The purpose of this paper is to examine the causes of welfare state expansion, specifically the causes of welfare state expenditure of active labor market policy (ALMP). ALMP aims at reducing unemployment and increasing participation in the labor market. The field of political economy has long asked the question of why certain welfare states are characterized by generous social policy, while others are not. Several theories have been presented over the years, each providing new perspectives. The two theories that could be considered to be the most prominent are the Power Resource Theory, which centers on the importance of power resources of major classes, and the Varieties of Capitalism, which is more focused on the different needs of capitalists.The specific interest of this paper is the varying orientations of ALMP. It is argued that ALMP should not be understood as a homogenous concept, but instead as a category of policy which consists of a range of tools from which a government can choose. Analyzing the expenditure of these tools separately is thus of great importance for the development of a deeper understanding of the welfare state.Using regression analysis, I analyze which of the theories mentioned above is most strongly correlated to increased expenditure of ALMP. I use a total expenditure of ALMP, as is customary within the field, but I also include two other measures for specific tools of ALMP; incentive reinforcement programs and training programs.The results indicate that when looking at the total expenditure of ALMP the VoC approach appears to better explain the cause of welfare state expenditure. However, when including the measures for the specific tools of ALMP, the classic notion of VoC is confirmed only regarding incentive reinforcement programs, and contradicted regarding training programs. Moreover, the classic notion of PRT is confirmed regarding the expenditure of training programs, albeit with quite limited evidence. Also, the classic notion within PRT finds little support in the analysis of total expenditure of ALMP and the expenditure of incentive reinforcement programs. Only making a distinction between large and small welfare states is thus argued to be a simplification. Welfare states with similar levels of social expenditure might in fact differ significantly regarding actual policy preference.It is concluded that the continued disaggregation of ALMP is necessary in order to further the research field. Acknowledging the highly heterogeneous nature of ALMP is essential when understanding its expenditure.

United States legislations have allowed U.S. companies to integrate with the economies of other countries allowing U.S. companies to outsource manufacturing and services abroad and take advantage of lower input cost because of cheap and skilled labor - an opportunity cost choice. In the global economy employment in the United States seems to be influenced simultaneously by variables such as outsourcing, international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and immigration. The shift in our economic and labor structure due to outsourcing will impact many different groups of people, mainly the next generation entering the labor market. The goal of this thesis is to examine the effects of outsourcing, Foreign Direct Investment, and International Trade on the U.S. labor market. It reveals that as an effect of outsourcing jobs have shifted to the emerging markets for cost and capability sourcing, but in response to the uproar on U.S. jobs being lost as businesses move abroad there seems more of job complementarily than substitution between parent and foreign affiliates. Also, companies are integrating vertically and that outsourcing is integral to a company’s success in the global economy. Furthermore FDI in the U.S. is not growing as rapidly as it is in Asia and many other parts of the world, when FDI is shown to positively affect a country’s economy. The U.S. because of the imbalance in international trade runs a huge trade deficit, which again takes a toll on the U.S. economy and employment. As the U.S. parent companies account for large shares of the overall U.S. economy, and foreign affiliates are also significant contributors to the U.S. economy there should be legislations that support multinationals to remain competitive in the global market as they contribute to strengthen the U.S. economy.

