The following is an assignment about the use of the word terrorism throughout history. This assignment contains a conceptual historical analysis of the term terrorism. The aim of this assignment is the following: To discern, through a conceptual historical analysis, how the term terrorism has been used and how the meanings of the term terrorism has changed in time. To provide an answer to this thesis is the assignment tries to answer the following questions: 1) How can conceptual historical analysis be applied to the term terrorism? 2) How can the term terrorism be defined? 3) How has the term terrorism been used throughout history, with specific focus on the academic world and even some contemporary texts? 4) Is it possible to point out some clear changes in the use of the term from the moment of its first use until current time? 5) Which meanings has the term terrorism received and how are these meanings associated with the term terrorism? The assignment initially highlights different theories on conceptual historical research as well as links these theories to the actual term terrorism. After this some difficulties with defining terrorism as a term are pointed out and the impact this has on research within the field of terrorism. Following this is the actual analytical part which is split into three parts; the use of terrorism throughout history, implied terrorism before the term was coined and in fiction, and lastly some examples of the use of terrorism taken from older texts.

This essay aims to find a correlation between the poetry of William Butler Yeats and the social-cultural context of its time-period. With the aid of conceptual history, representations of fundamental concepts can be revealed in the written text. The methodological approach is based on Reinhart Koselleck's Begriffsgeschichte where concepts are used for timing history. The two concepts in focus in the essay are 'crisis' and 'the Golden Age'. The results found in the analysis of Yeats' poems displayed to a high amount the representation of the concept of 'crisis', revealing that crisis in the society at that time is reflected in Yeats' poems, but representations of the counter-concept 'the Golden Age' was only partly found in poems from his later collections. A suggestion for further research is to perform a study where several contemporary poets are investigated simultaneously with the aid of conceptual history.

In this study, my intention has been to examine how the ambiguous concept of corruption is constructed by the press. Emphasizing the media’s representations of the socially constructed and context-specific concept, this work adopts a critical perspective on discourse, together with an approach of conceptual history. Finland has for many years been appointed as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, signing several international conventions against corruption since the 1990s, which in turn has led to an increase in discussion regarding the phenomenon. By conducting a multi-method study, my aim has been to analyse the possible changes in the definition of ”corruption” in the Finnish newspaper Hufvudstadsbladet during the period 2000-2013. Using the theoretical framework of Fairclough’s media discourse and Koselleck’s conceptual history, the concept has been analysed in light of Finnish legislation regarding corruption during this period. The analysis yielded several results. The concept of corruption is defined as a both moral and legal problem, resulting in shifting meanings. A change in the representation of levels of corruption in Finland, from optimistic to pessimistic is illustrated, which is upheld in the press by results from international corruption surveys and statements made by those in power. Overall, while discourse on corruption is both constructed and transformed by journalists, it has ideological effects when what is presented as facts are in reality based on statements made by experts and political actors.  Finally the analysis shows that “corruption” and “trust”, being asymmetrical concepts, constitute an inseparable pair of concepts. In a democratic country these concepts depend on each other, making corruption a matter of the entire society. I propose that further research examine the possible changes in the concept of corruption over a longer period of time.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-10-27T16:54:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Henrique Martins da Silva - 2016.pdf: 4083838 bytes, checksum: 7c2d331bcb26a21b76fb58978d0a620b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-10-27T16:55:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Henrique Martins da Silva - 2016.pdf: 4083838 bytes, checksum: 7c2d331bcb26a21b76fb58978d0a620b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-27T16:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Henrique Martins da Silva - 2016.pdf: 4083838 bytes, checksum: 7c2d331bcb26a21b76fb58978d0a620b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The object of this research investigation on theory of history is about the future dimension in time perspective of the German historian Reinhart Koselleck. It is to relate and understand through the semantics of historical times the relationship between past, present and future. That is, try to present the author and his work regarding the theories of temporal dimensions and the modern definition of historical time between the meta-categories experience space and Horizon expectancy. There is a conceptual reframing from modernity, as well as an awareness that marks a new way men relate and realize the time. From this, according to the author, we have a temporal multiplicity that emerges from the above categories. The problem with this research is that the future was thought of as taboo among most historians and Koselleck, the future takes on an important function in the form of expectation, design and prognosis. So we try to understand why this discussion about the future dimension. / O objeto de investigação desta pesquisa em teoria da história é a dimensão futuro na perspectiva de tempo do historiador alemão Reinhart Koselleck. Trata-se de relacionar e compreender por meio da semântica dos tempos históricos a relação entre passado, presente e futuro. Isto é, procuramos apresentar o autor e sua obra no que tange as teorias acerca das dimensões temporais e da moderna definição de tempo histórico compreendida entre as meta-categorias Espaço de experiência e Horizonte de expectativa. Há uma ressignificação conceitual a partir da modernidade, bem como uma tomada de consciência que marca uma nova forma dos homens se relacionarem e perceberem o tempo. Em face disso, segundo o autor, há uma multiplicidade temporal que emerge da tensão entre as categorias citadas. O problema desta pesquisa é que o futuro fora pensado como tabu entre a maioria dos historiadores e com Koselleck, o futuro assume uma função importante em forma de expectativa, projeto e prognose. Portanto, procuramos entender o porquê dessa discussão sobre a dimensão futuro.

