The semantic annotation of large multimedia corpora is essential for numerous tasks. Be it for the training of classification algorithms, efficient content retrieval, or for analytical reasoning, appropriate labels are often the first necessity before automatic processing becomes efficient. However, manual labeling of large datasets is time-consuming and tedious. Hence, we present a new visual approach for labeling and retrieval of reports in multimedia news corpora. It combines automatic classifier training based on caption text from news reports with human interpretation to ease the annotation process. In our approach, users can initialize labels with keyword queries and iteratively annotate examples to train a classifier. The proposed visualization displays representative results in an overview that allows to follow different annotation strategies (e.g., active learning) and assess the quality of the classifier. Based on a usage scenario, we demonstrate the successful application of our approach. Therein, users label several topics which interest them and retrieve related documents with high confidence from three years of news reports.

A sorted array is a fundamental algorithmic concept. Its on-line variant gives rise to the online labeling problem. In the online labeling problem we are given an array of size m and a stream of n integers from the universe {1, ..., r} coming in an arbitrary order. Our task is to maintain all received items in the array in sorted order. The inserted items do not have to be stored consecutively in the array. Since the final order of the items is not known until we see all the items, moves of already inserted items are allowed but should be minimized. We present two algorithms which together provide an optimal solution for almost all values of m as a function of n. We provide tight lower bounds for almost all ranges of m. We introduce a notion of the limited universe and prove lower bounds also in that setting. Some of our lower bounds also apply to randomized algorithms. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Before making a choice, we often have the opportunity to learn more about the options that are available. For example, we can check the characteristics of a product before buying it, or read different newspapers before a political election. Understanding what shapes the demand for information, and its role in the decision process, is important to study economic choices. This dissertation contains three essays in behavioral and information economics that utilize experimental data and modeling to analyze how people choose and use information to make decisions. The first chapter, "Coarse and Precise Information in Food Labeling," uses experimental data to determine whether precise food labels can be more effective and informative than coarse ones. In a preregistered online study conducted on a representative US sample, I manipulate front-of-package labels about foods' calorie content. I find that coarse-categorical labels generate a larger reduction in calories per serving compared to detailed-numerical labels despite providing less information. Choices violate the predictions of Bayesian decision theory, suggesting that consumers are less responsive to detailed information. Results also show that participants prefer coarse labels, suggesting a general preference for simple, easy-to-interpret information. The second chapter, "The Status Quo and Belief Polarization of Inattentive Agents," studies how differences across agents can drive information acquisition and generate polarization. In a rational inattention model, optimal information acquisition and subsequent belief formation depend crucially on the agent-specific status quo valuation. Beliefs can systematically update away from the realized truth and even agents with the same initial beliefs might become polarized. A laboratory experiment confirms the model's predictions about the information acquisition and its effect on beliefs. Differently from the model's predictions, participants display preferences for simple messages that can provide certainty. The third chapter, "Dynamic Information Choice with Biased Information Sources," uses experimental data to study how people decide what kind of information to acquire when they have multiple opportunities to learn. Standard theory predicts that decision makers should collect the stream of information that leads to the maximization of the expected reward from the final choice. An online experiment on sequential information acquisition shows that people systematically deviate from the predictions of the standard normative model. Participants display a certainty-seeking information acquisition behavior and under-respond to the new evidence collected, reviewing rarely their own information acquisition strategy.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar cuál sistema de etiquetado nutricional frontal tiene mayor eficacia comunicativa según la percepción de los usuarios de Lima Metropolitana. Se planteó como hipótesis que el sistema que cumpla con los principios funcional, estético y cognitivo del diseño de la información resulta ser el etiquetado mejor calificado por los usuarios. El diseño que se estableció para la presente investigación es mixto, pues se centró en obtener datos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Por un lado, se analizaron nueve etiquetados frontales con mayor relevancia a nivel global. Además, se realizaron entrevistas a informantes clave, expertos en diseño de la información, y a usuarios de Lima Metropolitana. Finalmente, se desarrolló una encuesta digital para estos últimos. Como resultados principales se señala que la mayor parte de usuarios vinculan el término sistema de etiquetado nutricional frontal al octógono de advertencia. Asimismo, consideran que esta herramienta logra influir en su percepción y decisión de compra. En cuanto a la percepción de los etiquetados, el semáforo nutricional, el octógono de advertencia y NutriScore son los mejor considerados por los usuarios que participaron en el estudio. Como conclusión se puede señalar que el semáforo nutricional tiene mayor eficacia comunicativa. Las características que refuerzan esto son la aplicación de colores de manera consistente, el texto y la neutralidad. Cabe resaltar que los usuarios tienen gran necesidad de comparar productos a través de este sistema y, por último, logra ser una influencia en la percepción de los usuarios. / The main objective of this research is to determine which front-of-pack label system has the greatest communication effectiveness according to the perception of consumers of Lima Metropolitan Area. The hypothesis is that the system that complies with the principles of information design is more effective in the perception of consumers in Lima Metropolitan Area. These principles are functional, aesthetic and cognitive. The design established for this research is mixed since it focused on obtaining qualitative and quantitative data. On the one hand, nine labels with greater global relevance were analyzed. On the other hand, key informant interviews to experts in information design and consumers in Lima Metropolitan Area were carried out. Finally, a digital survey was developed for the same consumers. The main findings are that most consumers link the term front-of-pack label system to the warning octagon label. They also consider that this tool manages to influence their perception and purchase decision. As for the perception of the labels, the traffic light label, the warning octagon label and NutriScore are the best considered by users of Metropolitan Lima Area. Conclusively, the traffic light label has the greatest communication efficiency. The characteristics that reinforce this are the application of colors in a consistent manner, text, and neutrality. Also, it is concluded that the labeling manages to influence the perception of consumers. Finally, the consumers have the need to compare products through labelling. / Trabajo de investigación

