A presente dissertação teve como finalidade avaliar a precisão e a discrepância das coordenadas (acurácia) obtidas por meio das observações GPS, no modo estático rápido, medidas com receptores de uma freqüência, empregando-se a técnica de suavização do código C/A pela fase da portadora para diferentes comprimentos de linha base (20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 e 300 Km), a partir da estação de monitoramento contínuo da EESC/USP. Essa técnica obteve boa repercussão no Brasil, a partir do momento em que foi permitida sua utilização para fins de georreferenciamento de imóveis rurais, conforme a norma técnica do INCRA, que permite a utilização da suavização do código pela fase da portadora, desde que esta apresente acurácia com valores iguais ou inferiores a 50 cm. Atualmente, trabalhos com tal técnica estão sendo desenvolvidos e aceitos para compor o banco de dados do cadastro rural nacional. Pelos resultados obtidos nesta dissertação, foi possível avaliar que a aplicação dessa técnica não atende à exigência requerida em 100% das medições e, ao mesmo tempo, verificar a diferença entre a precisão do pós-processamento, indicada pelos softwares comerciais e a acurácia dos pontos medidos comparados com os pontos de controle estabelecidos para esse fim. / The present dissertation has as objective to evaluate precision and discrepancies of coordinates (accuracy) obtained through GPS observations, in a rapid static method, measured by single frequency, which applies carrier-smoothed-code for different baseline length (20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 and 300 km), since continuous monitoring station from EESC/USP. This technique obtained a good repercussion in Brazil, since when its use was legitimate in rural property georeferencing, according to INCRA\'s norma técnica (technical rule), which allows the use of carrier-smoothed-code in view of the fact that presents accuracy with equal or inferior values to 50 cm. Currently, works using such technique are developed and accepted in order to compound database of national rural survey in Brazil. Based on the obtained results it was possible to evaluate that the technique does not guaranteed to requested requirement in 100% of measurements, and at the same time to verify the difference between post-processing precision, indicated by commercial software, as well as measured point accuracy compared with points established for this purposed.

There is very little focus in previous research on first language (L1) use by teachers in the upper secondary English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom from the students’ perspective. In this context and from a Swedish perspective, this thesis examines what attitudes students in the Swedish upper secondary school have towards their teachers’ use of L1 (Swedish) in the EFL-classroom. The method used was qualitative semi-structured interviews, where nine students in total were interviewed. The collected data was then coded, thematized and categorized. The results show that the students mainly believed Swedish should be used when teaching vocabulary, when teaching grammar and for classroom management. They did not believe the L1 should be used by them in questions and answers and in general talk in the classroom. They also endorsed an overall judicious use of Swedish by their teachers and that their use of this language should be adjusted to the specific teaching group. Finally, it can be concluded that further research is needed on how the L1 can be used judiciously in particular situations and on what attitudes students of varying proficiency and age, as well as students who do not have Swedish as their L1 have towards teachers’ L1 use in the EFL-classroom.

This study aims at exploring to what extent transfer plays a role for young Italian learners of English. The informants consisted of a group of Italian high school students whose English written compositions are investigated. The collection of data is made up of an error analysis based on Pit Corder’s methodology (Corder in Ellis 2008: 46), in which six different linguistic categories are examined such as collocations, word order, the past tenses with special focus on the simple present perfect versus the simple past, furthermore the null subject parameter, false friends and subject-verb agreement. A brief discussion is also dedicated to the difference between what constitutes an error and a mistake. What emerges in this study is that the category of collocations is the one in which most instances of transfer errors are found followed by word order and the use of the simple past tense. Finally, the research aims to find out what could be the plausible reasons as to why certain categories appear to be more subject to the transfer phenomena.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur väl tvåspråkiga elever i årskurs 9 behärskade vanligt förekommande idiomatiska uttryck i skrivet språk. Tre faktorer som enligt tidigare studier visat sig påverka idiomförståelse är; semantisk transparens, om uttrycket står i en kontext samt tidigare kännedom om uttrycket. Läsförmågan kontrollerades med ett standardiserat avkodnings- och läsförståelsetest, och idiomförståelsen testades utifrån ett test med 45, främst transparenta frekventa idiomatiska uttryck, isolerade respektive i en kontext. Resultaten visade att typ av tvåspråkighet och nivå på läskunnighet påverkade idiomförståelsen. De successivt tvåspråkiga med svenska som andraspråk klarade inte av att använda kontexten vid tolkningen i lika hög grad som de simultant tvåspråkiga och successivt tvåspråkiga med svenska som förstaspråk. Däremot presterade båda grupperna bäst vid tolkningen av idiomatiska uttryck som de hade kännedom om sedan tidigare. Enligt utvecklingsmodellen, global elaboration model (GEM) börjar utvecklingsprocessen för figurativ kompetens i 8 årsåldern hos enspråkiga barn. Enligt resultaten i denna studie kunde successivt tvåspråkiga med svenska som andraspråk i årskurs 9 jämföras med enspråkiga barn i 7-8 årsåldern, medan gruppen med simultant tvåspråkiga och successivt tvåspråkiga med svenska som förstaspråk, kunde jämföras med enspråkiga barn mellan 9-12 år.