More than a hundred years ago, the world was affected by the infamous pandemic virus, the Spanish flu, which lasted from 1918 to 1920. During this period, the First World War broke out. In the spring of 2020, the world was affected by a new pandemic virus called the Coronavirus (COVID-19). For the people who lived during 1918–1920 and the present, each virus has had enormous repercussions on their own lives and safety. For each epidemic, it has meant the political and economic stability in the world has been exposed. The world from then and now differs immensely from each other. Today, there are alternative opportunities to replace the regular lessons with digital connection. This study will make a historical comparative study between the Spanish flu and the coronavirus. In this study, two magazines aimed at teachers will be selected for each pandemic. This is done to see how the schools were affected by each epidemic, what measures were taken against the infection and what difficulties arose with it.

[pt] A dissertação investiga diversas faces das relações entre a história dos conceitos de Reinhart Koselleck e a hermenêutica filosófica de Hans-Georg Gadamer. Ao propormos uma interpretação da obra de Koselleck a luz das questões da filosofia hermenêutica, pretendemos entender e problematizar uma forma de conhecimento histórico que se baseia no diálogo e no vínculo entre passado e presente, com vistas a abertura de novos horizontes e perspectivas de futuro. Tal propósito é bem realizado pelos estudos históricos de Koselleck, mediante seu laço teórico com a filosofia heideggeriana e inserção nas questões políticas e sociais de sua época, o que os torna um importante campo para discussão no âmbito de nossa disciplina. O vigoroso debate travado entre os autores a respeito dos fundamentos do conhecimento histórico revela não somente discordâncias, mas também amplo campo de convergências, às quais iremos abordar. Estas idéias suscitam grande interesse num momento em que a ciência histórica cada vez mais parece definir seus objetivos como a investigação da alteridade histórica. A relação entre história e filosofia pode nos revelar perspectivas interessantes para a disciplina que nas últimas décadas, tem sofrido um grande impacto de correntes da antropologia. / [en] Dissertation looks into the various aspects of relations between Reinhart Koselleck s history of concepts and Hans-Georg Gadamer s philosophical hermeneutics. By proposing to interpret Koselleck s work in the light of inquiries made by hermeneutics philosophy, we intend to comprehend and bring into question one form of historical knowledge that is based upon the dialogue and the link between past and present, with a view to opening up new horizons and prospects of future. Such purpose is well served by Koselleck s historical studies, be it through their theoretical ties with the Heideggerian philosophy or their insertion into the political and social questions of his days, whereas they also make up a major discussion topic within our discipline. These authors strong argument on the fundamentals of historical knowledge shows not only dissent, but a wide field of consent as well, which will both be approached here. Authors ideas are of much interest just when historical science increasingly seems to state its purpose as an inquiry into historical otherness. The relation between history and philosophy may disclose interesting prospects for the discipline, which has greatly experienced the impact of anthropological trends in the latest decades.

Esta dissertação versa sobre a importância e a transformação do conceito de equidade no direito ocidental ao longo da história e seus reflexos no direito civil e processual civil brasileiro contemporâneo, a partir da metodologia desenvolvida por Reinhart Koselleck em sua história dos conceitos. Em síntese, a história dos conceitos Begriffsgeschichte propõe investigar a semântica dos conceitos fundamentais a uma determinada experiência histórico-temporal e, nesta medida, dedica-se ao conceito e à terminologia plasmados na experiência que se estuda e aos termos e conceitos a ela correlatos, que revelam algum grau de conteúdo significativo Bedeutungsgehalt em termos político-sociais. A equidade se apresenta como objeto complexo de estudo, o que se confirma por sua polissemia e perpetuidade no curso dos séculos, e sua correlação com o ideal de justiça é uma constante. Destarte, em atenção aos limites físicos e temporais desta dissertação, os esforços foram concentrados no estudo de seis casos principais sobre equidade, que possibilitam identificar suas raízes a partir dos conceitos de para Aristóteles e aequitas para os juristas romanos e alcançar seu significado ou significados no direito civil e processual civil brasileiro hodierno. / This dissertation discusses the importance and the transformation of the concept of equity in law in the western world throughout history and its reflections in contemporary Brazilian civil law and civil procedural law, based on the methodology developed by Reinhart Koselleck in his conceptual history. In short, the conceptual history Begriffsgeschichte proposes to investigate the semantics of fundamental concepts to a particular historical and temporal experience and, therefore, it is dedicated to the concept and the terminology embodied in the experience studied and to the terms and concepts correlated to it, which reveal some degree of meaningful content Bedeutungsgehalt in political and social terms. The equity is presented as a complex object of study, which is confirmed by its polysemy and perpetuity over the centuries, and its correlation to the ideal of justice is a constant. Thus, considering the physical and temporal limitations of this dissertation, efforts were concentrated on the study of six major cases of equity, which enable the identification of its roots from the concepts of to Aristóteles and aequitas to Roman jurists and achieve their meaning or meanings in current Brazilian civil law and civil procedural law.

