue after alkali ingestion, however, it was associated with the lack of an exercise induced acidosis suggesting an improved pH regulation during exercise.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:18:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4115.pdf: 3025208 bytes, checksum: 10c4684cd678fb5d22f0efb47de00306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The quadriceps muscle weakness is common in subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA), leading to functional deficits. Some risk factors are causes, such as morphological changes (atrophy and reduced number of muscle fibers), changes in non-contractile proteins of muscle and changes in the level of muscle activation. However, these factors are not well understood, particularly with respect if they are already present in earlier stages of the disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify if men with early degrees of knee OA have functional and morphological impairments and immunohistochemical changes of the quadriceps muscle, as well as investigate if this subjects had compromising of their quality of life . The men (40-65 years) who participated in this study were divided into two groups: Control Group (CG) with healthy subjects and Osteoarthritis Group (OAG) with individuals with knee OA grade I or II. A biopsy of the vastus lateralis (VL) was performed for morphological (through the ATPase reaction) and immunohistochemical analysis(analysis of expression and localization of the receptor for advanced glycation end products - RAGE, and analysis of the expression of collagen type I and III ) . An evaluation of knee extensor torque (KET), concentric and eccentric at 90°/s and 180°/s, was performed simultaneously with an evaluation of the electromyographic activity of the VL (RMS value). Moreover, the WOMAC questionnaire was used. For the intergroup analysis, we used the independent t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman s correlation coefficient was used to detect the relationship between the three subscales of WOMAC questionnaire and the average knee extensor peak torque (&#945;<0.05). The collagen was analyzed by semiquantitative analysis. We found lower values for the GOA in eccentric knee extensor peak torque at 90 °/s (p = 0.01) and 180°/s (p = 0.04), and in electromyography activity (RMS) during eccentric contraction, in two angular velocities (p <0.01). Higher values were found for the GOA in the proportion (p = 0.03) and in the relative crosssectional area of type 2b fibers (p = 0.02). It was found a negative correlation between the concentric and eccentric knee extensor torque and the three subscales of the WOMAC questionnaire (p<0.05). In the analysis of RAGE no difference was found between the groups. In semiquantitative analysis of collagen was found increased expression of collagen type I and type III for the GOA. Thus, men with knee OA grades I or II present functional, morphological and immunohistochemical changes of the quadriceps muscle, indicating possible neuromuscular adaptations. Therefore, in the early stages of knee OA, exercises should be recommended in order to minimize or delay the functional deficits resulting from OA. / A fraqueza do músculo quadríceps é comum em sujeitos com osteoartrite (OA) de joelho, levando a déficits funcionais. Alguns fatores são apontados como causas, tais como alterações morfológicas, como atrofia e redução no número de fibras musculares, alterações nas proteínas não contráteis do músculo e alterações no nível de ativação muscular. No entanto, esses fatores ainda não estão bem esclarecidos, principalmente com relação se os mesmos já estão presentes em estágios mais precoces da doença. Diante disso, o objetivo dessa tese foi verificar se homens com graus iniciais de OA de joelho apresentam alterações funcionais, morfológicas e imunohistoquímicas do músculo quadríceps, bem como comprometimento de sua qualidade de vida. Participaram desse estudo homens, com idade entre 40 e 65 anos, divididos em dois grupos: Grupo Controle (GC) com indivíduos saudáveis e Grupo Osteoartrite (GOA) com indivíduos com OA de joelho graus I ou II. Foi realizada biópsia do músculo vasto lateral (VL) para análise morfológica (por meio da reação de ATPase) e imunohistoquímica (análise da expressão e localização dos receptores dos produtos finais da glicosilação RAGE, e análise da expressão dos colágenos tipo I e III). A avaliação do torque extensor do joelho, concêntrico e excêntrico, a 90º/s e 180º/s, foi realizada simultaneamente à avaliação da atividade eletromiográfica do músculo VL (valor de RMS). O questionário WOMAC foi aplicado para análise da qualidade de vida. Na análise intergrupo, foi utilizado o teste T de student para amostras independentes e o teste não-paramétrico U Mann-Whitney. Foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman para analisar a relação entre as três seções do questionário WOMAC e os picos de torque extensor do joelho (&#945;<0.05). Para os colágenos foi feita análise semiquantitativa. Foram encontrados menores valores para o GOA no pico de torque extensor excêntrico a 90º/s (p=0,01) e a 180º/s (p=0,04), e na atividade eletromiográfica (valor RMS), durante contração excêntrica, nas duas velocidades angulares (p<0,01). Maiores valores para o GOA foram encontrados na proporção (p=0,03) e área transversa relativa das fibras tipo 2b (p=0,02). Foi encontrada correlação negativa entre as três seções do questionário WOMAC e os valores de pico de torque para os indivíduos com OA de joelho (p>0,05). Na análise do RAGE não foi encontrada diferença entre os grupos. Na análise semiquantitativa foi encontrada maior expressão dos colágenos tipo I e tipo III para o GOA. Assim, homens com OA de joelho graus I ou II apresentam alterações funcionais, morfológicas e imunohistoquímica do músculo quadríceps, podendo essas alterações serem possíveis adaptações neuromusculares. Dessa forma, desde os graus iniciais de OA de joelho, devem se recomendados exercícios com o objetivo de minimizar ou retardar os déficits funcionais decorrentes da OA.

