En ”lätt-att-rengöra” yta definieras som en yta som stöter bort vatten och smuts. I detta projekt har klarlack med olika sammansättningar studerats i syfte att introducera egenskapen ”lätt-att-rengöra”. För att uppnå denna egenskap måste beläggningen vara superhydrofob och oleofob. Detta innebär att kontaktvinklarna för både vatten (WCA) och dijodmetan (DMCA) måste vara över 150°. En hybrid sol-gel-metod valdes för detta projekt på grund av dess många fördelar som kontroll av ytmorfologi, enkel inkorporering av nanopartiklar och organiska komponenter i nätverket samt förmåga att bilda ett antal kompositioner. Hybrid sol-gelfilmerna, som innehåller både organiska och oorganiska komponenter, ger mekanisk beständighet, flexibilitet och förmåga att härda vid låga temperaturer. De organiska komponenterna fyller porerna i den oorganiska oxidkedjan, vilket gör att det hybridorganiskt-oorganiska materialet når slutlig densitet vid lägre temperatur. Både hydrofoba och hydrofila kiselnanopartiklar studerades för att undersöka vilken av dem som bäst inkorporeras i filmen. Den högsta uppnådda hydrofobiciteten och oleofobiciteten var av ett prov med 133° WCA och 152° DMCA. Provet bestod av en organisk och oorganisk komponent såväl som hydrofoba kiselnanopartiklar. / An easy-to-clean surface is defined as a surface that repels water and dirt. In this project, clearcoats with different composition have been studied in the process of introducing easy-to-clean properties in the coating. To achieve these properties the coating needs to be both superhydrophobic and oleophobic. This means that the contact angles against both water (WCA) and diiodomethane contact angle (DMCA) should be above 150 °. A hybrid sol-gel approach was chosen for this project due to the several advantages it provides such as, control of surface morphology, easy incorporation of nanoparticles and organic components into the network and ability to form a range of compositions. The hybrid sol-gel films, which contain both organic and inorganic components, provide mechanical resistance, flexibility, and ability to cure at low temperatures. The organic compounds fill the pores between the inorganic oxide chain; hence, the hybrid organic-inorganic material reaches final density at lower temperature. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic silica nanoparticles were studied to analyze which of them would be best incorporated into the film. The highest hydrophobicity and oleophobicity achieved were by a sample with 133° WCA and 152° DMCA. The sample consisted of an organic and inorganic component as well as hydrophobic silica nanoparticles.

Not everyone can understand the regular news reports that are broadcast on television. The Swedish public service television company (SVT) therefore produces the newscast News in easy Swedish (Nyheter på lätt svenska), where the language is simplified. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the comprehensibility of the audiovisual language in News in easy Swedish. Another purpose is to compare the level of comprehension in the audiovisual language in News in easy Swedish with that in SVT's regular newscast Aktuellt and Rapport. The foundation point is what content can be considered understandable for an audience who needs more time and more straightforward information than others in order to understand. The target audience could be, for example, people with cognitive disabilities. No individuals from the target group have been interviewed. Instead, knowledge of what is understandable to them has been obtained from projects where the target group is represented: Inclusion Europe (no date), Comprehensive text (Begriplig text) (2019) and EASIT (2021).  A total of seven news units have been transcribed, analyzed and compared. Five of these come from News in easy Swedish, one from Rapport and one from Aktuellt. The analytical methods utilized have been both quantitative and qualitative. The verbal auditory language has been analyzed using traditional readability methods, such as LIX and nominal ratio. Speech rate has been considered, but not inflection. The exposure time of images has been estimated and the presence of environmental noise has been noted. Subsequently, a qualitative analysis was made of how different semiotic resources interact. Finally, the results from the different news items were compared with each other.  The readability analysis illustrates that in the analyzed material there are no major differences in the level of verbal difficulty between News in easy Swedish, Rapport and Aktuellt. One of the news items on News in easy Swedish has the highest LIX and nominal ratio results, which indicates that it is the most difficult. At the same time, another news item from News in easy Swedish results in the lowest values, indicating that it is the easiest to comprehend.  No example was found in the material regarding how the semiotic resources counteract each other and thus affect information to becoming more difficult to understand. On the other hand, there are examples of news items where an improved collaboration between the semiotic elements could enable enhanced comprehension, for example through a more concise description of what is seen and heard. News in easy Swedish does not have its own film team but reworks material produced for other news programs. The program News in easy Swedish is just under five minutes long and is broadcast five days a week. The lack of own material and the short duration of newscasts are two factors that limit the prospect of creating comprehensible news for an audience who requires more time to be able to understand.

Denna undersökning har studerat ett lätt infanteriförbands användning av kombinerad bekämpning som metod för verkan under en amfibieoperation samt vilka aspekter som påverkade möjligheten till kombinerad bekämpning p.g.a. operationens amfibiska karaktär. Fallet har utgjorts av Parachute Regiments två bataljoner som under Falklandskriget utkämpade tre slag vid Darwin – Goose Green, Mount Longdon och Wireless Ridge. Som analysverktyg har använts Robert Leonhards teori om den kombinerade bekämpningens tre principer. Indikatorer på principerna har varit syften med verkan hämtade ur teorin om de grundläggande förmågorna. Två av slagen befanns endast delvis kännetecknas av Leonhards två första principer, principerna om kompletterande system och dilemman. Den tredje principen om fördelaktig terräng uppfylldes inte. Det tredje slaget regementet utkämpade kännetecknades helt igenom av Leonhards två första principer medan den tredje delvis beaktades. Undersökningen konstaterar att kombinerad bekämpning som metod för verkan kan utvecklas av ett lätt infanteriförband under en amfibieoperation. Dock ledde ofördelaktig disponering av förbandet i de aktuella fallen till att kombinerad bekämpning tidvis omöjliggjordes. Leonhards tredje princip tenderade att förringas. De specifikt amfibiska aspekterna avseende möjligheten till kombinerad bekämpning utgjordes främst av tillgången till fartygsartilleri, kraven på helikoptertransporterbart fältartilleri samt bristen på lätta trossfordon. / This dissertation has investigated how a light infantry force has used combined arms during an amphibious operation, specific factors related to the operations character affecting the possibility to develop combined arms have also been highlighted. The case chosen for the study was Parachute Regiments actions during the three battles of Darwin – Goose Green, Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge during the Falklands War. As a analytical tool Robert Leonhard’s theory about the three principles of combined arms was used together with indicators borrowed from the theory about the warfighting functions purposes of fires. Two of the battles were found to be only partially characterized by Leonhard’s first two principles, complementary systems and dilemmas. The third principle about favorable terrain was neglected. The third battle was throughout characterized by the first two principles and to a larger extent than the former by the third principle. The dissertation concludes that light infantry can use combined arms during amphibious operations. The battles studied were, however, often characterized by unfavorable disposition of the force which affected the possibilities to use combined arms. Leonhard´s third principle was usually neglected. The most important amphibious aspects affecting the possibilities to combined arms were found to be naval gunfire support, light field artillery and the scarcity of light all-terrain vehicles.