The cytoskeletal protein vinculin plays a key role in the control of cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesions. It is involved in the assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions and affects their mechanical stability. While many facts highlight the importance and significance of vinculin for vital processes, its precise role in the regulation of cell adhesions is still only partially understood. Various EPR methods are used in this work in order to study the vinculin tail (Vt) domain in an aqueous buffer solution and its structural changes induced by F-actin and acidic phospholipids. EPR results in combination with a rotamer library approach (RLA), MD simulation and other computational methods allowed the construction of molecular models of Vt and dimeric Vt in the presence and absence of its binding partners. Furthermore, X-band orientation selective DEER measurements were applied on a Vt double mutant. It could be shown that the determination of the mutual orientation of protein bound spin labels is possible at X-band frequencies, if the orientation correlation of the spin label pair is strong. The method established here can be used to determine valuable information about proteins and nucleic acids, expanding the virtue of DEER spectroscopy as a tool for structure determination.

The history of transgender identity is inextricable from the mental health industry. Since the late 1970's transgender people have required permission from mental health professionals to make medical modifications to their sex characteristics. During the time of this research, it was difficult for transgender individuals to receive the hormones or surgeries they desire without first being diagnosed with Gender Identity Disorder (GID). This study applies labeling theory to the label of GID. Labeling theory poses that if an individual is labeled with a mental illness, they will either reject or accept the label. Acceptance of the mentally ill label will cause the individual to adopt characteristics expected of the label. The intent of this study is to examine the relationship between mental health therapy and the formation of transgender identities. Utilizing labeling theory, it analyzes whether or not transgender participants of this study accepted or rejected the mental illness label of GID. It was originally posed that if transgender individuals accepted the label of GID, they would experience a shift in their gender identity. However, the overwhelming majority of the twelve participants interviewed rejected the label of GID. Even though most participants rejected the GID label, many still saw a shift in gender identity while attending therapy. This thesis proposes that there may be a link between a transgender person’s reason for entering therapy and identity shift. Those who felt obligated to go to therapy for the sole reason of gaining permission to change their sex characteristics saw no change in identity. However, those who wanted help in exploring their gender with a therapist saw identity changes while in therapy.

Unicellular algae (microalgae) are able to produce a number of substances such as starches, oils, proteins, carotenoids, polyphosphates, or crystalline purines directly from inorganic sources by photosynthesis. Different species of microalgae can be used for the economic production of various biomolecules. Due to their autotrophic nature, microalgae are also unique as they can synthesize complex isotopically labeled biomolecules from simple isotopically labeled inorganic substances. Analysis of the chemical composition of microalgae by means of chemical-analytical methods is relatively complex, time-consuming, and laborious. Confocal Raman microscopy represents one of the optical methods by which the chemical composition of microalgae can be determined in situ, i.e. directly within intact cells. This technique combining confocal optical microscopy with Raman spectroscopy enables fast and non- destructive analysis of the chemical composition of substances in the investigated objects, including the effect of isotopic labeling. The chemical composition of the investigated objects is reflected by their Raman spectra, in the case of Raman mapping of microscopic objects by their chemical maps. In this work, a specific case of isotopic labeling was studied, namely the effect of heavy water (D2O) on the deuteration...