Introduction: Maximum running acceleration essential components in many sports. The identification of specific training protocols to maximize sprint speed would be useful knowledge for soccer coaches and players. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a high-speed treadmill with the use of a body-weight support system in a 6-week sport acceleration program on: 40-yard sprint time, maximal isometric knee flexor and extensor strength. Methods: 32 female soccer players (age 16 ± 1.19 yrs) participated in two treatment groups and one control group. Both treatment groups participated in a 12-session sport acceleration program. The first treatment group utilized a body-weight support system while on a high-speed treadmill; the second group used a standard treadmill with no body weight support system. The control group, NT, did not participate in a sports acceleration program and did not alter their exercise routines outside of the study. Results: For each variable an Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was performed. 40-yard sprint times for treatment groups were shown to improve significantly as compared to the control group (p = 0.0007 for high-speed treadmill with body-weight support system, p= < 0.0001 for standard treadmill without body-weight support system). Isometric flexor and extensor strengths did not show significant differences between treatment groups and control group. P-values for the high-speed with body-weight support system were (p = 0.53) for flexors and (p = 0.51) for extensors as compared to the control group. P-values for the standard treadmill with no body-weight support system were (p = 0.19) for extensors and (p = 0.0263) for flexors. It is noted that the extensor muscles were nearly significant for the standard treadmill with no body-weight support system. Discussion: These results can help high school coaches and athletes determine the optimal treadmill training regime. The current study shows that a high-speed treadmill with body-weight support system is just as beneficial as standard treadmill training.

L’objectif de ce travail était de déterminer i) l’influence du niveau de force absolue sur la durée du temps de maintien, et les altérations neuromusculaires subséquentes chez un même individu à l’issue d’un exercice réalisé à la même intensité relative, avec un ou deux membres ; ii) l’influence de la commande nerveuse sur la capacité de production de force de chacun des muscles extenseurs du genou lors de contractions unilatérales (UL) vs. bilatérales (BL); iii) l’évolution des mécanismes d’activation pendant une série de contractions sous-maximales évoquées par électromyostimulation (EMS).Les résultats de la première étude confirment que le temps limite est dépendant du niveau de force absolu pour un même individu, la durée de la contraction en UL étant 20% plus longue qu’en BL. De plus, une corrélation a été trouvée entre la force lors d’une contraction maximale volontaire (CMV) et le temps limite en UL et BL. Toutefois, d’autres mécanismes semblent être également mis en jeu, car dans un cas les mécanismes sont d’origine nerveux et musculaire (UL), alors que dans l’autre cas les mécanismes sont seulement nerveux (BL). Les résultats de la deuxième étude montrent que la force maximale développée lors d’une contraction BL est inférieure à la somme des forces des contractions UL (i.e. présence d’un déficit bilatéral). Les temps d’apparition des pics de force lors des CMV de chacune des jambes ne sont pas différents de celui de la CMV BL, mais la force développée au cours de celle-ci est inférieure à la somme des CMV de chacune des jambes durant la CMV BL, c'est-à-dire à la force maximale produite par chacune des jambes lors de la CMV BL. Néanmoins, aucune différence d’activité EMG, d’amplitude d’onde M, de doublet et de niveau d’activation n’a été observée entre les conditions UL et BL. Les résultats de la troisième étude montrent que l’estimation de la commande descendante, par la technique de