During a long period of time, rental doctors have created a vast debate in Sweden. Currently, there is a shortage of doctors working in Sweden and to guarantee the lawful right to healthcare of high quality the counties must hire doctors through employment agencies. There are different opinions about rental doctors, some thinks the temporary employment results in a negative work environment and furthermore puts the patients at risk. Other people consider the Swedish healthcare to not function without rental doctors.  The purpose of this essay is to investigate rental doctors through a legal perspective and how temporary employment actually affects the patients’ security and the work environment in Sweden’s healthcare. Additionally, I want to examine options for counties to reduce the dependence of rental doctors and employment agencies. Through this essay I have foremost found a shortage of specialized doctors in Sweden, although there has been an incline of students in medicine. Counties in the northern parts of Sweden and sparsely populated areas have the vastest dependence of rental doctors, which results in future complications. Rental doctors are a necessity to guarantee a positive healthcare in counties that are having difficulties recruiting personal, but in long-term dependence of rental doctors complications appear. The long-termed temporary employment jeopardies the patient’s security and consistency of the treatment and affects the work environment in the healthcare. A majority of workers values social relations at work and a constant shortage of staff results in stress and illness. Therefore it is a necessity to reduce the dependency of rental doctors, although they are a necessity when no other caregiver is of disposal. When Sweden became a part of the European Union, the possibilities expanded for doctors to educate and work all around the union. All states in the union accepted the directive 2005/36/EG which means that all education for doctors to be equal and a simplification of the international labor market. In the beginning of the 21st century there was a growth in Swedish medical students that study and work abroad. There is also an incline of foreign doctors who decides to work in Sweden; furthermore it creates complications including longer introductions and language difficulties. However the inclines of foreign doctors are a useful alternative to reduce the dependence of rental doctors. / Hyrläkare, även kallat stafettläkare har länge skapat en hård debatt i Sverige. En läkarbrist råder i Sverige och för att garantera en god vård till befolkningen enligt HSL måste landstingen hyra in läkare genom bemanningsföretag. Det finns olika åsikter kring stafettläkare, vissa menar att inhyrningen orsakar en negativ arbetsmiljö som dessutom riskerar patientsäkerheten. Samtidigt som andra menar att den svenska vården inte skulle fungera utan stafettläkare. Mitt huvudsakliga syfte med denna uppsats är att belysa fenomenet stafettläkare ur ett rättsligt perspektiv och hur inhyrd personal påverkar patientsäkerheten samt arbetsmiljön i Sveriges hälso- och sjukvård. Uppsatsen ska även utreda tillgången på läkare, landstingens alternativ gällande bemanning och undersöka huruvida det är möjligt för landstingen att minska sitt beroende av stafettläkare. Genom denna uppsats har det framförallt visat sig en rådande brist på specialistläkare i Sverige, trots en ökning av studenter på läkarutbildningen. Beroendet av hyrpersonal är speciellt märkvärt i glesbygden och de norra delarna av Sverige.  Stafettläkare är en nödvändighet för att kunna garantera en god vård för befolkningen där det finns svårigheter att rekrytera läkare, men genom ett långvarigt behov uppstår det komplikationer. Stafettläkare riskerar att skada kontinuiteten i behandlingen samt patientsäkerheten. Ytterligare kan ett långvarigt användande av stafettläkare innebära negativa upplevelser av arbetsmiljön. Många arbetstagare värdesätter en social relation med sina arbetskamrater och ständig underbemanning skapar stress och ohälsa. Därför är det viktigt att finna alternativ för ett minskat behov av stafettläkare, trots att de är räddare i nöden när ingen annan vårdgivare finns.  När Sverige blev medlem i den Europeiska Unionen utvidgades möjligheterna markant för läkare att både utbildas och arbeta i unionens medlemsstater. Medlemstaterna harmoniserade direktivet 2005/36/EG som innebar att alla läkarutbildningar ska anses likvärdiga och underlätta läkares fria rörlighet inom unionen. I början av 2000-talet ökade antalet studenter som utbildar sig samt arbetar i ett annat land. Dessutom ökar antalet utländska läkare som kommer och arbetar i Sverige, vilket skapar ett tillskott av tillgången på läkare. Dock råder problematik gällande utländsk arbetskraft, det krävs en längre introduktion och komplikationer kring språkbarriärer. Trots detta är utländsk arbetskraft ett bra alternativ för att minska beroendet av stafettläkare.

This thesis aims to provide new and useful insights into the effects that various tax, labour and product market reforms have on the overall economic performance. Additionally, it aims also to provide insights about the optimal monetary and fiscal policy behaviour within the economy characterized with various real labour market frictions. We analyze the benefits of tax reforms and their effectiveness relative to product or other labour market reforms. A general equilibrium model with imperfect competition, wage bargaining and different forms of tax distortions is applied in order to analyze these issues. We find that structural reforms imply short run costs but long run gains; that the long run gains outweigh the short run costs; and that the financing of such reforms will be the main stumbling block. We also find that the effectiveness of various reform instruments depends on the policy maker's ultimate objective. More precisely, tax reforms are more effective for welfare gains, but market liberalization is more valuable for generating employment. In order to advance our understanding of the tax and product market reform processes, we then develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model which incorporates search-matching frictions, costly ring and endogenous job destruction decisions, as well as a distortionary progressive wage and a at payroll tax. We confirm the negative effects of marginal tax distortions on the overall economic performance. We also find a positive effect of an increase in the wage tax progressivity and product market liberalization on employment, output and consumption. Following a positive technology shock, the volatility of employment, output and consumption turns out to be lower in the reformed economy, whereas the impact effect on inflation is more pronounced. Following a positive government spending shock the volatility of employment, output and consumption is again lower in the reformed economy, but the inflation response is stronger over the whole adjustment path. We also find detrimental effects on employment and output of a tax reform which keeps the marginal tax wedge unchanged by partially offsetting a decrease in the payroll tax by an increase in the wage tax rate. If this reform is anticipated one period in advance the negative effects remain all over the transition path. We investigate the optimal monetary and fiscal policy implication of the New-Keynesian setup enriched with search-matching frictions. We show that the optimal policy features deviation from strict price stability, and that the Ramsey planner uses both inflation and taxes in order to fully exploit the benefits of the productivity increase following a positive productivity shock. We also find that the optimal tax rate and government liabilities inherit the time series properties of the underlying shocks. Moreover, we identify a certain degree of overshooting in inflation and tax rates following a positive productivity shock, and a certain degree of undershooting following a positive government spending shock as a consequence of the assumed commitment of policy maker.

