Product labeling is increasingly used as a tool to differentiate products with public and private benefits that cannot be readily evaluated by a consumer at the time of purchase. Our research investigates how a labeling program may be applied in the sale of ornamental plants to address two key issues; plant disease and irrigation water use. A choice modeling survey was utilized to estimate consumers' willingness to pay a premium for six ornamental plants with disease-free and/or water conservation certification labels. The results of the mixed logit models show consumers are willing to pay a premium for plants certified as disease-free and/or produced with water conservation practices. The results strongly suggest producers can recoup some of the costs of implementing water conservation measures such as water recycling and disease control measures amid regulatory and drought concerns. Our research also investigated consumers' preferences for multiple third party certifying authorities and whether preferences for the labels varied among consumers. The results showed ornamental plant consumers did not reveal a preference for a particular certifying authority. The results are mixed as to whether willingness to pay for the labels varies among respondents. We show willingness to pay does vary among respondents for three of the plant models indicating preference heterogeneity. / Master of Science

The politics of labeling is not a brand-new discussion in the political science field, however, the discussion on refugee labeling in the Global South context is barely discussed. The Rohingyas and the Venezuelans fled their countries to avoid persecution and other human rights violation happening in the countries. Although according to the 1951 Refugee Convention and 1984 Cartagena Declaration they fall under the refugee label, in reality, the label is determined by the receiving states. Some labels (such as those offered by Colombia and Peru), offer higher protection, whilst others (such as those offered by Malaysia and Thailand) offer lower or even no protection at all. This thesis analyzed how this label affects human security by using comparative and document analysis. The findings show how labeling impacts the human security of the refugees which for some of them, is a life-and-death situation.

Bakgrund: Stigmatisering har påtagliga negativa konsekvenser för individer inom autismspektrumtillstånd (AST). De har ett beteende som stämplas som normbrytande eftersom de inte följer de sociala normerna. Det gör att individer inom AST blir exkluderade, stämplade och diskriminerade för att de beter sig annorlunda, jämförelsevis med en “neurotypisk”, en individ utan diagnos inom AST. Dessa negativa stämplar och stereotyper från omgivningen gör att individer inom AST har högre risk att få en psykisk ohälsa än de “neurotypiska” och de hamnar i att stigmatisera sig själva, d.v.s. självstigmatisering. Syftet: Syftet är att ta reda på vilken kunskap som finns kring stigmatiseringsprocessen och stigmatiseringens konsekvenser. Metod: Jag har använt mig av en scoping study för att kartlägga den forskning som har gjorts kring stigmatiseringens konsekvenser för individer inom AST. Resultat: Stigmatisering har negativa konsekvenser för individer inom AST. Deras livsvillkor försämras när de blir stigmatiserade och lever i större utsatthet för exkludering på arbetsmarknaden, bostadsmarknaden, inom vården, ekonomisk utsatthet och socialt utanförskap. De lägger stor vikt på att kamouflera sig i sociala sammanhang vilket ökar risken för utmattning och psykisk ohälsa. Genom kamouflering bidrar det till instabil identitet och lägre självkänsla. Den instabila identiteten medför en sämre självbild och försöker istället att uppfylla de stereotyper som finns kring AST. / Background: Stigmatization has tangible negative consequences for individuals with autism spectrum conditions (AST). They have behavior that is labeled as norm-breaking because they do not follow the social norms. This means that individuals within AST are excluded, labeled and discriminated against because they behave differently, compared to a "neurotypical", an individual without a diagnosis within AST. These negative labels and stereotypes from the environment mean that individuals within AST have a higher risk of getting a mental illness than the "neurotypical" and they end up stigmatizing themselves, i.e. self-stigmatization. The purpose: The purpose is to find out what knowledge exists about the stigmatization process and the consequences of stigmatization. Method: I have used a scoping study to map the research that has been done around the consequences of stigma for individuals within AST. Results: Stigmatization has negative consequences for individuals within AST. Their living conditions deteriorate when they become stigmatized and live in greater vulnerability to exclusion in the labor market, the housing market, in healthcare, economic vulnerability and social exclusion. They place great emphasis on camouflaging themselves in social contexts, which increases the risk of exhaustion and mental illness. Through camouflage, it contributes to a disturbed identity and lower self-esteem. The identity disturbance leads to a worse self-image and instead tries to fulfill the stereotypes that exist around AST.

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Syftet med studien var att utifrån yrkesverksammas perspektiv studera situationen och handlingsutrymmet hos kvinnor med samtidig våldsutsatthet och missbruksproblematik. Med avstamp i socialkonstruktionismen har denna studie använt sig av såväl teorin om det ideala offret som stämplingsteorin. Empiri har samlats in genom fyra intervjuer med yrkesverksamma som haft ett stort engagemang för målgruppen. Intervjuutskrifterna har transkriberats och sedan analyserats utifrån en tematisk analys. Sammanfattningsvis har denna studie visat på hur yrkesverksamma anser att stämpling spelar en central roll för kvinnornas svåra situation. Omgivningens reaktioner på kvinnorna och dess handlingar betraktas av de yrkesverksamma ha betydelse för kvinnornas återhämtning. / The aim of this study was to examine how professionals view the situation, as well as the capacity of action available to women with co-occurring exposure to violent victimisation and substance misuse. Through a social constructivist lens this study took on a theoretical perspective using both the Ideal Victim and Labelling Theory. Interviews were conducted with four individuals who all expressed a profound commitment to women experiencing these coexisting conditions. Each interview transcript was analysed using a thematic analysis. The results showed that professionals view labelling as playing a significant role in the difficult situations these women face. The interviewed professionals viewed the reactions of others to be of great importance for the women's ability to recover from being labelled for their actions.