la secousse surimposée, lors d’un effort sous-maximal fatigant présente des biais méthodologiques. Toutefois, l’estimation des mécanismes nerveux par les deux méthodes classiques (niveau d’activation volontaire (NAV) et ratio d’activation centrale (CAR)) reste néanmoins pertinente pendant des contractions maximales volontaires. L’ensemble de nos travaux met en évidence l’intervention de mécanismes d’origine nerveux différents entre les contractions UL et BL / The aim of this work was to determine i) the influence of the level of absolute force on the duration of the endurance time, and subsequent neuromuscular alterations in same individual at the end of an exercise performed at the same relative intensity, with one or two legs, ii) the influence of central drive on the force capacity production of the knee extensor muscles during unilateral (UL) vs. bilateral (BL) contractions, iii) activation mechanisms evolution for a serie of submaximal evoked contractions by electrostimulation (EMS). The results of the first study confirm that the endurance limit depends on the level of absolute force for the same individual, contraction duration for UL is 20% longer than for BL. In addition, a correlation was found between the maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) and the endurance time in UL and BL. However, other mechanisms also appear to be involved, because in one case the mechanisms are nervous and muscular (UL), while in other cases the mechanisms are only nervous (BL). The results of the second study show that maximal force developed during BL contraction is less than the sum of the forces of UL contraction (i.e. a bilateral deficit). The timing of MVC peak force production during each leg of MVC are not different from that of BL MVC, but the force developed during the latter is less than the sum of MVC in both legs during the BL MVC, i.e. the maximum force produced by each leg during BL MVC. However, no difference in EMG activity, M-wave amplitude, doublet and level of activation was observed between UL and BL conditions. The results of the third study show that the estimation of the central drive, by the technique of superimposed twitch during a submaximal fatiguing effort presents methodological bias. However, estimation of neural mechanisms with both conventional methods (voluntary level activation (VAL) and central activation ratio (CAR)) remains relevant during maximal voluntary contractions. This work évidences the presence of different nervous mechanisms between UL and BL contractions

Previous studies that utilized sodium lactate infusion did not use resistance exercise protocol or analyzed muscle biopsies, or performed sex specific analysis. Aim: We initiated a project where resistance exercise was performed with low and high levels of lactate, acquired by venous lactate infusion where the specific aim of this study was to investigate and chart the physiological characteristics of sodium lactate infusion during a bout of resistance exercise on whole group level and sexes separated Method: A randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over design was implemented where male (n = 8) and female (n = 8) subjects accustomed to resistance exercise visited the laboratory three times for preliminary testing and training familiarization. In the following two experimental trials subjects arrived in an overnight fasted state. A resting state muscle biopsy was extracted from m. vastus lateralis and repeated blood samples were initiated which followed by 20 minute of baseline infusion of either infusate in resting state at 0.05 mmol/kg/min infusion rate with additional bolus doses during subsequent exercise. Following a brief warm up, unilateral knee-extensions (6 x 8-10 reps at 75% of 1-RM) were performered with or without venous infusion of sodium lactate, with volume matched saline as control. Exercise load and volume were matched between trials. Four additional biopsies were extracted at post-exercise, recovery period, and 