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is changing the prevalence, survival and treatment paradigms in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Improved survival of patients with HPV positive compared to HPV negative OPSCC has led to trials of treatment de-escalation. Current HPV detection methods are imprecise, therefore standardised assessment of transcriptionally active HPV in OPSCC is required. Furthermore, the differences in immune characteristics and/or the hypoxia response/effects could explain observed differences in prognosis between HPV positive and negative OPSCC. Rigorous HPV detection and subsequent biomarker evaluation should provide additional information required before introduction of treatment de-escalation in broad patient groupings. Methods: The study cohort was 218 patients with OPSCC who received radiotherapy with curative intent. HPV status was determined on pre-treatment, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks using: 1) polymerase chain reaction (PCR); 2) in-situ hybridisation (ISH) and 3) immuno-histochemistry (IHC). QuantiGene multiplex assay was designed to detect mRNA of reference sequences of the common high-risk HPV types (16, 18, 33, 35, 45, 52 and 58). HPV detection methods were compared with mRNA quantification. Multimarker IHC of immune cell markers using chromogenic and fluorescent staining was performed, analysed and compared with single marker IHC using automated multispectral image analysis. A validated multiplex IHC method was used for a) chromogenic (CD3, CD4, CD8, and FoxP3) and b) fluorescent (CD8, CD68 and PD1/PD-L1) evaluation in tumour and stroma compartments. Single marker IHC was used to investigate tumour hypoxia markers (HIF-1α and CA-IX) in HPV positive and negative OPSCC. Results: p16 IHC and ISH were the most sensitive and specific, respectively, for classifying HPV status. The combination of the three tests had the highest positive/negative predictive values compared with QuantiGene mRNA detection. Multiplex validation showed that, for serial sections up to 6 μm apart, there were highly significant correlations (P<0.0001) between single and multiplex counts for both chromogenic and fluorescent IHC. Overall there was less variation in cell counts with fluorescent staining when compared to chromogenic staining. Multiplex IHC of TILs in HPV positive and negative OPSCC showed higher infiltration in both tumour and stromal areas of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells but not CD4+FoxP3 Tregs in HPV positive compared with HPV negative OPSCC. Only CD3+CD8+ stromal and not tumour area infiltration was associated with increased survival (P=0.02). PD-L1 expression was higher in HPV negative OPSCC and this was related to macrophage (CD68) expression of PD-L1. In HPV negative tumours infiltration with CD68+PD-L1 was associated with a good prognosis. HPV negative patients had higher expression of HIF-1α but not CA-IX. High expression of both markers was associated with a poor prognosis irrespective of HPV status. Conclusions: There are other prognostic factors operating in the larger subdivision of HPV positive and negative OPSCC. Precise HPV detection and inclusion of other prognostic factors is required before treatment de-escalation is used. Expression of immune inhibitory factors (PD1/PD-L1) alone without contextualisation with immune cell density is insufficient for patient prognostication and potential selection for therapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors. Hypoxia modification of radiotherapy should be explored in both HPV positive and negative OPSCC.

Newsvendor problems in Operations Research predict the optimal inventory levels necessary to meet uncertain demands. This thesis examines an extended version of a single period multi-product newsvendor problem known as the ice cream vendor problem. In the ice cream vendor problem, there are two products – ice cream and hot chocolate – which may be substituted for one another if the outside temperature is no too hot or not too cold. In particular, the ice cream vendor problem is a data-driven extension of the conventional newsvendor problem which does not require the assumption of a specific demand distribution, thus allowing the demand for ice cream and hot chocolate respectively to be temperature dependent. Using Discrete Event Simulation, we first simulate a real-world scenario of an ice cream vendor problem via a demand whose expected value is a function of temperature. A sample average approximation technique is subsequently used to transform the stochastic newsvendor program into a feature-driven linear program based on the exogenous factors of probability of rainfall and temperature. The resulting problem is a multi-product newsvendor linear program with L1-regularization. The solution to this problem yields the expected cost to the ice cream vendor as well as the optimal order quantities for ice cream and hot chocolate, respectively.

This master‘s thesis deals with development and realisation of robotic lawn mower with satelite navigation. It begins with preparation of a platform for outdoor mobile robot navigation and it’s control HW and SW. There are discussed different options of navigation both commercial and experimental. Further on I have chosen the right GNSS receiver based on market research and user experience. The GNSS receiver’s parameters are measured with different antennas. Following with the choice of suitable open-source control unit and it’s software implementation. Furthermore control from a companion computer is described and physical realisation is done. In the end of the thesis activation of the whole mower is performed and described. Lastly there are discussed possible ways of future development.