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18303号 / 工博第3895号 / 新制||工||1598(附属図書館) / 31161 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 濵地 格, 教授 森 泰生, 教授 跡見 晴幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

The purpose of this essay is to examine how girls groups, particularly in school, can help girls with feelings of stress and pressure they can experience in their everyday life. We also want to examine how girls groups can be used, and explain why they should be held in school and not only in other organizations. The information we’ve gathered comes from books and websites that cover the subject. In addition to this, we’ve also handed out surveys and implemented interviews with both younger girls with girls groups experience, a teacher and a youth recreation leader. The theoretical aspect of this essay stems from two different theories: Labeling theory and Strain theory. Labeling theory emphasizes the fact that society often labels people who may or may not have a deviant behavior. Strain theory focuses on delinquency and deviant behavior that is the cause of pressure an individual in different ways can have in their life. These theories have been chosen to show the pressure and stress that girls can suffer from today.Our research shows that girls have different problems today and that they do suffer from pressure and stress in different aspects, such as school, their home environment and personal problems. The information we’ve assembled shows that girls groups can be a part of the solution to these types of problems. By participating in these types of groups, with activities and talks about thoughts and emotions, the possibility of bullying and excluding behavior can be reduced. The information in this essay comes mostly from Swedish references due to the fact that international references seemed to have a different angle on girls groups than we were looking for. Through the creation of this essay, we’ve come to realize that girls groups doesn’t exist in the school system and that we feel that it should be considered. Our hope for the future is that girls groups can be a part of the Swedish curriculum.

I den dominerande samhällssynen ses kriminalitet som ett avvikande beteende eftersom det går emot den rådande lagstiftningen och normerna. Det finns alltid människor som inte följer normerna och ses därför som avvikare. Vad är det som får vissa personer att bryta mot lagen? Denna fråga är komplex eftersom alla individer påverkas av yttre faktorer på olika sätt. Författarna är intresserade av hur yttre faktorer kan påverka människor till att begå brottsliga handlingar. Det finns en del tidigare forskning om detta ämne, bland annat om betydelsen av att växa upp i dysfunktionella familjeförhållanden och hur vännerna och skolan påverkar den enskilde individens kriminella beteende. Teoridelen utgår från symbolisk Beckers stämplingsteori om avvikelse samt inlärningsteorin som bland annat berör observationens betydelse för individens inlärning. Utifrån studiens syfte har den kvalitativa metoden valts i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer för att få en djupare förståelse av intervjupersonernas egna upplevelser. Det utfördes åtta intervjuer med före detta kriminella personer vid tre Kris (Kriminellas revansch i samhället) föreningar i Skåne. Resultatet och analysen belyser intervjupersonernas egna upplevelser kring det avvikande beteendet. De nämner bland annat otryggheten och den kärlekslösa uppfostran som en bidragande faktor som lett dem till kriminalitet. I diskussionen förs främst en reflektion kring resultat och analysavsnittet där författarnas egna kritiska funderingar lyftas fram. Det är omgivningens syn som sätter stämpeln på individen som avvikare, därför är det viktigt att studera individens omgivning för att förstå sig på dennes avvikande handlande. / In the dominant society's view crime sees as a deviant behavior because it goes against the prevailing laws and norms. There are always people who do not follow the standards in society and is therefore seen as outliers. What is it that makes some people go against the law? This issue is complex because all individuals respond in different ways when external factors influence them. The authors are interested in how external factors can influence people to commit criminal actions. There is some previous research on this topic that includes the importance of understanding how it is for a child to grow up in a dysfunctional family and how friends and school influence the individual's criminal behavior. The theoretical part is based on symbolic interactionism, Howard Beckers labeling theory about the deviant behavior and the learning theory that includes how observation is relevant to the individual's learning. Based on the purpose of the study the qualitative method is chosen in the form of semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the interviewees' own experiences. Eight interviews were performed with former criminals at three different Kris (kriminellas revansch i samhället) organizations in Skåne. The results and analysis highlights the interviewees' own experiences about the deviant behavior. They mention, among other things, that the insecurity and unloving upbringing as a contributing factor that led them to crime. The discussion is primarily a reflection on the results and analysis section where the authors' own critical reflections is highlighted. It is the surrounding environment that put the divergent label on the individual, therefor it is important to study the individual's environment to understand his deviant behavior.