This dissertation examines the influence of massification of tertiary education in labor market. There are explored effects of access to higher education of graduates and their chances of finding an adequate employment. It is partially inspired by the piece of work from Jan Keller and Lubor Tvrdý - Vzdělanostní společnost? Chrám, výtah a pojišťovna. The thesis also describes a situation on the labour market with regard to the employment of graduates and their applicability in practice. Statistical research is used and complemented by a survey among employers. The main objective of the thesis, ie. Employment of graduates in the labor market, was achieved thanks to these results. This piece of work could be used as a presentation of the results of the quality investigation and the need of higher education.

This thesis is trying to find out what variables could affect the situation of single mothers on the labor market in the Czech Republic. First, there are identified nine variables that can affect their position on the labor market. Analysis of these variables leads to its subsequent division into two groups - individual and objective. In the context of individual variables, the focus is on a financial and material situation, support of wider family, job aspirations and a need for harmonization of work and personal life of single mothers. As objective variables is dealt with the social and family policy, possibilities of preschool and school facilities, access of an employer in terms of using a family-friendly approach and a risk of discrimination, a risk of unemployment. The subsequent empirical survey with the qualitative design utilizes personal experiences of single mothers from their activity on the labor market in the context of selected variables. Evaluation of the survey confirms six out of nine effects such as influencing variables. The thesis concludes evaluating of all the facts while there is a further demonstration of possible extension of this investigated issue. Key words: single mother, family, working life, personal life, harmonization, labor market

This thesis focuses on gender issues in management. The emphasis is puting on role of gender in management, on differences in harmonization of the working and family life for men and women and with respekt to difficult situations in career building for women, especially in matters of competence for the performance of this office. The thesis further focuses on the issues of equal opportunities for men and women to build their own career, gender inequalities and problems in relationships of families, households and careers. Part of the thesis also describes the public opinions on gender issues in management. The last chapter introduces the issue of managers free time. Keywords: gender, management, equal opportunities, labor market, unequality, career, family, free time.

Studiens syfte var att få en större förståelse över hur de som deltar på en arbetsmarknadsavdelning i Värmland påverkas av relationerna som etableras på arbetsplatsen samt vilken betydelse en sysselsättning har för arbetslösa. Undersökningen riktades till deltagare, assisterande handledare samt ordinarie handledare och genomfördes via halvstrukturerade livsvärldsintervjuer. Mina frågeställningar var om de upplever en ökad arbetsmotivation av relationerna samt vilka relationer det finns på avdelningen.  Fem assisterande handledare, en deltagare och två ordinarie handledare intervjuades till studien.   Studien utgår från en emotionssociologisk ansats och jag har därför valt att analysera olika emotioner som förknippas med relationer samt att arbeta på en arbetsmarknadsavdelning. Teorierna som jag har tillämpat är socialt stöd, krav/kontroll/stöd-modellen, skam och stolthet, Goffmans (2004) främre och bakre regioner, humor, målstyrning, arbetsdelning, arbetsmotivation, yttre, inre och sociala incitament. Samtliga av de åtta respondenter upplevde att relationerna har en betydelse för arbetsmotivationen, relationerna kan hjälpa individerna att komma iväg till arbetsplatsen. Respondenterna upplevde svårigheter att definiera sina emotioner till följd av relationer men min analys visade att det är goda relationer som etableras på avdelningen.   Resultatet av studien visar att det finns en skillnad i arbetsmotivation mellan deltagare samt assisterande handledare. Min avsikt var inte att undersöka detta men det blev så tydligt i mitt material och det är något man kan undersöka i senare forskning. Samtliga var även överens om att avdelningen har förändrat individernas beteende och tankesätt när det gäller ett arbete.