By examining relevant academic literature this essay aims to investigate how and when teachers are supposed to use the target language in their language teaching. Many studies have shown that the target language is the obvious choice in language teaching, whereas other studies have shown that there are big advantages in using the first language instead. In this literature study the data was collected mainly from the databases LIBRIS, Linguistics Collection and ERIC (EBSCO), and thereafter the nine steps model of Polit and Beck (2017, pp. 88–109) was used for identifying relevant data. The findings in this study suggest that there are both pros and cons with using the first language in foreign language teaching. Some of the pros are that there is suggested to be easier to include all the students in the teaching, and that they develop a better understanding when hearing the instructions in their first language. At the same time however, some researchers mean that a mixture of the L1 and the target language can lead to confusion for both the teachers and the students. In this study there is also shown that many teachers hesitate to use the target language in their teaching due to lack of knowledge in their teaching area, a further explanation is that it goes faster and is seen as more effective to hold the teaching in the first language. Even though it is suggested that the first language makes the foreign language teaching easier the most researchers and teachers mean that it is immensely important to hear the target language being spoken, since the students otherwise will find it hard to be motivated to learn a language that they never hear. A method that is being positively spoken upon is Code-switching, which means that the speaker switches between the first language and the target language. This can be seen as a tool that can be used in many different ways in order to include as many students as possible in the language teaching.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka lärares syn på användandet av elevernas förstaspråk eller ”English-only” i engelskundervisningen, samt vilken potentiell utveckling de ser att den valda strategin resulterar i. Studien är kvalitativ och byggt på intervjuer med sju grundskollärare. Studien anlägger två teoretiska perspektiv. Först det sociokulturella perspektivet och det andra perspektivet är det språk inlärningsteoretiska som handlar om språkundervisning. Det finns tre språk inlärningsteoretiska som är ”Condition-Oriented Ideas”, ”Bottom Up Language Focused Ideas” och ”Top Down Language Focused Ideas”.  Studien visar att läraren kan använda båda metoderna men det beror på i vilka situationer och vilka elever läraren undervisar. ”English-only” har många fördelar speciellt för högstadieelever och för elever som har kunskaper och erfarenheter i engelska. ”English-only” gör att engelskan blir mer naturlig, vilket ökar elevernas motivation. ”English-only” är bra om läraren ger engelska instruktioner steg för steg med förklaringar. Enligt deltagarna finns det många fördelar när läraren använder L1 speciellt med mellanstadieelever och med elever som kämpar med engelskan. Det är bättre att använda L1 under genomgångar med elever som är på en låg nivå i engelska. L1 hjälper eleverna att förstå mer engelska, ökar elevernas motivation och L1 gör också så att elever som kämpar i engelska litar på sina förmågor. Resultatet av studien visar att läraren behöver bygga goda relationer med sina elever för att kunna anpassa undervisningen. Läraren behöver också prata på ett språk som eleverna förstår. Elever som inte har kunskaper i engelska kommer inte förstå läraren om läraren pratar ”English-only”. Elever som har goda kunskaper i engelska kommer tycka att det är tråkigt med engelska om läraren använder för mycket L1 under engelskalektionen. En slutsats som kan dras av studien är att läraren behöver vara medveten om när och i vilka situationer det är bra att använda ”English-only” eller L1.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide and is considered one of the top health concerns globally. The occurrence of type 2 diabetes is linked to the rapidly increasing trend of obesity in both adults and children, which is proposed to be a contributing factor in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. White adipose tissue, an insulin target tissue, is an important endocrine organ involved in the control of energy homeostasis through its direct influence on metabolism, insulin sensitivity and food intake. To better understand these functions, we studied adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-Ll cells, a white adipose tissue cell line. Many mitochondrial proteins exhibit an increase in expression levels during adipogenesis as identified by mass spectrometry. Moreover, increased mitochondrial mass and altered morphology was observed by light microscopy. Qualitative changes in mitochondrial gene expression were also observed during adipogenesis as revealed by Affymetrix GeneChip analysis. Additionally, striking changes in mitochondrial protein expression and morphology were identified following treatment with the insulin sensitizing agent, rosiglitazone. These results suggest that mitochondrial biogenesis and remodeling is inherent to white adipocyte differentiation. To investigate the physiological relevance of these findings, mRNA and protein expression profiles and mitochondrial morphology were studied during the development of insulin resistance and obesity and following treatment with rosiglitazone in ob/ob mice. These studies reveal a marked decrease in transcript levels for over 50% of mitochondrial genes with the onset of obesity in ob/ob mice. Rosiglitazone treatment stimulates enhanced expression in approximately half of these genes, as well as changes in mitochondrial mass and remodeling. Furthermore, these studies reveal that depressed oxygen consumption and fatty acid oxidation occur with obesity development and these alterations can be reversed with rosiglitazone treatment. This work identifies the previously underscored plasticity of mitochondria in white fat and suggests that mitochondrial biogenesis and remodeling in white adipose tissue may lead to systemic changes in insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis. Lastly, these studies suggest that mitochondria may be an important therapeutic target for antidiabetic drugs.