Esta dissertação versa sobre a importância e a transformação do conceito de equidade no direito ocidental ao longo da história e seus reflexos no direito civil e processual civil brasileiro contemporâneo, a partir da metodologia desenvolvida por Reinhart Koselleck em sua história dos conceitos. Em síntese, a história dos conceitos Begriffsgeschichte propõe investigar a semântica dos conceitos fundamentais a uma determinada experiência histórico-temporal e, nesta medida, dedica-se ao conceito e à terminologia plasmados na experiência que se estuda e aos termos e conceitos a ela correlatos, que revelam algum grau de conteúdo significativo Bedeutungsgehalt em termos político-sociais. A equidade se apresenta como objeto complexo de estudo, o que se confirma por sua polissemia e perpetuidade no curso dos séculos, e sua correlação com o ideal de justiça é uma constante. Destarte, em atenção aos limites físicos e temporais desta dissertação, os esforços foram concentrados no estudo de seis casos principais sobre equidade, que possibilitam identificar suas raízes a partir dos conceitos de para Aristóteles e aequitas para os juristas romanos e alcançar seu significado ou significados no direito civil e processual civil brasileiro hodierno. / This dissertation discusses the importance and the transformation of the concept of equity in law in the western world throughout history and its reflections in contemporary Brazilian civil law and civil procedural law, based on the methodology developed by Reinhart Koselleck in his conceptual history. In short, the conceptual history Begriffsgeschichte proposes to investigate the semantics of fundamental concepts to a particular historical and temporal experience and, therefore, it is dedicated to the concept and the terminology embodied in the experience studied and to the terms and concepts correlated to it, which reveal some degree of meaningful content Bedeutungsgehalt in political and social terms. The equity is presented as a complex object of study, which is confirmed by its polysemy and perpetuity over the centuries, and its correlation to the ideal of justice is a constant. Thus, considering the physical and temporal limitations of this dissertation, efforts were concentrated on the study of six major cases of equity, which enable the identification of its roots from the concepts of to Aristóteles and aequitas to Roman jurists and achieve their meaning or meanings in current Brazilian civil law and civil procedural law.

In this study I search for the real understanding of the Lauclanian concept of ”populism” from both the viewpoint of William Connollys essentially contested concepts and the conceptual historian Reinhart Koselleck. My starting point for the analysis takes its inspiration from the more contemporary notion of ”constructing the social” but tries to focus on a result that can be free from the highly abstract discourse theory put forward by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. The result is a peculiar paradox in which the concept of populism reconstructed by Laclau not only is contested but contested in such way that even the meaning of the word could lose its contextual use in place of another – the political. At the same time, the concepts favorability through a more common usage (or in Koselleckian terminology, its more democratized meaning) must be acknowledged, and in relation to the leftist political parties that uses this theoretic, strategic and analytical conceptual category it instead becomes much clearer why its usage is applied but also favoured by Laclau. It could be said that it is the most effective concept in determining the strategic discursive landscape and to shape it in favour of a future left-wing populist movement. At the same time, the concepts claim of being more democratic is not entirely as convincing in regard to the signifier that must be as empty as possible to fulfill the populistic demands of its political subjects. This means that its value entirely comes from the political subjects meaningful projection, and in one way only can be said to engage with these subjects through the channeling of the already expected dissent and disaffection of the people behind the discursive and overdetermined identities.

American artist Lee Bontecou’s oeuvre is often described as difficult to categorize or “mysterious.” Her early work—a series of metal and canvas reliefs made between 1959 and 1965—is linked to a range of stylistic associations including such radically divergent movements as assemblage, minimalism and abstract expressionism. Alternately, contemporary art historian Mona Hadler cites a series of iconographic connections between Bontecou’s reliefs and the popular culture and politics of the late 1950’s and early ‘60s. Using historian Reinhardt Koselleck’s theorization of historical time where history is constituted by an amalgamation of “temporal layers” based on particular historical perspectives, this thesis will explore the varied stylistic associations of Bontecou’s early reliefs by investigating their artistic as well as social and political contexts. In doing so this thesis will demonstrate that these so-called “mysterious” forms were created and exhibited in relation to a several different historical perspectives or “temporal layers.”