Retraining represents one of the most used instruments of the active employment policy. It can be used as instrument for solving individual handicaps to employability in the supply-side of labor market, or as an instrument, that responds to current market requirements. The purpose of this study is to assess how this instrument is used in conditions of local labor market in Trutnov. Specifically, it is evaluated the status of retraining among other instruments of active employment policy, is described the structure of realized retraining and is analysed the targeting of retraining. This study aslo suggests, how to evaluate the effectiveness of retraining, which has been realised. The conclusion summarizes the results of the analysis and evaluate the use of retraining by Employment agency in Trutnov.

O mercado de trabalho de motoristas de caminhão no Brasil é de suma importância para a economia nacional, já que contempla cerca de 2 milhões de caminhoneiros e 61% do transporte de cargas do País é feito pelas rodovias. No entanto, há alguns problemas: os caminhoneiros trabalham sobre um regime de horas exaustivo, o que ocasiona externalidades negativas sérias na economia, como distúrbios de saúde e graves acidentes nas estradas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho, com base nos dados da PNAD-IBGE, teve dois objetivos: i) para todo o período de 2002 a 2015, realizamos uma análise socioeconômica dos motoristas de caminhão no Brasil; ii) analisamos os impactos da \"Lei do Descanso\" (2012) e da \"Lei do caminhoneiro\" (2015) sobre características importantes do mercado de trabalho dos caminhoneiros. Para a primeira parte, encontramos para 2015 que cerca de 62% dos motoristas de caminhão possuem somente até o Ensino Fundamental; 78% ganham de 1 a 3 salários mínimos; 58% trabalham com carteira assinada e 28% por conta própria; 43% trabalham mais do que 44 horas semanais. Com relação à evolução dessas características ao longo do período analisado, comparamos elas com os atributos do mesmo grupamento ocupacional dos caminhoneiros. Quanto ao rendimento, em 2002, a diferença era de R$ 750,00; em 2015, caiu para R$ 550,00. Já para as horas trabalhadas na semana, em 2002, essa diferença era de 10 horas, passando para 5 horas em 2015. Com respeito ao segundo objetivo, investigamos o efeito das leis mencionadas sobre o rendimento, a jornada de trabalho e a formalização do trabalho dos motoristas de caminhão, utilizando o estimador de diferenças em diferenças com ponderação pelo escore de propensão. Não encontramos efeitos da \"Lei do descanso\" sobre rendimentos e formalização. No entanto, houve, para 15 meses após a vigência da legislação, redução de cerca de uma hora para a jornada de trabalho semanal dos caminhoneiros. No que diz respeito à \"Lei do caminhoneiro\", nossas estimações mostraram que essa lei reduziu o número de horas trabalhadas pelos motoristas de caminhão em cerca de uma hora. Contudo, um dos efeitos adversos da vigência da lei foi a diminuição do rendimento mensal desses profissionais em aproximadamente R$ 70,00. Dessa maneira, pode-se concluir que o governo obteve êxito em reduzir o número de horas trabalhadas pelos caminhoneiros. / The labor market of truck drivers in Brazil is of paramount importance to the national economy, since it includes about 2 million truck drivers and 61 % of the country\'s cargo transport is done by road. However, there are some problems: truck drivers work on an exhausting hours regime, which causes serious negative externalities in the economy, such as health disturbances and serious road accidents. In this context, the present study, based on PNAD-IBGE data, had two objectives: i) for the entire period from 2002 to 2015, we carried out a socioeconomic analysis of truck drivers in Brazil; ii) we analyze the impacts of the \"Lei do descanso\" (2012) and the \"Lei dos caminhoneiros\" (2015) on important characteristics of the labor market of truck drivers. For the first part, we find that about 62% of truck drivers only have until Elementary School; 78% earn from 1 to 3 minimum wages; 58% work with a formal contract and 28% on their own. Regarding the evolution of these characteristics over the analyzed period, we compare them with the attributes of the same occupational grouping of the truck drivers, so that both have similar characteristics. As for income, in 2002, the difference was R$ 750.00; in 2015, fell to R$ 550.00. For the hours worked in the week, in 2002, this difference was 10 hours, going to 5 hours in 2015. With respect to the second objective, we investigated the effect of the mentioned laws using the difference-in-difference estimator weighted by the propensity score. We did not find statistically significant results of the effect of the \"Lei do descanso\" on income and formalization. However, we noted, for 15 months after the legislation was in force, a reduction of about one hour for the truckers\' weekly working day. Regarding the \"Lei do caminhoneiro\", our estimates showed that this law reduced the number of hours worked by truck drivers in about an hour. However, one of the adverse effects of the enactment of the law was to reduce the income of these professionals by approximately R$ 70.00. In this way, it can be concluded that the government succeeded in reducing the number of hours worked by the truck drivers.