24-hour post-exercise. Results: Sodium lactate infusion vs saline infusion respectively during resistance exercise yielded significantly higher blood lactate with sodium lactate (6.78 ± 0.33 mmol/l vs 2.99 ± 0.17 mmol/l), plasma lactate (8.86 ± 0.39 mmol/l vs 4.39 ± 0.22 mmol/l), blood sodium (143 ± 0.4 mmol/l vs 142 ± 0.3 mmol/l), blood pH (7.42 ± 0.01 vs 7.34 ± 0.01), but lower blood potassium (3.9 ± 0.1 mmol/l vs 4.2 ±  0.1 mmol/l), all  immediately following exercise. Sodium lactate infusion elicited main effect of trials and muscle lactate increased from baseline (8.5 ± 0.9 mmol·kg-1 dw vs 7.0 ± 0.6 mmol·kg-1 dw) to post-exercise (31.5 ± 2.8 mmol·kg-1 dw vs 26.9 ± 3.2 mmol·kg-1 dw) with sodium lactate and saline infusion respectively. Blood glucose, hemoglobin and muscle pH was not affected by sodium lactate infusion. Conclusions: Utilization of the sodium lactate infusion method during a bout of resistance exercise may be used as tool to effectively increase blood/plasma lactate and, to lesser extent, muscle content of lactate. However, a concomitant slightly alkalizing effect of blood likely will occur. / Tidigare studier som använt natriumlaktat infusion använde inte styrketräningsprotokoll, eller analyserade muskelbiopsier eller utförde könsspecifika analyser. Syfte och frågeställningar: Vi initierade ett projekt där styrketräning utfördes med låga eller höga nivåer av laktat som erhölls genom venös natriumlaktat infusion med det specifika syftet att undersöka och kartlägga fysiologisk karakteristiska av naturiumlaktat infusion under styrketräningsövning på helgrupps- och könsseparerad nivå. Följande frågeställningar inrättades; hur påverkar natriumlaktat infusion under styrketräning helblod- och plasma laktat, glukos, natrium, kalium, plasma volym genom hemoglobin och hematokrit, blod pH, muskellaktat- och muskel pH samt om skillnader i respons finns efter att könsspecifika analyser utförts på dessa variabler. Metod: En randomiserad, placebokontrollerad cross-over design implementerades där styrketräningsvana män (n = 8) och kvinnor (n = 8) besökte laboratoriet tre gånger för preliminäraför tester och träningsfamiliarisering. I efterföljande två experimentella försök anlände försökspersonerna i ett över nattligt fastande tillstånd. En baslinje biopsi extraherades från m. vastus lateralis och repeterade blodprover initierades med efterföljande 20 minuter av baslinje infusion av endera infusat i vilotillstånd med 0.05 mmol/kg/min infusionshastighet med ytterligare bolusdoser under efterföljande träning. Efter en kort uppvärmning utfördes unilaterala knäextensioner (6 x 8-10 reps vid 75% av 1-RM) med eller utan venös infusion av natrium laktat, med volymmatchande saltlösning som kontroll. Träningsbelastning och volym matchades mellan försök. Ytterligare fyra biopsier extraherades vid efter-träning, återhämtningsperiod, och efter 24 timmar. Resultat: Natriumlaktat respektive saltlösnings infusion under styrketräning gav signifikant högre blodlaktat med natriumlaktat infusion (6.78 ± 0.33 mmol/l mot 2.99 ± 0.17 mmol/l), plasmalaktat (8.86 ± 0.39 mmol/l mot 4.39 ± 0.22 mmol/l), blodnatrium (143 ± 0.4 mmol/l mot 142 ± 0.3 mmol/l), blod pH (7.42 ± 0.01 mot 7.34 ± 0.01), men lägre blod kalium (3.9 ± 0.1 mmol/l mot 4.2 ± 0.1 mmol/l), alla direkt efter träning. Natriumlaktat infusion framkallade huvudeffekt av försök och muskellaktat ökade från baslinje (8.5 ± 0.9 mmol·kg-1 dw mot 7.0 ± 0.6 mmol·kg-1 dw) till efter-träning (31.5 ± 2.8 mmol·kg-1 dw mot 26.9 ± 3.2 mmol·kg-1 dw) med natriumlaktat respektive saltlösnings infusion. Blodglukos, hemoglobin och muskel pH påverkades inte av natriumlaktat infusion. Slutsats: Användande av natriumlaktat infusion som metod under styrketräning kan effektivt användas som verktyg för att höja blod/plasma laktat, och i mindre utsträckning, muskellaktat. Emellertid är samtidig alkalisering av blod en sannolik följd. / Potential sex differences in the molecular response to resistance exercise with lactate infusion